O encruamento e a recristalização do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 430 com adição de nióbio e microestrutura formada por grãos grosseiros foram investigados. Os aços inoxidáveis ferríticos podem ser utilizados na indústria automotiva, por exemplo, nas partes mais quentes do sistema de exaustão de gases. Neste trabalho, três composições distintas foram investigadas, variando-se as quantidades de nióbio e de intersticiais (carbono e nitrogênio). Com o objetivo de se obter uma microestrutura formada por grãos grosseiros útil para o estudo dos efeitos de orientação, amostras dos aços laminado a quente foram recozidas a 1250?C por 2 h. Após recozimento, o tamanho de grão foi medido usando o método padrão dos interceptos lineares. Para o estudo do encruamento, as placas foram laminadas a frio entre reduções de 20% e 80%. As amostras com 80% de redução foram recozidas em temperaturas variando entre 400 e 1000?C por 15 min para o estudo da recristalização. As curvas de encruamento e de amolecimento isócrono foram realizadas mediante a determinação da variação da microdureza Vickers. A caracterização microestrutural das amostras foi realizada com o auxílio das microscopias ótica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) no modo de elétrons retroespalhados (BSE). A macrotextura foi determinada com o auxílio da difração de raios X (DRX). A microtextura foi determinada mediante o mapeamento de amostras representativas via difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Os precipitados presentes na matriz ferrítica dos aços laminados a quente (FSS-B) foram extraídos utilizando duas rotas distintas: eletrolítica e química. A natureza cristalográfica dos precipitados foi determinada via DRX e a morfologia foi observada com o auxílio da MEV. As microestruturas recuperadas na condição inicial consistem de grãos alongados na DL e por partículas de Nb(C,N). A textura é caracterizada por componentes típicas de laminação no centro e de cisalhamento na superfície devido às grandes reduções por passe. Após recozimento, as macrografias revelaram que os aços FSS-A e FSS-B apresentam tamanho de grão similar, enquanto que o aço FSS-C apresentou tamanho de grãos menor. Os resultados de textura apresentaram as componentes CH (centro), Goss e Brass (superfície). A laminação a frio ocorreu de forma homogênea para as reduções inferiores a 50%. A partir desta redução, regiões bandeadas surgem na microestrutura. Notou-se que existe uma relação de orientação entre os grãos originais e as regiões bandeadas de modo que volumes regulares do grão giram na DT. Esta relação também foi observada nas regiões ao redor das partículas de Nb(C,N). A textura de laminação a frio é constituída pelas fibras ? e ?. A recristalização dos aços investigados ocorre em temperaturas entre 650 e 850ºC. A partir da microtextura, não foram observadas componentes de textura associadas ao mecanismo PSN. O aço FSS-R apresentou componentes pertencentes à fibra ?, enquanto que os aços FSS-A, FSS-B e FSS-C apresentaram além da fibra ?, componentes CH e fibra η. O recozimento em temperaturas elevadas promove o crescimento de grão e a conseqüente formação das componentes CH e fibra η. / Work hardening and recrystallization behaviors of coarse-grained Nb-containing AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels were investigated. Ferritic stainless steels can be used in automotive industry in hot parts of the gas exhaust system. In this work, three different compositions were investigated varying niobium and interstitial contents (carbon and nitrogen). Aiming to obtain a useful coarse-grained microstructure for the study of orientation effects, hot-rolled samples were annealed at 1250°C for 2 h. After annealing, grain size was determined using a standard linear intercept method. Samples were cold rolled to reductions varying from 20% up to 80%. Samples after 80% cold rolling were annealed at temperatures ranging from 400°C up to 1000°C for 15 min to investigate their recrystallization behavior. Vickers microhardness testing was performed to follow hardening and softening behaviors in the samples. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed using both light optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopies in the backscattered electron mode (BSE). The macrotexture was determined by X-ray diffraction. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were carried out in representative samples to determine microtexture. Precipitates in hot-rolled samples (FSS-B) were both electrolytically and chemically extracted. The crystallography of precipitates was determined by X-ray diffraction and their morphology was observed using SEM. The microstructures in hot-rolled condition consist of elongated recovered grains and dispersed Nb(C,N) particles. Texture is characterized by typical rolling components in the center layer, whereas shear components appear in the surface layers. After annealing, FSS-A and FSS-B steels displayed similar grain size, whereas FSS-C displayed a finer one. The results of macrotexture show CH in the center layer and both Goss and Brass components at the surface layer. The microstructure of samples cold rolled up to reductions below 50% do not display banding. Above 50% reduction, deformation heterogeneities (bands) appear in the microstructure. The banded regions and those around coarse particles tend to rotate in TD. Cold-rolling texture displays both ? and ? fiber components. Recrystallization takes place in temperature between 650 and 850ºC. Texture due to PSN mechanism was not observed. The FSS-C steel displayed only components belonging to ? fiber, whereas FSS-A, FSS-B e FSS-C steels displayed besides ? fiber, components CH and those belonging to η fiber. Grain-growth annealing at high temperature contributes to increase CH and η fiber components.

Antibody microarrays constitute a next-generation sensing platform that has the potential to revolutionize the way that molecular detection is conducted in many scientific fields. Unfortunately, current technologies have not found mainstream use because of reliability problems that undermine trust in their results. Although several factors are involved, it is believed that undesirable protein interactions with the array surface are a fundamental source of problems where little detail about the molecular-level biophysics are known. A better understanding of antibody stability and antibody-antigen binding on the array surface is needed to improve microarray technology. Despite the availability of many laboratory methods for studying protein stability and binding, these methods either do not work when the protein is attached to a surface or they do not provide the atomistic structural information that is needed to better understand protein behavior on the surface. As a result, molecular simulation has emerged as the primary method for studying proteins on surfaces because it can provide metrics and views of atomistic structures and molecular motion. Using an advanced, coarse-grain, protein-surface model this study investigated how antibodies react to and function on different types of surfaces. Three topics were addressed: (1) the stability of individual antibodies on surfaces, (2) antibody binding to small antigens while on a surface, and (3) antibody binding to large antigens while on a surface. The results indicate that immobilizing antibodies or antibody fragments in an upright orientation on a hydrophilic surface can provide the molecules with thermal stability similar to their native aqueous stability, enhance antigen binding strength, and minimize the entropic cost of binding. Furthermore, the results indicate that it is more difficult for large antigens to approach the surface than small antigens, that multiple binding sites can aid antigen binding, and that antigen flexiblity simultaneously helps and hinders the binding process as it approaches the surface. The results provide hope that next-generation microarrays and other devices decorated with proteins can be improved through rational design.

abstract: Coarse Grain Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) are promising accelerators capable of achieving high performance at low power consumption. While CGRAs can efficiently accelerate loop kernels, accelerating loops with control flow (loops with if-then-else structures) is quite challenging. Techniques that handle control flow execution in CGRAs generally use predication. Such techniques execute both branches of an if-then-else structure and select outcome of either branch to commit based on the result of the conditional. This results in poor utilization of CGRA s computational resources. Dual-issue scheme which is the state of the art technique for control flow fetches instructions from both paths of the branch and selects one to execute at runtime based on the result of the conditional. This technique has an overhead in instruction fetch bandwidth. In this thesis, to improve performance of control flow execution in CGRAs, I propose a solution in which the result of the conditional expression that decides the branch outcome is communicated to the instruction fetch unit to selectively issue instructions from the path taken by the branch at run time. Experimental results show that my solution can achieve 34.6% better performance and 52.1% improvement in energy efficiency on an average compared to state of the art dual issue scheme without imposing any overhead in instruction fetch bandwidth. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2014

O encruamento e a recristalização do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 430 com adição de nióbio e microestrutura formada por grãos grosseiros foram investigados. Os aços inoxidáveis ferríticos podem ser utilizados na indústria automotiva, por exemplo, nas partes mais quentes do sistema de exaustão de gases. Neste trabalho, três composições distintas foram investigadas, variando-se as quantidades de nióbio e de intersticiais (carbono e nitrogênio). Com o objetivo de se obter uma microestrutura formada por grãos grosseiros útil para o estudo dos efeitos de orientação, amostras dos aços laminado a quente foram recozidas a 1250?C por 2 h. Após recozimento, o tamanho de grão foi medido usando o método padrão dos interceptos lineares. Para o estudo do encruamento, as placas foram laminadas a frio entre reduções de 20% e 80%. As amostras com 80% de redução foram recozidas em temperaturas variando entre 400 e 1000?C por 15 min para o estudo da recristalização. As curvas de encruamento e de amolecimento isócrono foram realizadas mediante a determinação da variação da microdureza Vickers. A caracterização microestrutural das amostras foi realizada com o auxílio das microscopias ótica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) no modo de elétrons retroespalhados (BSE). A macrotextura foi determinada com o auxílio da difração de raios X (DRX). A microtextura foi determinada mediante o mapeamento de amostras representativas via difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Os precipitados presentes na matriz ferrítica dos aços laminados a quente (FSS-B) foram extraídos utilizando duas rotas distintas: eletrolítica e química. A natureza cristalográfica dos precipitados foi determinada via DRX e a morfologia foi observada com o auxílio da MEV. As microestruturas recuperadas na condição inicial consistem de grãos alongados na DL e por partículas de Nb(C,N). A textura é caracterizada por componentes típicas de laminação no centro e de cisalhamento na superfície devido às grandes reduções por passe. Após recozimento, as macrografias revelaram que os aços FSS-A e FSS-B apresentam tamanho de grão similar, enquanto que o aço FSS-C apresentou tamanho de grãos menor. Os resultados de textura apresentaram as componentes CH (centro), Goss e Brass (superfície). A laminação a frio ocorreu de forma homogênea para as reduções inferiores a 50%. A partir desta redução, regiões bandeadas surgem na microestrutura. Notou-se que existe uma relação de orientação entre os grãos originais e as regiões bandeadas de modo que volumes regulares do grão giram na DT. Esta relação também foi observada nas regiões ao redor das partículas de Nb(C,N). A textura de laminação a frio é constituída pelas fibras ? e ?. A recristalização dos aços investigados ocorre em temperaturas entre 650 e 850ºC. A partir da microtextura, não foram observadas componentes de textura associadas ao mecanismo PSN. O aço FSS-R apresentou componentes pertencentes à fibra ?, enquanto que os aços FSS-A, FSS-B e FSS-C apresentaram além da fibra ?, componentes CH e fibra η. O recozimento em temperaturas elevadas promove o crescimento de grão e a conseqüente formação das componentes CH e fibra η. / Work hardening and recrystallization behaviors of coarse-grained Nb-containing AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels were investigated. Ferritic stainless steels can be used in automotive industry in hot parts of the gas exhaust system. In this work, three different compositions were investigated varying niobium and interstitial contents (carbon and nitrogen). Aiming to obtain a useful coarse-grained microstructure for the study of orientation effects, hot-rolled samples were annealed at 1250°C for 2 h. After annealing, grain size was determined using a standard linear intercept method. Samples were cold rolled to reductions varying from 20% up to 80%. Samples after 80% cold rolling were annealed at temperatures ranging from 400°C up to 1000°C for 15 min to investigate their recrystallization behavior. Vickers microhardness testing was performed to follow hardening and softening behaviors in the samples. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed using both light optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopies in the backscattered electron mode (BSE). The macrotexture was determined by X-ray diffraction. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were carried out in representative samples to determine microtexture. Precipitates in hot-rolled samples (FSS-B) were both electrolytically and chemically extracted. The crystallography of precipitates was determined by X-ray diffraction and their morphology was observed using SEM. The microstructures in hot-rolled condition consist of elongated recovered grains and dispersed Nb(C,N) particles. Texture is characterized by typical rolling components in the center layer, whereas shear components appear in the surface layers. After annealing, FSS-A and FSS-B steels displayed similar grain size, whereas FSS-C displayed a finer one. The results of macrotexture show CH in the center layer and both Goss and Brass components at the surface layer. The microstructure of samples cold rolled up to reductions below 50% do not display banding. Above 50% reduction, deformation heterogeneities (bands) appear in the microstructure. The banded regions and those around coarse particles tend to rotate in TD. Cold-rolling texture displays both ? and ? fiber components. Recrystallization takes place in temperature between 650 and 850ºC. Texture due to PSN mechanism was not observed. The FSS-C steel displayed only components belonging to ? fiber, whereas FSS-A, FSS-B e FSS-C steels displayed besides ? fiber, components CH and those belonging to η fiber. Grain-growth annealing at high temperature contributes to increase CH and η fiber components.

Les protéines sont des molécules flexibles, qui accomplissent une variété de tâches cellulaires à travers des mouvements mécaniques et des changements conformationnels encodés dans leur structure tridimensionnelle. Parmi les approches théoriques qui contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre structure, mécanique, dynamique et fonction des protéines, les modèles gros-grains sont un outil très puissant. Ils permettent d’intégrer des informations structurales et dynamiques à un coût computationnel réduit, car le traitement explicite des degrés de liberté moins importants est supprimé. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des études comparatives rapides de la flexibilité et de la mécanique des protéines ont été menées en se servant du simple modèle gros-grains de Réseau Élastique. La dépendance des résultats de la conformation de départ, ainsi que une liberté dynamique de la chaine principale plutôt limitée, imposée par l’approximation harmonique, nous ont motivé à développer une nouvelle approche, permettant une exploration plus extensive de l’espace conformationnel. Les efforts ont conduit à PaLaCe, modèle gros-grains qui permet des changements majeurs de la structure secondaire, tout en gardant la spécificité de la séquence des acides aminés grâce à une représentation à basse résolution. En utilisant PaLaCe nous avons simulé deux processus impliquant la plasticité protéique: le dépliement du domaine I27 de la protéine musculaire titine et la dynamique à l’équilibre autour de la structure native de deux enzymes homologues adaptées à des températures différentes. Les résultats obtenus concordent avec les données expérimentales et les résultats issus de modèles tout-atom déjà publiés. PaLaCe s’avère donc être un modèle fiable, avec des temps de calcul restreints par rapport aux modèles tout-atome, tout en conservant un bon niveau de détail. Il offre ainsi la possibilité d’effectuer une recherche systématique sur les liens entre mécanique, dynamique et fonction des protéines / Proteins are flexible molecules, which accomplish a variety of cellular tasks through mechanical motions and conformational fluctuations encoded in their three-dimensional structure. Amongst the theoretical approaches contributing to a better understanding of the relationship between protein structure, mechanics, dynamics and function, coarse-grain models are a powerful tool. They can be used to integrate structural and dynamic information over broad time and size scales at a low computational cost, achieved by averaging out the less important degrees of freedom. In this work, fast comparative studies of protein flexibility and mechanics have been performed with the simple coarse-grain Elastic Network Model. However, the dependency of the results on the starting conformation, and the rather constrained backbone dynamics imposed by the harmonic approximation, motivated the development of a new approach, for a more extensive exploration of conformational space. These efforts led to the PaLaCe model, designed to allow significant changes in secondary structure, while maintaining residue specificity despite a lower-level resolution. Using PaLaCe, we were able to reproduce two processes involving protein plasticity: the mechanical unfolding of the I27 domain of the giant muscle protein titin and the near-native dynamics of two homologous enzymes adapted to work at different temperatures. Agreement with experimental data and results from published atomistic models demonstrate that PaLaCe is a reliable, sufficiently accurate, but computationally inexpensive approach. It therefore opens the doors for a systematic investigation of the link between protein dynamics/mechanics and function

La compréhension de la relation structure-propriétés des parois des cellules végétales s'appuie de plus en plus sur l'utilisation d'approches de modélisation moléculaire en général et de dynamique moléculaire en particulier. A ce jour, le poids numérique que représente une telle démarche à l'échelle de l'atome est la plupart du temps incompatible avec les puissances de calcul disponibles. C'est pourquoi des méthodes d'approximation sont indispensables pour pouvoir mettre en œuvre des simulations numériques à l'échelle de systèmes supramoléculaires réalistes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un modèle de dynamique moléculaire, dit « gros grain » a été mis au point à l'échelle du monomère de macromolécules pariétales. Les paramètres de ce modèle ont été calibrés à l'aide de simulations de dynamique moléculaire à l'échelle de l'atome. Ce modèle a fait l'objet de quatre applications : adsorption d'une chaine de xylane sur une surface de cellulose cristalline, arrachement d'une chaine de xylane adsorbée sur une surface de cellulose cristalline par une pointe AFM, adsorption d'une phase amorphe de xylane sur une surface de cellulose cristalline et adsorption d'une phase amorphe de xylane sur un monocristal de cellulose exposant trois surfaces différentes. Des effets de structuration au voisinage de la cellulose sont observés. / Nowadays, the understanding of plant cell walls' structure-properties relationship leans more and more on the use of molecular modeling approaches and of molecular dynamics in particular. To date, numerical weight of such an approach is usually out of the reach of available computing power if the atomic scale is used. As a consequence, building approximate methods is of crucial importance to perform numerical simulation of realistic supramolecular systems. Within the framework of this PhD, a “coarse grain” molecular dynamics model was built at plant cell wall macromolecule monomer's scale, it's parameters being fixed with the help of atom-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Then, several numerical studies were carried out: a single xylan chain was adsorbed on a crystalline cellulose surface, a single xylan chain was pulled from a crystalline cellulose surface with the help of the tip of an AFM cantilever, an amorphous xylan phase was adsorbed on a cellulose surface and an amorphous xylan phase was adsorbed on a cellulose crystal, which three surfaces were exposed. Local structuring effects were observed.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo simular a zona de grãos grosseiros da ZAC através da simulação computacional em software de elementos finitos e submeter amostras de um aço microligado API 5L X100M a ciclagens térmicas na Gleeble para representar a região de estudo e, dessa forma, caracterizar e comparar o comportamento mecânico e microestrutural do material frente a diferentes aportes térmicos. Foram realizadas simulações de soldagem por arco submerso (SAW) em software computacional de elementos finitos para os aportes térmicos 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 e 5.0 kJ/mm e obtidos os ciclos térmicos de um local correspondente à zona de grãos grosseiros da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC). Em seguida, o ciclo obtido para cada aporte simulado foi utilizado como fonte para a simulação térmica na Gleeble de amostras do metal de base de um tubo produzido para a norma API 5L grau X100M. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios de microdureza nos corpos de prova após simulações térmicas na Gleeble e no material de base como recebido, para efeitos de comparação dos resultados. Para cada aporte de calor simulado, um corpo de prova foi destinado para avaliação de microdureza e posterior análise microestrutural. As amostras remanescentes foram submetidas a ensaio de impacto charpy em temperatura de 0°C para as amostras de aporte de calor 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 e 4.5 kJ/mm e, para os demais aportes térmicos foi feito levantamento de curva de transição entre as temperaturas de -60 a 24°C. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que existe uma correlação entre tenacidade, aporte de calor e morfologia do constituinte MA gerado na região de estudo, de maneira que foram obtidos menores valores de energia absorvida conforme maior o aporte de calor simulado. Também, nessas condições foi observado que o constituinte MA apresentou uma maior tendência ao formato globular que ao alongado. / The objective of this study is to simulate the coarse grain from the heat affected zone (CGHAZ) through computer simulation in finite element software and to submit samples of an API 5L X100M micro alloyed steel to thermal cycling in Gleeble to replicate this region and thus characterize and compare the mechanical and microstructural behavior of the material face to different heat inputs. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) simulations were performed in finite elements software for heat inputs of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 kJ/mm. Afterwards, the thermal cycle curve obtained for each simulated heat input was used as the source for the thermal simulation in Gleeble of samples taken from the base metal of a pipe produced for API 5L standard and X100M grade. Subsequently, microhardness tests were performed in the Gleeble simulated samples and in as received material for the purpose of comparing the results. For each heat input simulated, one test specimen was used for microhardness and microstructural analysis. The remaining samples were subjected to a charpy V notch impact test at the temperature of 0°C for the 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 e 4.5 kJ/mm heat inputs and a transition curve was plotted between -60 up to 24°C for heat inputs 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 kJ/mm. The obtained results demonstrates that there is a correlation between toughness, heat input and the MA constituent morphology, in a way that lower values of absorbed energy were obtained as the simulated heat input increased. In this condition, it was also observed that the MA constituent showed a greater tendency to become more globular than elongated.

A liga de alumínio AA 6351 é uma liga endurecível por precipitação coerente do sistema Al-Si-Mg, contendo adicionalmente Mn e Fe. Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização microestrutural durante o processamento de um tubo extrudado de parede grossa da liga AA 6351. Foram utilizadas várias técnicas complementares de caracterização microestrutural, tais como microscopia óptica de luz polarizada, microscopia eletrônica de varredura eletrônica (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDS), difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD), medidas de dureza e de condutividade elétrica. Foram analisadas as principais características dos grãos e precipitados presentes. Após solidificação, foi constatada a presença de uma distribuição relativamente homogênea de grãos com diâmetro médio de aproximadamente 100 ?m e de uma fase intermetálica com morfologia alongada e rica em Al, Fe, Mn e Si. Durante a extrusão, o tamanho de grão inicial foi reduzido para cerca de um quinto do diâmetro inicial e a fase alongada, provavelmente ?-Al(FeMn)Si, foi fraturada e redistribuída e as partículas resultantes da fragmentação foram alinhadas na direção de extrusão. Foi detectada e analisada uma zona periférica de grãos grosseiros nas proximidades das superfícies externa e interna do tubo. Tratamentos térmicos complementares realizados na faixa de 400 a 550ºC em amostras retiradas do tubo na condição T6 e medidas de condutividade elétrica revelaram que a dissolução de partículas associada à queda de condutividade elétrica tem início por volta de 440ºC. / The aluminum alloy AA 6351 is a precipitation hardening alloy of the Al-Mg-Si system, additionally containing Mn and Fe. In this work the microstructural characterization during processing of a thick wall extruded tube of the AA 6351 was carried out. Several complementary techniques of microstructural characterization were used, such as polarized light optical microscopy, electronic scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD), hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. The main characteristics of the grains and precipitates were analyzed. After solidification, the presence of a relatively homogeneous grain distribution with an average diameter of approximately 100 ?m and of an intermetallic phase with elongated morphology rich in Al, Fe, Mn and Si was observed. During extrusion, the initial grain size was reduced to about one-fifth of the initial diameter and the elongated phase, probably ?-Al (FeMn) Si, was fractured and redistributed and the resulting particles of the fragmentation were aligned in the extrusion direction. A peripheral coarse grain zone was detected and analyzed in the vicinity of the outer and inner surfaces of the tube. Complementary thermal treatments performed in the range of 400 to 550ºC in samples taken from the tube in the T6 condition and electrical conductivity measurements revealed that the precipitate particles dissolution associated with the electrical conductivity drop starts at around 440ºC.

Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié en détails l'interaction de l'histone H1 avec l'ADN nucléosomal afin de comprendre comment cette interaction conduit à l'organisation en fibre nucléosomale. Nous avons pu résoudre ce problème ancien par l'utilisation de : (i) l'incorporation de H1 par une chaperonne d'histone physiologique, NAP-1, (ii) la reconstitution de nucléosomes parfaitement homogènes sur une matrice d'ADN contenant la séquence 601 fortement positionnante, (iii) une combinaison de cryo-microscopie électronique (EC-M) et de technique d'empreinte aux radicaux OH°, (iv) une modélisation mécanique du polymère ADN de type « coarse-grain ». Notre « cartographie » par empreinte OH° de résolution d'un nucléotide montre que le domaine globulaire de H1 (GH1) interagit à travers le petit sillon avec des « patch » d'ADN de 10 pb de part et d'autre de la dyade du nucléosome. De plus, GH1 organise environ un tour d'hélice d'ADN de chaque ADN de liaison du nucléosome. En même temps, une suite de 7 acides aminés (120-127) de la partie COOH-terminale est requise pour la formation de la structure en tige de l'ADN de liaison.

REDEFINE is a reconfigurable SoC architecture that provides a unique platform for high performance and low power computing by exploiting the synergistic interaction between coarse grain dynamic dataflow model of computation (to expose abundant parallelism in the applications) and runtime composition of efficient compute structures (on the reconfigurable computation resources). Computer architectures based on the dynamic dataflow model of computation have to be an infinite resource implementation to be able to exploit all available parallelism in all applications. It is not feasible for any real architectural implementation. When limited resource implementations are considered, there is a possibility of loss of performance (inability to efficiently exploit available parallelism). In this thesis, we study the throttling of execution in the REDEFINE architecture to maximize the architecture efficiency. We have formulated it as a design space exploration problem at two levels i.e. architectural configurations and throttling schemes. Reduced feature/high level simulation or feature specific analytical approaches are very useful for the selective study/exploration of early in design phase architectures/systems. Our approach is similar to that of SEASAME Framework which is used for the study of MPSoC (Multiprocessor SoC) architectures. We have used abstraction (feature reduction) at the levels of architecture and model of computation to make the problem approachable and practically feasible. A feature specific fast hybrid (mixed level) simulation framework for the early in design phase study is developed and implemented for the huge design space exploration (1284 throttling schemes, 128 architectural configurations and 10 applications i.e. 1.6 million executions). We have done performance modeling in terms of selection of important performance criteria, ranking of the explored throttling schemes and investigation of the effectiveness of the design space exploration using statistical hypothesis testing. We found some interesting obvious/intuitive and some non-obvious/counterintuitive results. The two performance criteria namely Exec.T and Avg.TU were found sufficient to represent the performance and the resource usage characteristics of the architecture independent of the throttling schemes, the architectural configurations and the applications. The ranking of the throttling schemes based on the selected performance criteria is found to be statistically very significant. The intuitive throttling schemes span the range of performance from the best to the worst. We found absence of trade-off amongst all of the performance criteria. The best throttling schemes give appreciable overall performance (25%) and resource usage (37%) gains in the throttling unit simultaneously. The design space exploration of the throttling schemes is found to be fine and uniform.