L’adsorption de l’hydrogène et du deutérium purs ou en mélanges a été étudiée sur une série de zéolithes en faisant varier différents paramètres (taille et géométrie des pores, rapport Si/Al, nature du cation compensateur de charge).Les sélectivités d’adsorption ont été déterminées dans un large domaine de pression (0,1 – 1000 hPa) et de température (45 – 100 K) à l’aide une technique originale basée sur le couplage de la manométrie et de la spectrométrie de masse conçue et mise au point au laboratoire. En accord avec les données de la littérature, pour tous les matériaux et toutes les conditions expérimentales étudiées, le processus de coadsorption est toujours en faveur du deutérium. En revanche, la sélectivité varie en fonction du taux de remplissage, des propriétés des matériaux et de la température. La cinétique de coadsorption joue un rôle très important sur la sélectivité d’adsorption et ce tout particulièrement dans le domaine de fort remplissage.Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier les paramètres de l’adsorbant et les conditions opératoires qui permettront le développement d’un procédé de séparation efficace des isotopes de l’hydrogène par adsorption sélective. / The adsorption of hydrogen and deuterium (single gases and mixtures) was studied on a series of zeolites with varied parameters (Si/Al ratio, nature of the charge-compensating cation, pore geometry and diameter of pore aperture). Thermodynamic adsorption selectivities towards deuterium with respect to hydrogen were measured in a large pressure range (0.1 – 1000 hPa) and for several temperatures (45 – 100 K). The adsorption selectivity was assessed using direct coadsorption measurements performed by manometry coupled with mass spectrometry. For all studied zeolites and experimental conditions, the coadsorption process is selective towards deuterium, in agreement with the literature. However, the adsorption selectivity depends on the loading, the sorbent’s properties and the temperature. We have found that the coadsorption kinetics strongly influences the adsorption selectivity, especially at high loading. This work gives the guidelines for the choice of the formulation of materials and the optimal operating conditions for having an efficient separation of hydrogen isotopes using zeolite-based adsorbents.

Au cours de la conservation du vin en bouteille, des réactions d’oxydation ont lieu et peuvent conduire à des défauts organoleptiques. Les principaux facteurs impliqués dans ces phénomènes d’oxydation sont l’oxygène et les propriétés barrière de l’obturateur. Malgré de récents travaux, ces dix dernières années, sur la quantification des transferts d’oxygène durant le procédé d’élaboration du vin et lors de sa conservation, peu d’études se rapportent aux interactions entre les molécules diffusantes et les matériaux d’obturation. Le matériau étudié dans ce travail est le liège brut, n’ayant subi aucun traitement de lavage ni de surface. Ce manuscrit de thèse aborde le transfert de quelques molécules actives du vin dans le liège, en considérant des transferts en phase gazeuse. Les molécules retenues sont : l’eau, l’éthanol, le dioxyde de soufre et l’oxygène. La thermodynamique d’adsorption de corps purs et de mélanges a principalement été étudiée en réalisant des isothermes d’adsorption en phase gazeuse et des mesures des enthalpies d’adsorption. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les mécanismes d’adsorption des corps purs diffèrent selon l’adsorbat. La vapeur d’eau se trouve uniquement physisorbée alors que le dioxyde de soufre et l’éthanol présentent un processus de physisorption et de chimisorption. En outre, des phénomènes de gonflement du liège sont très fortement suspectés dans le cas de l’eau et de l’éthanol. Puis, l’étude de l’adsorption du mélange eau et dioxyde de soufre a montré très clairement que le processus d’adsorption est déplacé en faveur de l’eau. Les quantités faibles de dioxyde de soufre adsorbées ne peuvent alors pas expliquer les pertes de dioxyde de soufre observées lors de la conservation des vins en bouteille. Enfin, l’étude du transfert d’oxygène au travers du liège a été réalisée grâce à une technique manométrique développée au laboratoire associant une approche expérimentale et la modélisation. Pour la première fois un coefficient de diffusion de l’oxygène dans le liège a été déterminé en tenant compte de la variabilité du matériau. / During wine ageing, oxidation reactions occur and can lead to wine sensory defaults. The main factors involved in this phenomenon are oxygen and gas barrier properties of stoppers. During the last ten years, some studies investigated oxygen transfer during winemaking and wine storage. However, only few of them deal with the interactions between molecules and sealing materials. The material studied in this work is raw cork, without any treatment, neither washed nor surface treated (with paraffin or silicone). This Phd work focuses on mass transfer of some wine active molecules, in gas phase, through the cork. The selected molecules are water, ethanol, sulphur dioxide and oxygen. An adsorption thermodynamic study is performed on single compounds and on binary mixture, by means of thermogravimetric and differential calorimetry analysis. Three main results emerge from this study. First we show that the adsorption mechanism of single compounds varies according to the adsorbate. Water molecules are physisorbed whereas ethanol and sulphur dioxide are both physisorbed and chemisorbed. Moreover, a swelling phenomenon is highly suspected for water and ethanol. Then, adsorption of binary mixture of water and sulphur dioxide reveals that the equilibrium is shift in favour of water. Therefore, the small quantity of sulphur dioxide adsorbed cannot explain its concentration decrease during wine storage. Finally, a detailed study of oxygen transfer through cork, carried out by a manometric method developed in our laboratory, combines experimental and modeling approaches. For the first time, a diffusion coefficient of oxygen through cork is given by taking into account the cork material heterogeneity.

Adsorption on solid surfaces from solution is a fundamental property of a surfactant. It might even be the most important aspect of surfactant behavior, since it influences many applications, such as cleaning, detergency, dispersion, separation, flotation, and lubrication. Consequently, fundamental investigations of surfactant adsorption are relevant to many areas. The main aim of this thesis has been to elucidate the adsorption properties, primarily on the solid/water interface, of a particular class of polyhydroxyl based surfactants: the alkyl glucosides. By the use of ellipsometry, the equilibrium and kinetic aspects of adsorption on titanium dioxide with respect to structural effects has been studied. Furthermore, the effects of small amounts of cationic surfactant additives on the adsorption on silica have been investigated. The results have been compared with similar studies for other nonionic surfactants. We have found that the surfactant structure has a strong effect on the adsorption properties. An increase in the surfactant chain length increases the cooperativity of the system. An increase in the head group polymerization decreases the cooperativity and the plateau adsorbed amount at equilibrium. The effect of surfactant structure on the adsorption kinetics depends on the concentration relative to the cmc, while the there is a decrease in the rate of desorption with increasing hydrophobic chain length independent of the concentration. The adsorption/desorption process is concluded to be diffusion driven, as suggested by the model used. When comparing these results with studies on ethylene oxide based surfactants, we conclude that the two types of surfactants exhibit similar trends on surfaces onto which they adsorb. Adsorption from binary surfactant solutions is even more interesting than adsorption from single surfactant solutions, since it brings us one step closer to the systems used in applications. In addition, adsorption from a mixture can be very different from adsorption from any of the single surfactants in the mixture. Alkyl glucosides alone do not adsorb on silica, but addition of small amounts of a cationic surfactant to the alkyl glucoside solution allows for adsorption on silica. A comparison between the adsorption and bulk properties has shown that mixed micellization explains most, but not all, effects of the coadsorption properties. Changing the pH in the mixed systems reveals that a surfactant with a pH-dependent charge and the ability to adapt its charge to the environment, e.g. a surface, enhances the adsorbed amount over a wider range of pH values than a purely cationic surfactant. It is well known that alkyl glucosides and ethylene oxides adsorb differently on different types of hydrophilic surfaces. As a consequence, replacing ethylene oxides with alkyl glucosides might not be all straight-forward; however, we have shown that the effect of the surface can be eliminated by the use of a cosurfactant. / <p>QC 20101018</p>

[pt] A adsorção de moléculas de asfalteno na interface óleo-água induz a formação de uma microestrutura complexa, que estabiliza as emulsões e prejudica a eficiência dos processes de refino de petróleo. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um conjunto de novos protocolos de reologia de cisalhamento para avaliar o efeito de solventes polares e apolares na adsorção de genuínos asfaltenos brasileiros. Além disso, a morfologia do asfalteno, após a adição de solventes com aromaticidades distintas, é investigada por microscopia de varredura (MEV). Os resultados indicam que os asfaltenos estão organizados em uma estrutura do tipo ilha com unidades aromáticas e policondensadas, que formam filmes interfaciais reversíveis com a adição de solventes polares. O estudo interfacial também revela que solventes apolares podem "prender" os nanoagregados de asfalteno na mistura. Esses agregados, na presença de solventes fracamente polares, podem se consolidar em um padrão mais compactado, sugerindo que o crescimento do filme e o autoarranjo do asfalteno estão diretamente relacionados ao conteúdo aromático. Explora-se as diferenças na estruturação do asfalteno e como afetam a extensão da emulsificação espontânea. É proposto que a taxa de emulsificação está diretamente relacionada à configuração química dos asfaltenos. Finalmente, estuda-se a adição de ácido esteárico (AE) a soluções de asfalteno em conteúdo de água deionizada (AD) e água sintética (AS) para melhor compreender como as propriedades reológicas e superficiais são afetadas pela competição das coespécies. Verifica-se que interfaces formadas puramente por AEs originam filmes mais viscosos do que elásticos na interface ar-água. A atividade interfacial dos asfaltenos brasileiros é evidente e significativa na presença de eletrólitos e dependente da aromaticidade do solvente. / [en] Adsorption of asphaltene molecules at the oil-water interface induces the formation of a complex microstructure, which stabilizes emulsions and impairs the efficiency of crude oil refining. In this work, we design a set of new shear rheology protocols to assess the effect of polar and non-polar solvents on indigenous Brazilian (BR) asphaltene adsorption. Moreover, the asphaltene morphology upon addition of solvents with distinct aromaticities is investigated by SEM microscopy. Our findings indicate that asphaltenes are a polycondensate aromatic island-type structure that forms reversible films when polar solvents are placed on top of the adsorbed film. The interfacial study also reveals that non-polar solvents may lock up asphaltene nanoaggregates in mixture. These aggregates, upon the presence of weakly polar solvents, can consolidate into a more close-packed pattern, suggesting that network growth and asphaltene self-arrangement are directly related to the aromatic content. We explore the differences in asphaltene structuring and how it affects the extent of spontaneous emulsification. We find that the rate of emulsification is directly related to the chemical configuration of asphaltenes. Finally, we study the addition of stearic acid (SA) to asphaltene solutions in deionized water (DW) and synthetic water (SW) to better understand how surface and rheological properties are affected by competitive adsorption. We find that single SA are more prone to form liquid-like rather than solid-like films at the air-water interface. Furthermore, we show that the interfacial activity of our asphaltenes is enhanced in the presence of electrolytes and is dependent of the solvent aromaticity.

<p>Adsorption on solid surfaces from solution is a fundamental property of a surfactant. It might even be the most important aspect of surfactant behavior, since it influences many applications, such as cleaning, detergency, dispersion, separation, flotation, and lubrication. Consequently, fundamental investigations of surfactant adsorption are relevant to many areas.</p><p>The main aim of this thesis has been to elucidate the adsorption properties, primarily on the solid/water interface, of a particular class of polyhydroxyl based surfactants: the alkyl glucosides. By the use of ellipsometry, the equilibrium and kinetic aspects of adsorption on titanium dioxide with respect to structural effects has been studied. Furthermore, the effects of small amounts of cationic surfactant additives on the adsorption on silica have been investigated. The results have been compared with similar studies for other nonionic surfactants.</p><p>We have found that the surfactant structure has a strong effect on the adsorption properties. An increase in the surfactant chain length increases the cooperativity of the system. An increase in the head group polymerization decreases the cooperativity and the plateau adsorbed amount at equilibrium. The effect of surfactant structure on the adsorption kinetics depends on the concentration relative to the cmc, while the there is a decrease in the rate of desorption with increasing hydrophobic chain length independent of the concentration. The adsorption/desorption process is concluded to be diffusion driven, as suggested by the model used. When comparing these results with studies on ethylene oxide based surfactants, we conclude that the two types of surfactants exhibit similar trends on surfaces onto which they adsorb.</p><p>Adsorption from binary surfactant solutions is even more interesting than adsorption from single surfactant solutions, since it brings us one step closer to the systems used in applications. In addition, adsorption from a mixture can be very different from adsorption from any of the single surfactants in the mixture. Alkyl glucosides alone do not adsorb on silica, but addition of small amounts of a cationic surfactant to the alkyl glucoside solution allows for adsorption on silica. A comparison between the adsorption and bulk properties has shown that mixed micellization explains most, but not all, effects of the coadsorption properties. Changing the pH in the mixed systems reveals that a surfactant with a pH-dependent charge and the ability to adapt its charge to the environment, e.g. a surface, enhances the adsorbed amount over a wider range of pH values than a purely cationic surfactant.</p><p>It is well known that alkyl glucosides and ethylene oxides adsorb differently on different types of hydrophilic surfaces. As a consequence, replacing ethylene oxides with alkyl glucosides might not be all straight-forward; however, we have shown that the effect of the surface can be eliminated by the use of a cosurfactant.</p>

Au cours de la conservation du vin en bouteille, des réactions d'oxydation ont lieu et peuvent conduire à des défauts organoleptiques. Les principaux facteurs impliqués dans ces phénomènes d'oxydation sont l'oxygène et les propriétés barrière de l'obturateur. Malgré de récents travaux, ces dix dernières années, sur la quantification des transferts d'oxygène durant le procédé d'élaboration du vin et lors de sa conservation, peu d'études se rapportent aux interactions entre les molécules diffusantes et les matériaux d'obturation. Le matériau étudié dans ce travail est le liège brut, n'ayant subi aucun traitement de lavage ni de surface. Ce manuscrit de thèse aborde le transfert de quelques molécules actives du vin dans le liège, en considérant des transferts en phase gazeuse. Les molécules retenues sont : l'eau, l'éthanol, le dioxyde de soufre et l'oxygène. La thermodynamique d'adsorption de corps purs et de mélanges a principalement été étudiée en réalisant des isothermes d'adsorption en phase gazeuse et des mesures des enthalpies d'adsorption. Tout d'abord, nous avons montré que les mécanismes d'adsorption des corps purs diffèrent selon l'adsorbat. La vapeur d'eau se trouve uniquement physisorbée alors que le dioxyde de soufre et l'éthanol présentent un processus de physisorption et de chimisorption. En outre, des phénomènes de gonflement du liège sont très fortement suspectés dans le cas de l'eau et de l'éthanol. Puis, l'étude de l'adsorption du mélange eau et dioxyde de soufre a montré très clairement que le processus d'adsorption est déplacé en faveur de l'eau. Les quantités faibles de dioxyde de soufre adsorbées ne peuvent alors pas expliquer les pertes de dioxyde de soufre observées lors de la conservation des vins en bouteille. Enfin, l'étude du transfert d'oxygène au travers du liège a été réalisée grâce à une technique manométrique développée au laboratoire associant une approche expérimentale et la modélisation. Pour la première fois un coefficient de diffusion de l'oxygène dans le liège a été déterminé en tenant compte de la variabilité du matériau.