The number of men in collegiate coaching, in comparison to women, is overwhelmingly unbalanced. The accessibility men have to the profession of collegiate coaching at a high level in comparison to women’s’ greatly affects women’s’ ability to achieve similar jobs. The ease at which men attain jobs coaching both genders is perpetuated through the desire to maintain collegiate athletics as a male dominated profession. The women’s perspective broadens the profession itself and helps to break down the societal roles that have been assigned to women. The lack of women in collegiate coaching discourages other women from entering the profession and the women did not feel supported, accepted, or welcomed as collegiate coaches. The results also show a combination of feeling scrutinized because of their gender, and pressure to prove themselves as valuable members of the profession, which led the women interviewed to question if they should continue to coach.

The general problem was to determine the relationship of sex-role stereotyping among a random sample of female and male coaches in Northern California as they perceived sample of males and females and male and female athletes. The subproblems were: (1) To determine significant differences between male and female coaches in sex-role stereotyping of males as measures by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.; (2) To determine significant differences between male and female coaches in sex-role stereotyping of male athletes as measures by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.; (3) To determine significant differences between male and female coaches in sex-role stereotyping of females as measures by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.; (4) To determine significant differences between male and female coaches in sex-role stereotyping of female athletes as measures by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.; (5) To determine significant different among four groups of male coaches in sex-role stereotyping of male athletes, males, female athletes, and females as measured by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.; and (6) To determine significant differences among four groups of female coaches in sex-role stereotyping of male athletes, males, female athletes, and females as measured by the Stereotypic Questionnaire.

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The purposes of the study were: (1) To determine the status of Texas high school athletic coaches in the period preceding the entrance of America in World War II. (2) To determine the present status of Texas high school athletic coaches. (3) To compare the status held by the coaches in these two periods. (4) To supply information that is pertinent to school administrators concerning the status of high school athletic coaches in Texas. (5) To present facts that may be useful in vocational and educational guidance of young men who contemplate a coaching career.

The decrease of female coaches of female sports in Montgomery County, Virginia was studied. Data was obtained through the Virginia High School League Directory, supplemental duty records found at the Montgomery County School Board office and through the use of a questionnaire. Related research is presented showing a trend of the decrease of female coaches of female athletes and the increase of male coaches of female athletes at both the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels in states throughout the country. This paper introduces data showing a similar trend in the high schools of Montgomery County, Virginia where overall athletic opportunities have increased for high school females, but there has been a decrease of female coaches of female sports and an Increase of male coaches of female sports. Two main reasons given by the female coaches for leaving the coaching profession were the hours and teaching duties. Those schools involved in the study were Auburn High School, Blacksburg High School, Christiansburg High School and Shawsville High School. / Master of Science

The dual role of classroom teacher and athletic coach is commonly combined in public school systems, often resulting in job related conflicts. The purpose of this study was to examine the job attitudes of teacher-coaches as perceived by teacher-football coaches (n=283) and high school principals (n=43) and identify areas where role preference occurred. The teacher-coaches and principals responded to a job attitude instrument designed to measure attitudes concerning job related tension, participation in decision making, job involvement and job satisfaction during the roles of teaching and coaching.

A stratified random sample of 400 head football coaches was surveyed in order to evaluate their professional preparation in regard to the prevention and care of athletic injuries, Of the 259 responding coaches, it was found that a significant number were not properly prepared when compared to the standards suggested by the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. It was recommended that individuals who desire to coach in Texas should be required to obtain an endorsement for coaching using the standards suggested by the American Association for Health, Physical Education., and Recreation as the minimum standards.

The current work-family literature strongly emphasizes the conflict between the multiple roles that workers and parents assume. This conflict literature leaves readers with the impression that individuals are experiencing stress to a level that detracts from their quality of life (Frone, 2003; Parasuraman, Greenhaus, & Granrose, 1992). A more balanced perspective recognizes both the disadvantages and the potential advantages of engaging in multiple roles. Recent evidence indicates that occupying the roles of worker and spouse/parent may also produce positive outcomes such as greater satisfaction in marriage and on the job (Barnett, 1998; Barnett & Garies, 2006). Greenhaus and Powell (2006) offer one theory that explains the positive interaction between work and family roles by introducing the concept of enrichment, a theory that explains why one role might improve the quality of life in the other role. Using a sample of intercollegiate coaches (N = 286) from institutions located in the United States, this study assessed the influence of work-family conflict and work-family enrichment in relation to occupational and life outcomes for college coaches. Levels of conflict in work-to-family and family-to-work were measured, as well as levels of enrichment in work-to-family and family-to-work. Multiple regression was utilized to analyze six conceptual models with gender, age of participant, the presence of children at home, work-family conflict and work-family enrichment as independent variables. The results indicated work-to-family enrichment ([beta] = .318) and family-to-work enrichment ([beta] = .257) were both significant predictors of life satisfaction (p < .01). Work-to-family conflict ([beta] = -.118) and family-to-work conflict ([beta] = -.269) were significant predictors of life satisfaction (p < .01). Likewise, work-to-family conflict ([beta] = .385) and family-to-work conflict ([beta] = .140) were significant predictors of career commitment (p < .01). Age was a significant predictor of career commitment (p < .05). The findings highlight the need for future theoretical models to include both work-family conflict and work-family enrichment as both contribute uniquely to career and life outcomes. Practical implications include educating athletic administrators of the benefits coaches may accrue as a result of being engaged in both family and work roles. / text

The sport of women's basketball has evolved into a high profile event. The demands of the job during the competitive season can exceed coaches' ability to cope and endure the stressful profession. Research has shown that hardiness decreases the impact of stress on health by influencing one's coping strategies. Individuals who are low in hardiness have a higher chance of professional burnout, illness, and health problems due to the inability to handle stress The purpose of this study was to identify the hardiness levels and coping strategies of female head women coaches in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The following questions were researched: 1) Are there differences in hardiness between female head women basketball coaches across the NCAA divisions? 2) Are there differences in coping strategies between female head women basketball coaches across the NCAA divisions? One hundred and five coaches participated in the study (n = 29 for division I, n = 38 for division II, n = 38 for division III) by completing the Personal Views Survey II for the hardiness levels and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire for the coping strategies. A one-way ANOVA was calculated to determine if differences existed in hardiness scores across the three divisions. A MANOVA was conducted to determine if differences existed in the three hardiness components as well as with the different coping styles across the three divisions. No significance differences were observed in the hardiness scores, the three hardiness components, or the coping strategies across the three NCAA divisions (p <.05). / School of Physical Education

Within the past three years, men's track and field teams were being eliminated in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Gender equity legislation, namely Title IX, was being blamed for those cuts. By probing the beliefs and opinions of coaches and administrators, a more accurate representation of gender equity could be drawn. The focus of this study was to gain a greater understanding of how gender equity is perceived by Mid-American Conference (MAC) athletic administrators and coaches.Q-methodology was chosen as the most relevant method to achieve the desired outcome. This method would take the subjective opinions and beliefs of the subjects and transform them into numbers that could be analyzed. The resulting information would create factors, or groups,which would help draw some conclusions on the true impact of gender equity legislation in the MAC.The subjects of this study provided two distinct factors labeled: "Title IX Defenders" and "Title IX Amenders." Title IX Defenders felt adamant that Title IX should not be altered. They primarily wanted to protect the integrity of the legislation. Title IX Amenders felt that Title IX should be altered to prevent further damage to men's non-revenue athletes, while continuing to protect female athletes. / Department of Journalism