Sammanfattning  En av utmaningarna för de projekt som arbetar med hållbar utveckling är att mäta och analysera nivån på lokalt deltagande. Lokalt deltagande betraktas som en nyckelaspekt för att genomföra långsiktiga processer som kan bidra till bevarande av ekosystem och även förbättra förhållandena för lokala aktörer.  Avhandlingen syftar till att bedöma två fallstudier i bolivianska Amazonas enligt principerna av co- management/samverkan. Syftet är att uppnå följande huvudmål: - Granska litteratur om management för samverkan av hållbara utvecklingsprojekt. -Utveckla en kvalitativ ram för att bedöma intryck och resultat av projekt. -Utvärdera två befintliga projekt enligt den etablerade ramen.  Denna avhandling analyserar arbetet som en icke-statlig organisation (NGO) genomför i två olika samhällen i bolivianska Amazonas, i projekt relaterade till hållbar utveckling och bevarande. Ett av samhällena är urfolket Tacana, som ligger i regionen La Paz; den andra betraktas vara en multietnisk befolkningsgrupp som formellt är etablerad i en region som heter Santa Rosa del Abuna i regionen Pando. Trots att dessa två grupper uppvisar kulturella och organisatoriska skillnader arbetar de både med skörd av råvaror från skogen, dock ej skogs och trädavverkning. Råvarorna representerar de viktigaste ekonomiska intäkterna för dessa samhällen.  För att kunna utvärdera projekten, har besök till samhällen genomförts. Intervjuer och deltagarobservation har utförts för att studera relationerna mellan de olika aktörerna som är involverade i projekten. Flera intervjuer genomfördes också med medarbetare från NGOs på deras kontor i La Paz och Cobija.  För att förbereda utvärderingsprocessen har olika teorier använts för att skapa specifika kriterier för att utvärdera framgångsnivån för medverkande processer i projekten. Co-management and co-generation of knowledge har bedömts vara verktyg som kan användas för att utveckla en ram som kan utvärdera lokalt deltagande i olika projekt. För att utveckla detta har sex kriterier använts för att analysera lokalt engagemang i projekten och hur detta deltagande kan förbättras i det långsiktiga perspektivet.  Denna utvärdering kan bidra till att öka det lokala och aktiva deltagandet i projekten, men kan också hjälpa medlemmarna i externa organisationer (i detta fall frivilligorganisationer) att förstå den relevans som lokalt engagemang och lokal kunskap kan ha för projekten. Tanken är att olika aktörer / organisationer kan använda denna typ av utvärdering för att hitta möjliga svagheter vid genomförandet av projekt relaterade till hållbar utveckling. / Abstract  One of the challenges for projects that work on sustainable development is to measure and analyse the level of local participation. Local participation is considered a key aspect in order to implement long term processes that can contribute to conservation of ecosystems and also improve the living conditions of local actors.  The aim of this thesis is to assess two case studies ongoing in the Bolivian Amazon according to co-management principles. This aim raises the following core objectives: -Review literature on co-management for sustainable development projects. -Develop a qualitative framework to assess the perceptions and performance of projects. -Assess two existing projects according to the established framework.  This thesis analyses the work that a non-governmental organization (NGO) does in two different communities in the Bolivian Amazonia in projects related to sustainable development and conservation. One is an indigenous group called Tacana located in the department of La Paz; the other is considered a multy-ethnic population that is formally established in a region called Santa Rosa del Abuna in the department of Pando. Even though these two groups show cultural and organizational differences both work on the harvesting of non-timber forest recourses. The recollection of the products that come from the forest represents the main economical income for these populations.  To evaluate the projects, visits to the communities where done in order to make interviews, participant observation and to see the relations between the different actors involved in the projects. Several interviews were also done with the members of the NGO in their offices in La Paz and Cobija.  To prepare this evaluation process, different theories have been used in order to create specific criteria to evaluate the level of success of co-participation processes into the projects. Co-management and Co-generation of knowledge have been seen as interesting tools that can be used to develop a framework that can evaluate the local participation in different projects. To develop this, six criteria have been used to analyse the local participation on the projects and how this participation can be improved in the long-term perspective.  This evaluation can help to increase the local and active participation into the projects but also can help the members of external organizations (in this case the NGO) to understand the relevance that local participation and local knowledge can have for the projects. The idea is that this kind of evaluation can be used by different actors/organizations in order to find possible weaknesses during the implementation of projects related to sustainable development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pais que retornam a residir com os filhos.pdf: 331608 bytes, checksum: c2a87624be49139ad49c47ca423304f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increase in longevity in Brazil has repercussions on all the social layers; there has been a growing concern about aging. Medical sciences and technology have been offering a better quality of life to the aging being. However, how can one live these extra years with dignity, having their rights guaranteed? In our society, the family still is the link between the individual and the community in which this subject is inserted. Therefore, it is the main spring that launches the subject to life. Consequently, it is responsible for the being that is formed. It is necessary to think about the cares that are the responsibility of that institution towards its older members, when these affective bonds remain strong. The present work aimed to investigate how the elderly person perceives the family institution nowadays, how he relates to the different generations, what difficulties he encounters in this relationship, and how he organizes himself internally before the contradictions. To achieve this, the qualitative analysis allowed to understand, through the look of this old subject, how he faces this new transition period and the way in which he continues the life projects that had been postponed. It was possible to identify an increasing commitment of this age segment to taking into their own hands the success for achieving what they consider significant. Although living with the family, the elderly person demonstrates that he preserves the autonomy and responsibility for his choices. / O aumento da longevidade no Brasil repercute em todas as camadas sociais; há uma crescente preocupação diante do envelhecer. As ciências médicas e a tecnologia vêm proporcionando ao ser que envelhece maior qualidade de vida. Mas, como viver estes anos a mais, com dignidade e ter os direitos garantidos? Em nossa sociedade, a família ainda é o elo entre o indivíduo e a comunidade na qual esse sujeito se insere. Portanto, é a mola mestra que lança o sujeito para a vida. Conseqüentemente, é responsável pelo ser que se forma. Há que se pensar a respeito dos cuidados que cabem a essa instituição, para com os seus membros mais velhos, quando esses vínculos afetivos permanecem fortes. O trabalho aqui realizado procurou conhecer como o idoso percebe a instituição família na atualidade, como se relaciona com as diferentes gerações, quais são as dificuldades nesse convívio e como se organiza internamente diante das contradições. Para tanto, a análise qualitativa permitiu, mediante o olhar desse sujeito velho, compreender como enfrenta esse novo período de transição e a maneira como dá continuidade aos projetos de vida que foram postergados. Foi possível identificar um crescente comprometimento desse segmento etário em tomar para si a conquista do que considera significativo. Mesmo residindo com a família, demonstra que preserva a autonomia e a responsabilidade por suas escolhas.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre alívio de cargas aplicado em indústrias que apresentam sistema misto para geração de energia, na qual uma parte da energia elétrica é gerada através de processo próprio (co-geração) e outra parte é suprida pela alimentação fornecida pelo sistema elétrico regional (concessionária). O alívio de cargas consiste em uma técnica de desligamento rápido e seletivo de algumas cargas, visando manter o sistema em equilíbrio durante interrupção emergencial do fornecimento de energia pela concessionária. Este trabalho efetua uma revisão bibliográfica sobre redes de comunicação, norma IEC 61850, sistemas de supervisão e técnicas de alívio de cargas, as quais se tornam ferramentas que viabilizam o alcance do seu objetivo, que é a proposição de um sistema baseado em um software de supervisão de mercado, que executa seu algoritmo adaptativo de alívio de cargas e pré-sensibiliza equipamentos inteligentes de campo (IEDs), conectados conforme padrões estabelecidos pela norma IEC 61850, para efetuarem o desligamento de algumas cargas de uma indústria com sistema misto de geração, em caso de distúrbio no fornecimento pela concessionária. O diferencial do sistema proposto neste trabalho consiste na capacidade do algoritmo, executado pelo software de supervisão, em simular a ocorrência de eventos que caracterizam perdas na geração de energia e transferir ordens para os IEDs efetuarem os desligamentos de determinadas cargas antes da ocorrência dos desequilíbrios. Dessa forma, a principal contribuição do trabalho é apresentar um sistema preditivo contra possíveis emergências ocorridas na concessionária, ou seja, como o sistema possui ação conjunta entre o algoritmo adaptativo executado pelo software de supervisão e os IEDs, conectados segundo padronizações da norma IEC 61850, oferece capacidade para pré-sensibilizar os desligamentos de cargas antes que ocorram os reais eventos de perda de geração de energia elétrica. / This work consists on a study about load shedding applied to industries that use mixed systems on energy generation, where part of the electrical energy is generated by own process (co-generation) and the other part is supplied by the regional electrical system (concessionaire). The load shedding consists in a rapid and selective shut-off technique aiming to maintain the system under balance during power interruption events from the concessionaire. This work provides a literature survey over communication networks, the IEC 61850 standard, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) and load shedding techniques, which become tools that make possible to reach the works goal: to propose a system based on a market SCADA software that runs its load shedding adaptive algorithm and pre-sensitize Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), connected according to preestablished standards by the IEC 6180 norm for shutting off some loads in a company with a mixed generation system in case of some supplying disturb from the concessionaire. The differential of the proposed system in this work consists in the capacity of the algorithm, run by the SCADA software, of simulating the occurrence of events that characterize losses in energy generation and sending commands to the IEDs to shut off specific loads before an unbalance occurs. This way, the main contribution of this work is to present a predictor system against possible emergencies happening in the concessionaire, that is, as the system provides a joint approach between the SCADA systems algorithm and the properly connected IEDs, it provides the capacity of pre-sensitizing the load shedding before real events of electrical energy generation loss occur.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre alívio de cargas aplicado em indústrias que apresentam sistema misto para geração de energia, na qual uma parte da energia elétrica é gerada através de processo próprio (co-geração) e outra parte é suprida pela alimentação fornecida pelo sistema elétrico regional (concessionária). O alívio de cargas consiste em uma técnica de desligamento rápido e seletivo de algumas cargas, visando manter o sistema em equilíbrio durante interrupção emergencial do fornecimento de energia pela concessionária. Este trabalho efetua uma revisão bibliográfica sobre redes de comunicação, norma IEC 61850, sistemas de supervisão e técnicas de alívio de cargas, as quais se tornam ferramentas que viabilizam o alcance do seu objetivo, que é a proposição de um sistema baseado em um software de supervisão de mercado, que executa seu algoritmo adaptativo de alívio de cargas e pré-sensibiliza equipamentos inteligentes de campo (IEDs), conectados conforme padrões estabelecidos pela norma IEC 61850, para efetuarem o desligamento de algumas cargas de uma indústria com sistema misto de geração, em caso de distúrbio no fornecimento pela concessionária. O diferencial do sistema proposto neste trabalho consiste na capacidade do algoritmo, executado pelo software de supervisão, em simular a ocorrência de eventos que caracterizam perdas na geração de energia e transferir ordens para os IEDs efetuarem os desligamentos de determinadas cargas antes da ocorrência dos desequilíbrios. Dessa forma, a principal contribuição do trabalho é apresentar um sistema preditivo contra possíveis emergências ocorridas na concessionária, ou seja, como o sistema possui ação conjunta entre o algoritmo adaptativo executado pelo software de supervisão e os IEDs, conectados segundo padronizações da norma IEC 61850, oferece capacidade para pré-sensibilizar os desligamentos de cargas antes que ocorram os reais eventos de perda de geração de energia elétrica. / This work consists on a study about load shedding applied to industries that use mixed systems on energy generation, where part of the electrical energy is generated by own process (co-generation) and the other part is supplied by the regional electrical system (concessionaire). The load shedding consists in a rapid and selective shut-off technique aiming to maintain the system under balance during power interruption events from the concessionaire. This work provides a literature survey over communication networks, the IEC 61850 standard, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) and load shedding techniques, which become tools that make possible to reach the works goal: to propose a system based on a market SCADA software that runs its load shedding adaptive algorithm and pre-sensitize Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), connected according to preestablished standards by the IEC 6180 norm for shutting off some loads in a company with a mixed generation system in case of some supplying disturb from the concessionaire. The differential of the proposed system in this work consists in the capacity of the algorithm, run by the SCADA software, of simulating the occurrence of events that characterize losses in energy generation and sending commands to the IEDs to shut off specific loads before an unbalance occurs. This way, the main contribution of this work is to present a predictor system against possible emergencies happening in the concessionaire, that is, as the system provides a joint approach between the SCADA systems algorithm and the properly connected IEDs, it provides the capacity of pre-sensitizing the load shedding before real events of electrical energy generation loss occur.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 germek_ha_dr_botfca.pdf: 758627 bytes, checksum: ff4fbece53a999632f2c85ffc32b07bd (MD5) / O estudo aborda as novas tendências da gestão ambiental em reduzir a poluição, evitando-se as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar e o aproveitando de resíduos agrícolas para fins de geração de energia alternativa, de ciclo limpo, com o emprego de biomassa, atendendo as recomendações da Agenda 21 e do protocolo de Kyoto de reduzir fontes poluidoras e melhorar a qualidade de vida e da saúde da população com o emprego de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL. Mostra que a modelagem matemática de simulação de processos operacionais é um instrumento eficaz de gerenciamento auxiliando na tomada de decisões, possibilitando ao setor sucroalcooleiro introduzir este instrumento de gestão, pouco empregado pelo mesmo, reduzindo, com isto, riscos e custos na definição de rotas tecnológicas de processos pelas empresas. Apresenta uma equação de simulação de diversas rotas tecnológicas para adequar o tamanho do particulado do palhiço, ao sistema existente que alimenta as caldeiras e que permite avaliar as vantagens econômicas de se empregar o palhiço, e/ou a matéria estranha vegetal da colheita da cana-de-açúcar, como fonte de biomassa para fins de cogeração, juntamente com o bagaço e para isto, define a rota de menor custo. Nas simulações realizadas foi possível determinar que a rota tecnológica de menor custo de adequação dessa biomassa foi a da colheita integral seguida do recolhimento em fardos e a granel que não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si, ressaltando que análise da simulação deve abranger ambos os setores agrícola e industrial resultando em uma visão mais adequada. Determinou-se, por equações lineares que o palhiço pode contribuir com o incremento da disponibilidade energética adicional ao bagaço na ordem de 5,59% a 55,94% dependendo das características do canavial e do percentual de recolhimento adotado... / This study reflects on the new tendencies of environmental management in reducing pollution avoiding burning the sugar-cane and taking the advantage of agricultural residues, in order to generate clean cycle of alternative energy with the utilization of biomass, meeting the recommendations of Agenda 21 and Kyoto Protocol, to reduce pollutant sources and improve the population's health and life quality, making a good use of - Clean Development Mechanism (MDL).The study shows that the mathematical modeling of operational process simulation is an effective instrument of management that supports a taking of stand, to enable the sugar-cane sector to introduce this not much utilized instrument, reducing the risks and costs in the definition of technological routes of processes by the companies. It presents an equation of simulation of several technological route to adapt the size of the fragment of the palhiço, to the existent system that it feeds the kettles and that it allows to evaluate the economical advantages of using the palhiço, agricultural residue of the crop of the sugar-cane, as biomass source for co-generation aim, together with the bagasse and for this purpose, it defines the route of smaller cost. In the accomplished simulations it was possible to determine that the technological route of smaller cost of adaptation of the palhiço (crop residues) was the one of the crop in bales following by the crop in bulk and finally for the system of crop of integral sugar cane. Emphasizing that analysis of the simulation should include both agricultural and industrial sections for not incurring in mistakes of isolated evaluation. It was also determined by linear equations that the palhiço can contribute with the increment of the additional energy readiness to the bagasse in the strip from 5,59% to 55,94% depending on the to suck cane plantation...(Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

This study is a part of a poly generation project which will use animal waste or agricultural waste to produce biogas and will provide cooking gas, electricity and arsenic free clean water for drinking in rural areas of Bangladesh.  The study mainly analyzes the cooking and lighting energy demand of households across different income groups in a village named “Pani Para” in the Faridpur district in Bangladesh and also looks at the potential of biogas in the village. It has been done by adopting case study method and conducting a survey in the village using a questionnaire. Fuel mix across different income groups for meeting their cooking and lighting energy needs have also been studied along with socio-economic situation of the villagers and their preferences to change their current cooking fuel utilization patterns. Various scenarios like variation in fuel consumption patterns, priority of income expenditure and access to fuel with income level have been examined. The study also focuses to analyze the awareness of the villagers about biogas technology and their willingness to contribute for the poly generation project along with the willingness of households to pay for embracing change in current cooking and lighting fuels. Biomass potential i.e. cow dung and agricultural waste is also calculated in the surveyed village along with the production of biogas from the available biomass resources. The scenarios to provide the cooking gas, electricity and clean water through biogas poly generation project from the available resources are also investigated. Analysis reveals that the total energy consumption (cooking and lighting) increases with the increase in the income level among the households. Average household cooking and lighting energy demand by low, medium and high income groups is 8492 kWh/yr, 9789 kWh/yr and 14806 kWh/yr respectively. Cooking energy demand and agricultural waste consumption also show an increasing trend with the increase in land holding size. Among the income expenditure priorities food is one of the most important priorities and energy being less important due to availability of biomass at little or no cost. Awareness of biogas technology among the households and willingness to contribute for the poly generation plant shows an increasing trend with the increase in education level. The study shows that there is a positive response of the villagers for being willing to embrace the change in the current cooking patterns as well as welcoming new technologies that could support such a change. It was found that the cow dung resource in the village is not enough to produce sufficient biogas for the poly generation project. With the incorporation of the agricultural waste with the cow dung, biogas production comes quite close to requirement of the poly generation plant but however could not suffice it completely due to the lack of raw material in the studied village. In that case the scenario of providing electricity and clean water to all the villagers and providing all the three facilities to the 2/3rd of households is investigated. 1/3rd of the low income households then could meet their cooking demands by provision of improved cooking stoves as cooking gas could not be provided to them due to limited feedstock. The study shows that despite of the fact that cooking and lighting energy needs increase with income but there is not much variation in the fuel mix and almost everyone in the village rely on biomass to meet their energy demand. It is because there is very limited access to the modern fuel for cooking and no electricity access in the village, so the households have to rely on the traditional fuels. / <p>KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Energy Technology, Division of Energy and Climate studies</p>

The liberalization of electricity markets and a growing penetration of renewables is changing operation of electrical grids. The boundary conditions for the operation of conventional power plants are changing and, as such, an improved understanding of the varying loads and prices on the electricity grid is required to assess the performance of emerging combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) concepts and to further optimize their design for these new markets in the pursuit of increasing their profitability, especially when considering combined heat and power (CHP). To increase the flexibility of CCGT-CHP plants, three new plant layouts have been investigated by integrating different storage concepts and heat pumps in key sections of the traditional plant layout. The present study analyses the influence that market has on determining the optimum CCGT-CHP plant layout that maximizes profits (in terms of plant configuration, sizing and operation strategies) for a given location nearby Turin, Italy, for which hourly electricity and heat prices, as well as meteorological data, have been gathered. A multi-parameter approach for design and operation was followed using KTH’s and EPS’ techno-economic modeling tool DYESOPT. Results are shown by means of a comparative analysis between optimal plants found for each layout and the state-of-the art CCGT-CHP. It is shown that a plant configuration in which a cold storage unit is integrated together with a heat pump at the inlet of the gas turbine unit increases the net present value of the plant by approximately 0.3% when compared against conventional plant layouts. Using the same concept with a heat pump alone can improve lifetime profitability by 1.6%. A layout where district heating supply water is preheated with a combination of a heat pump with hot thermal tank increases plant profitability by up to 0.5%. This work has been performed as part of the PUMP-HEAT project, an EU Horizon 2020 research project in which KTH collaborates with other 13 stakeholders including industry and research institutions. The results will directly influence future work of the project.

A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida para avaliar as potencialidades das células de combustível como tecnologia em si, inclusive os beneficios econômicos que se podem ter por meio do suprimento de energia elétrica se comparada com o aproveitamento da mesma por meio da rede pública. Além de uma parte descritiva do estado de arte da tecnologia, a presente dissertação foi focada em duas partes: a primeira trata de um estudo experimental onde uma célula, a membrana polimérica, foi conectada a um inversor, permitindo assim de fornecer energia elétrica na rede pública. Na segunda parte foi realizada uma avaliação engenhero-econômica com uma Célula de Combustível de Ácido Fosfórico para o aproveitamento da energia elétrica com cogeração de calor para as condições de mercado brasileiro. O primeiro estudo mostrou como seja possível abastecer uma célula (neste caso alimentada por hidrogênio) para fornecer continuamente energia elétrica na rede, onde necessário ou onde seja impossível para o usuário se conectar a rede pública. O segundo estudo, por sua vez, mostrou que atualmente a células de combustível de média temperatura de Ácido Fosfórico (PAFC) não é uma tecnologia ainda madura e que é viável economicamente somente em aplicações de nicho, por exemplo setores indústriais eletro-intensivos e com necessidade de energia termica também. Todavia, projeções futuras baseadas em curvas de aprendizados e a queda do preço do gás natural mostram como a expansão da tecnologia e a possibilidade de acessar um combustível barato podem abrir futuro para a PAFC mundialmente. / This Masters dissertation aims to study technical potentialities of Fuel Cell technology, including the economical benefits that can provide compared with public grid as well. Thus, the dissertation has been focused in two main parts: the first concerns in an experimental approach to supply electrical power to the public grid using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), while the second one presents a global (from an engineering and economic point-of-view) assessment of a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) for the co-generation of heat with electrical energy in Brazil. The first study has been accomplished connecting a PEMFC with a power inverter to the public grid. It has been proved experimentally that Fuel Cell is an alternative device that, as long as fuel is fed, may provide electrical energy continuously and more efficiently than traditional devices. The second study has been focused in the so-called Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) that, being a Medium Temperature Fuel Cell, beyond to supply electrical energy, may be used for co-generation of thermal energy. Through this study it has been showed that, at the current state-of-art, PAFC is is not already a mature technology and it becomes economically viable only for niche market applications, represented by the industrial sectors with high base load power and continuous thermal energy demand. However, accumulated knowledge expressed by learning curve and natural gas shock price caused by possible LNG supplying and shale gas recovery are the two main factors that may turn investment in PAFC profitable worldwide.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DoutZJS.pdf: 1318890 bytes, checksum: 8af8fb950a57d0d932f8e30174091a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-18 / Given the estimated potential of electric energy generation around 18 thousand MW and the necessity to expand and diversify the installed national capacity of energy generation, this dissertation investigates the reasons for the low performance in the exploitation of the investment opportunities in electric energy commercialization by the sugarcane sector. With this purpose, the research presents a diagnosis of the main structural obstacles and transaction costs present in the generation of electric energy surpluses, showing the importance of the institutions in the decision of expansion of the activity by the sugarcane sector. The results were contrasted with the proposal of governmental energy policy for incentive this activity. It was verified the necessity of improvement in the current institutional environment. The main contribution of the dissertation was to present directives to public policies. These directives focus the financing for the expansion of the activity; the commercialization of the excesses; the tax incentive; and the concession of direct subsidies to the expansion of the activity. The directives related to financing were: official lines differentiated by technology use, index of mechanization and scale; the Ethical Fund Formation for the sector; and projects finance involving Emissions Reduction Certificate. Regarding commercialization, directives were: subvention to the transport tariffs; the extension of the universe of potentially free consumers; formation of trading pools and inclusion in the Energy Replacement Mechanism; the insertion of the sugarcane energy in the composition of Factor X and in the National Energy Reserve; changes in the retailers' auto-supplement; and incentive to the commercialization of energy surpluses and of Emissions Reduction Certificates. Directives related to tax incentive were also presented. Regarding direct subsidies, it is interesting the use of the resources that come from the Use of Public Good and Fuel Consume Account to foster the expansion of the energy surpluses commercialization. / Considerando um potencial estimado de geração de energia elétrica da ordem de 18 mil MW e a necessidade de expandir a capacidade nacional instalada de geração, bem como, de diversificá-la, a tese investigou os motivos para o baixo desempenho no aproveitamento das oportunidades de investimento presentes na geração de excedentes comercializáveis de energia elétrica pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta um diagnóstico dos principais entraves estruturais e custos de transação presentes na atividade de geração de excedentes de energia elétrica, mostrando a importância das instituições na decisão de expansão da atividade pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com a proposta de política setorial governamental para incentivo à atividade em pesquisa. Verificou-se a necessidade de aprimoramento do Ambiente Institucional proposto, conforme estipulado na hipótese central do trabalho. As diretrizes para políticas setoriais governamentais, propostas por esta tese, enfocam o financiamento à expansão da atividade; a comercialização dos excedentes; o incentivo tributário; e a concessão de subsídios diretos à expansão da atividade. Especificamente, as diretrizes apresentadas quanto ao aspecto de financiamento foram: linhas oficiais diferenciadas por tecnologia empregada, por índice de mecanização e por porte de empresa; a Formação de Fundo Ético para o setor; e projects finance envolvendo Certificados de Redução de Emissões. No enfoque da comercialização, as diretrizes foram: subvenção às tarifas de transporte; a extensão do universo de consumidores potencialmente livres; a formação de um pool de usinas sucroalcooleiras e inclusão no Mecanismo de Realocação de Energia; a inserção da energia sucroalcooleira na composição do Fator X e na Reserva Nacional de Energia; alterações na questão do auto-suprimento das distribuidoras; e o incentivo à comercialização de excedentes de energia e de Certificados de Redução de Emissões. Foram também apresentadas diretrizes quanto ao incentivo tributário à atividade. Com relação ao aspecto de subsídios diretos, as diretrizes apresentadas abordam a utilização dos recursos advindos do Uso do Bem Público e da Conta de Consumo de Combustíveis para estímulo à expansão da atividade de comercialização de excedentes.

Resumo: O estudo aborda as novas tendências da gestão ambiental em reduzir a poluição, evitando-se as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar e o aproveitando de resíduos agrícolas para fins de geração de energia alternativa, de ciclo limpo, com o emprego de biomassa, atendendo as recomendações da Agenda 21 e do protocolo de Kyoto de reduzir fontes poluidoras e melhorar a qualidade de vida e da saúde da população com o emprego de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL. Mostra que a modelagem matemática de simulação de processos operacionais é um instrumento eficaz de gerenciamento auxiliando na tomada de decisões, possibilitando ao setor sucroalcooleiro introduzir este instrumento de gestão, pouco empregado pelo mesmo, reduzindo, com isto, riscos e custos na definição de rotas tecnológicas de processos pelas empresas. Apresenta uma equação de simulação de diversas rotas tecnológicas para adequar o tamanho do particulado do palhiço, ao sistema existente que alimenta as caldeiras e que permite avaliar as vantagens econômicas de se empregar o palhiço, e/ou a matéria estranha vegetal da colheita da cana-de-açúcar, como fonte de biomassa para fins de cogeração, juntamente com o bagaço e para isto, define a rota de menor custo. Nas simulações realizadas foi possível determinar que a rota tecnológica de menor custo de adequação dessa biomassa foi a da colheita integral seguida do recolhimento em fardos e a granel que não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si, ressaltando que análise da simulação deve abranger ambos os setores agrícola e industrial resultando em uma visão mais adequada. Determinou-se, por equações lineares que o palhiço pode contribuir com o incremento da disponibilidade energética adicional ao bagaço na ordem de 5,59% a 55,94% dependendo das características do canavial e do percentual de recolhimento adotado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study reflects on the new tendencies of environmental management in reducing pollution avoiding burning the sugar-cane and taking the advantage of agricultural residues, in order to generate clean cycle of alternative energy with the utilization of biomass, meeting the recommendations of "Agenda 21" and Kyoto Protocol, to reduce pollutant sources and improve the population's health and life quality, making a good use of - Clean Development Mechanism (MDL).The study shows that the mathematical modeling of operational process simulation is an effective instrument of management that supports a taking of stand, to enable the sugar-cane sector to introduce this not much utilized instrument, reducing the risks and costs in the definition of technological routes of processes by the companies. It presents an equation of simulation of several technological route to adapt the size of the fragment of the "palhiço", to the existent system that it feeds the kettles and that it allows to evaluate the economical advantages of using the "palhiço", agricultural residue of the crop of the sugar-cane, as biomass source for co-generation aim, together with the bagasse and for this purpose, it defines the route of smaller cost. In the accomplished simulations it was possible to determine that the technological route of smaller cost of adaptation of the "palhiço" (crop residues) was the one of the crop in bales following by the crop in bulk and finally for the system of crop of integral sugar cane. Emphasizing that analysis of the simulation should include both agricultural and industrial sections for not incurring in mistakes of isolated evaluation. It was also determined by linear equations that the "palhiço" can contribute with the increment of the additional energy readiness to the bagasse in the strip from 5,59% to 55,94% depending on the to suck cane plantation...(Complete abstract, click eletronic address below) / Orientador: Elias José Simon / Coorientador: Tomaz Caetano Cannavam Ripoli / Banca: Nilson Augusto Villa Nova / Banca: Valter Francisco Molina Junior / Banca: José Carlos Teixeira da Silva / Banca: Edgar Gomens F. de Beauclair / Doutor