Isospora canis (Protozoa:Nemeseri, 1959) is an important coccidian parasite of domestic dogs. Ingestion of the sporulated oocysts causes the release of sporozoites which invade the epithe-lial lining of the intestine. Schizogony and gametogony take place in the epithelial tissue resulting in a massive proliferation of the parasite and extensive destruction of the intestinal cells (Lepp and Todd, 1974). Severe infections cause loss of appetite, diarrhea and dysentery (Levine, 1973).

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Os trabalhos existentes sobre protozoários pertencentes à família Sarcocystidae em morcegos são escassos e desatualizados. No Brasil, a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii é bem documentada nas espécies domésticas e no Homem, existindo relatos em diversos hospedeiros selvagens. Mundialmente, existe um grande interesse no conhecimento da variedade genética de T. gondii realizada por meio da Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos de DNA gerados por Enzimas de Restrição (PCR-RFLP). No presente trabalho, objetivou-se pesquisar a frequência de ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, isolar e caracterizar molecularmente T. gondii e investigar a presença de coccídios da família Sarcocystidae em morcegos de vida livre no estado de São Paulo. Um total de 1921 morcegos, provenientes de 15 municípios do estado de São Paulo, foi examinado durante o período de março de 2010 a março de 2011. Obteve-se 14,89% (28/188) de positividade para T. gondii na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI ≥ 16) e 18,61% (35/188) no Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT ≥ 25), com baixa concordância entre as técnicas utilizando o índice Kappa (K=0,046). De um total de 282 bioensaios em camundongos, foram obtidos dois isolados, sendo TgBatBr1 proveniente de Molossus molossus, insetívoro, macho e adulto, e TgBatBr2 proveniente de Desmodus rotundus, hematófago, macho e adulto, ambos causando 100% de mortalidade em camundongos. A genotipagem dos isolados e das amostras primárias de morcegos positivas para T. gondii foi feita por meio da PCR-RFLP com os marcadores SAG1, 5\'3\'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 e CS3, revelando os genótipos ToxoDB-RFLP #162 e #19, respectivamente, para os isolados TgBatBr1 e TgBatBr2. Para a investigação molecular dos sarcocistídeos foram utilizados primers que amplificam a região 18S do DNA ribossomal e as amostras positivas foram sequenciadas. A análise de sequências pôde ser realizada em 48 das amostras positivas para Sarcocystidae, encontrando-se 100% de identidade com T. gondii em quatro morcegos e também 100% de identidade com Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis e Frenkelia glareoli em um morcego, respectivamente. Outras 39 amostras apresentaram identidade de 94-98% com outros sarcocistídeos e, provavelmente, devem ser novas espécies. Foi possível a genotipagem de amostras primárias positivas para T. gondii de um morcego insetívoro (Eumops glaucinus), correspondendo ao genótipo #69 e de outro morcego insetívoro (E. glaucinus), apresentando o genótipo #6, que corresponde ao Tipo BrI. Há uma necessidade de se investigar a importância dos morcegos como reservatórios de doenças infecciosas, podendo-se sugerir a inclusão do diagnóstico de T. gondii como diferencial para raiva. Ressalta-se também a importância do compartilhamento dos genótipos de T. gondii dos morcegos com hospedeiros terrestres e dos estudos sobre sarcocistídeos em morcegos, a fim de compreender melhor as relações parasita-hospedeiro. / The existing studies on protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family are scarce and outdated in free-living bats. In Brazil, the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii is well documented in domestic animals and humans, with reports in several wild hosts. Worldwide, there is a great interest in understanding the genetic variation of T. gondii using differen molecular tools as the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The present study aimed to research the frequency of occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies, to isolate and molecularly characterize T. gondii and to investigate the presence of coccidia from Sarcocystidae family in free-living bats from São Paulo state. A total of 1921 bats from 15 municipalities in São Paulo state were examined from March 2010 to March 2011. It was obtained 14.89% (28/188) of positivity for T. gondii by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA ≥ 16) and 18.61% (35/188) by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥ 25) with low agreement between techniques when using Kappa (K = 0.046). From a total of 282 bioassays in mice, two bat isolates were obtained, TgBatBr1 from Molossus molossus, an insectivorous, male, adult bat, and TgBatBr2 from Desmodus rotundus, a vampire, male, adult bat, both causing 100% of mouse mortality. Genotyping of isolates and T. gondii positive primary samples from bats were performed by PCR-RFLP using markers SAG1, 5\'3\'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 and CS3, revealing ToxoDB-RFLP genotypes #162 and #19, respectively, for isolates TgBatBr1 and TgBatBr2. Primers that amplify the 18S ribosomal DNA region were employed for molecular investigation of Sarcocystidae in primary samples and the positive samples were sequenced. Analysis of sequence could be accomplished for 48 Sarcocystidae positive samples. A 100% identity with T. gondii was found in four bats, and with Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis and Frenkelia glareoli in a bat, respectively. Thirty-nine samples showed 94-98% identity with other Sarcocystidae and, probably, these are new species. Genotyping of positive primary samples for T. gondii was complete from one insectivorous bat (Eumops glaucinus), corresponding to genotype # 69 and from other insectivorous bat (E. glaucinus), showing genotype # 6, which corresponds to the Type BrI. It is necessary to investigate the importance of bats as reservoirs of infectious diseases, and it could be suggested the inclusion of the diagnosis of T. gondii as a differential to rabies. We also emphasize the importance of T. gondii genotypes from bats being shared with terrestrial hosts and of studies on Sarcocystidae in bats in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.

The endogenous development of the rabbit coccidium Eimeria exigua was studied by light and electron microscopy in coccidia-free rabbits.

Os trabalhos existentes sobre protozoários pertencentes à família Sarcocystidae em morcegos são escassos e desatualizados. No Brasil, a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii é bem documentada nas espécies domésticas e no Homem, existindo relatos em diversos hospedeiros selvagens. Mundialmente, existe um grande interesse no conhecimento da variedade genética de T. gondii realizada por meio da Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos de DNA gerados por Enzimas de Restrição (PCR-RFLP). No presente trabalho, objetivou-se pesquisar a frequência de ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, isolar e caracterizar molecularmente T. gondii e investigar a presença de coccídios da família Sarcocystidae em morcegos de vida livre no estado de São Paulo. Um total de 1921 morcegos, provenientes de 15 municípios do estado de São Paulo, foi examinado durante o período de março de 2010 a março de 2011. Obteve-se 14,89% (28/188) de positividade para T. gondii na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI ≥ 16) e 18,61% (35/188) no Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT ≥ 25), com baixa concordância entre as técnicas utilizando o índice Kappa (K=0,046). De um total de 282 bioensaios em camundongos, foram obtidos dois isolados, sendo TgBatBr1 proveniente de Molossus molossus, insetívoro, macho e adulto, e TgBatBr2 proveniente de Desmodus rotundus, hematófago, macho e adulto, ambos causando 100% de mortalidade em camundongos. A genotipagem dos isolados e das amostras primárias de morcegos positivas para T. gondii foi feita por meio da PCR-RFLP com os marcadores SAG1, 5\'3\'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 e CS3, revelando os genótipos ToxoDB-RFLP #162 e #19, respectivamente, para os isolados TgBatBr1 e TgBatBr2. Para a investigação molecular dos sarcocistídeos foram utilizados primers que amplificam a região 18S do DNA ribossomal e as amostras positivas foram sequenciadas. A análise de sequências pôde ser realizada em 48 das amostras positivas para Sarcocystidae, encontrando-se 100% de identidade com T. gondii em quatro morcegos e também 100% de identidade com Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis e Frenkelia glareoli em um morcego, respectivamente. Outras 39 amostras apresentaram identidade de 94-98% com outros sarcocistídeos e, provavelmente, devem ser novas espécies. Foi possível a genotipagem de amostras primárias positivas para T. gondii de um morcego insetívoro (Eumops glaucinus), correspondendo ao genótipo #69 e de outro morcego insetívoro (E. glaucinus), apresentando o genótipo #6, que corresponde ao Tipo BrI. Há uma necessidade de se investigar a importância dos morcegos como reservatórios de doenças infecciosas, podendo-se sugerir a inclusão do diagnóstico de T. gondii como diferencial para raiva. Ressalta-se também a importância do compartilhamento dos genótipos de T. gondii dos morcegos com hospedeiros terrestres e dos estudos sobre sarcocistídeos em morcegos, a fim de compreender melhor as relações parasita-hospedeiro. / The existing studies on protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family are scarce and outdated in free-living bats. In Brazil, the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii is well documented in domestic animals and humans, with reports in several wild hosts. Worldwide, there is a great interest in understanding the genetic variation of T. gondii using differen molecular tools as the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The present study aimed to research the frequency of occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies, to isolate and molecularly characterize T. gondii and to investigate the presence of coccidia from Sarcocystidae family in free-living bats from São Paulo state. A total of 1921 bats from 15 municipalities in São Paulo state were examined from March 2010 to March 2011. It was obtained 14.89% (28/188) of positivity for T. gondii by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA ≥ 16) and 18.61% (35/188) by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥ 25) with low agreement between techniques when using Kappa (K = 0.046). From a total of 282 bioassays in mice, two bat isolates were obtained, TgBatBr1 from Molossus molossus, an insectivorous, male, adult bat, and TgBatBr2 from Desmodus rotundus, a vampire, male, adult bat, both causing 100% of mouse mortality. Genotyping of isolates and T. gondii positive primary samples from bats were performed by PCR-RFLP using markers SAG1, 5\'3\'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 and CS3, revealing ToxoDB-RFLP genotypes #162 and #19, respectively, for isolates TgBatBr1 and TgBatBr2. Primers that amplify the 18S ribosomal DNA region were employed for molecular investigation of Sarcocystidae in primary samples and the positive samples were sequenced. Analysis of sequence could be accomplished for 48 Sarcocystidae positive samples. A 100% identity with T. gondii was found in four bats, and with Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis and Frenkelia glareoli in a bat, respectively. Thirty-nine samples showed 94-98% identity with other Sarcocystidae and, probably, these are new species. Genotyping of positive primary samples for T. gondii was complete from one insectivorous bat (Eumops glaucinus), corresponding to genotype # 69 and from other insectivorous bat (E. glaucinus), showing genotype # 6, which corresponds to the Type BrI. It is necessary to investigate the importance of bats as reservoirs of infectious diseases, and it could be suggested the inclusion of the diagnosis of T. gondii as a differential to rabies. We also emphasize the importance of T. gondii genotypes from bats being shared with terrestrial hosts and of studies on Sarcocystidae in bats in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.

To compare the effect of a standard commercial trace mineral dietary program to low levels of organic minerals on turkey performance, mineral excretion, bone strength, and carcass yield, day-old Hybrid poults (n=1,224) were randomly distributed to one of four treatments with 9 replicates. Experimental treatments consisted of: standard inorganic (SI) with a commercial supplementation program (Mn, Zn, Cu, Se), reduced inorganic (RI) with 10% level of SI, and two organic regimens of Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® (at the same level of RI during period 1 and 2 and at 2/3 of RI for period 3, 4, 5, and 6, or at the same level of RI for entire trial). Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake (FI) were evaluated and fresh excreta were collected at d 28, 49, 70, 84, 105 and 133. Tibias and femurs were collected at d 49, 84 and 133. Trace mineral concentration in litter and carcass yield were determined at d 133. Overall, there was no significant effect on BW, cumulative BWG, FCR, or FI due to treatments (P < 0.05). The contents of Mn and Zn in excreta and litter were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® or RI diet compared to SI during the study. Cu excretion was significantly reduced at d 84 and 133. Tibias from the SI treatment had increased bone strength at d 49. Carcass yield at processing was significantly improved (P < 0.05) by feeding Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® treatments compared to the SI diet. To investigate the effect of organic or inorganic Zn combined with other trace minerals on turkey performance, immune response, and intestinal development, a 2 by 4 factorial design was utilized with coccidia vaccinated and non-vaccinated and 4 dietary treatments varying in level and source of Zn with Mn, Cu, and Se. A total of 2,376 day-old Hybrid turkeys were assigned to one of the combinations with 9 replicates of each. Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) standard inorganic (SI), Zn (150 ppm) with Mn (165 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Se (0.2 ppm); 2) reduced inorganic (RI), Zn, Mn, and Cu at 10% of SI, and Se at 0.2ppm; 3) organic 1 (O1), at the same level of RI; 4) organic 2 (O2), Zn (30 ppm) with the same level of Mn, Cu, and Se as O1. Body weight, BWG, FI and FCR were determined weekly. Bursa, thymus, and spleen were weighed, and duodenum and jejunum were collected at d 7, 14, 28, and 42. Peripheral blood was collected for T-lymphocyte populations on d 21, 28, and 42. Cumulative FI was influenced by vaccination (P=0.003). Cumulative BWG and BW were significantly decreased by vaccination except on d 14. Cumulative BWG increased in poults fed RI compared with those fed O2 (P=0.03). Poults fed O2 had significantly decreased BW when compared with RI after d 28. Cumulative FCR was not affected by diet and vaccination. Vaccination increased spleen weight on d 7 and thymus weight on d 42 (P < 0.05). The birds fed O2 had increased thymus weight when compared with those fed SI at d 7 (P < 0.05). The vaccinated poults had higher numbers of CD4+ T-cells than non-vaccinated birds on d 28 and d 42 (P < 0.05), and an interaction between diet and vaccination was observed (P < 0.05). Compared to non-vaccinated poults, CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly increased in vaccinated poults on d 42 (P = 0.0475). The villus height in vaccinated birds was significantly increased in the jejunum (P = 0.0012), but diets did not affect intestinal morphology. In summary, using low levels of organic or inorganic trace minerals is adequate to maintain turkey performance and immune response and decreased trace minerals excretion. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Coccídios Sarcocystidae são importantes agentes transmissíveis na interface homem-animais. Seu diagnóstico é dificultado pela disponibilidade de amostras, sem agredir a população natural de animais. Avaliou-se pela amplificação do ITS-1 a frequência destes coccídios, em amostras teciduais dos roedores Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. e Myocastor coypus, depositados em museus do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos 75 roedores amostrados, DNA da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae foi obtido na musculatura esquelética (3/69) de M. coypus e Cavia spp. e cérebro de Cavia spp. (1/30) sendo identificado como Toxoplasma gondii; adicionalmente, Hammondia triffittae foi detectado no diafragma de M. coypus. A subfamília Sarcocystidae foi confirmada no músculo esquelético de Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) e no M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). A detecção molecular de T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. e S. felis-like nas três espécies de roedores silvestres brasileiros de vida livre estudados, demonstram sua participação no ciclo silvestre e potencial transmissão ao homem e outros animais. / Coccidia Sarcocystidae are important transmissible agents in human-animal interface. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the availability of samples, without harming the wildlife animals populations. We evaluated, by amplification of ITS-1 the frequency of those coccidia in tissue samples of rodents Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. Myocastor coypus deposited in museums in Rio Grande do Sul. Of the 75 sampled rodents, DNA of Toxoplasmatinae subfamily was obtained in skeletal muscle (3/69) of M. coypus and Cavia spp. and brain of Cavia spp. (1/30) identified as Toxoplasma gondii. Additionally, Hammondia triffittae was detected in the diaphragm of a M. coypus. The subfamily Sarcocystidae was confirmed in skeletal muscle of Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) and M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). Molecular detection of T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. and S. felis-like in three species of Brazilian wild rodents free-living demonstrate their participation in the sylvatic cycle, and potential transmission to humans and other animals.

Coccídios Sarcocystidae são importantes agentes transmissíveis na interface homem-animais. Seu diagnóstico é dificultado pela disponibilidade de amostras, sem agredir a população natural de animais. Avaliou-se pela amplificação do ITS-1 a frequência destes coccídios, em amostras teciduais dos roedores Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. e Myocastor coypus, depositados em museus do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos 75 roedores amostrados, DNA da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae foi obtido na musculatura esquelética (3/69) de M. coypus e Cavia spp. e cérebro de Cavia spp. (1/30) sendo identificado como Toxoplasma gondii; adicionalmente, Hammondia triffittae foi detectado no diafragma de M. coypus. A subfamília Sarcocystidae foi confirmada no músculo esquelético de Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) e no M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). A detecção molecular de T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. e S. felis-like nas três espécies de roedores silvestres brasileiros de vida livre estudados, demonstram sua participação no ciclo silvestre e potencial transmissão ao homem e outros animais. / Coccidia Sarcocystidae are important transmissible agents in human-animal interface. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the availability of samples, without harming the wildlife animals populations. We evaluated, by amplification of ITS-1 the frequency of those coccidia in tissue samples of rodents Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. Myocastor coypus deposited in museums in Rio Grande do Sul. Of the 75 sampled rodents, DNA of Toxoplasmatinae subfamily was obtained in skeletal muscle (3/69) of M. coypus and Cavia spp. and brain of Cavia spp. (1/30) identified as Toxoplasma gondii. Additionally, Hammondia triffittae was detected in the diaphragm of a M. coypus. The subfamily Sarcocystidae was confirmed in skeletal muscle of Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) and M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). Molecular detection of T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. and S. felis-like in three species of Brazilian wild rodents free-living demonstrate their participation in the sylvatic cycle, and potential transmission to humans and other animals.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-20T10:49:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariana Borges Rodrigues.pdf: 10445208 bytes, checksum: 3b8788e9719ae12da12f01e329a82878 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T10:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Mariana Borges Rodrigues.pdf: 10445208 bytes, checksum: 3b8788e9719ae12da12f01e329a82878 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Coccidia are obligate intracellular parasites, classified in Subphylum Apicomplexa and order Eucoccidiorida, which has different stages in their life cycles. In Passeriformes, the coccidian species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 are the most common, being the family Thraupidae one of the major families, with 12 host species described. The aim of this study was to identify, characterize and quantify the coccidian parasites of Thraupidae in the Itatiaia National Park. Isospora ramphoceli Berto, Flausino, Luz, Ferreira, Lopes, 2010 was identified in ruby-crowned tanagers Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822), which became a new host, and the Itatiaia National Park a new location for this coccidian species. The intensity of infection in different hosts were high, which can be justified by frugivorous feeding habits that favoring the feco-oral transmission of coccidia and by the positive hosts inhabit in disturbed areas susciptible to the effects of forest edge. The oocysts were characterized as uniform in T. coronatus and morphologically and morphometrically similar to the original description in Ramphocelus bresilius dorsalis Sclater, 1855 on the island of Marambaia, RJ. The specificity of I. ramphoceli occurred at the family level, because T. coronatus and R. b. dorsalis are included in the Thraupidae family. / Os cocc?dios s?o parasitas intracelulares obrigat?rios, classificados no Subfilo Apicomplexa e ordem Eucoccidiorida, que tem fases diferentes em seus ciclos de vida. Em Passeriformes as esp?cies de Isospora Schneider, 1881 s?o as mais comuns, sendo a fam?lia Thraupidae uma das principais fam?lias-hospedeiras com 12 esp?cies descritas. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, caracterizar e quantificar os cocc?dios parasitos de Thraupidae do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Isospora ramphoceli Berto, Flausino, Luz, Ferreira, Lopes, 2010 foi identificada em ti?s-pretos Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822), o qual se tornou novo hospedeiro e o Parque Nacional do Itatiaia nova localidade para este cocc?dio. As intensidades de infec??o em diferentes hospedeiros positivos foram altas, o que pode ser justificado pelo h?bito alimentar frug?voro que favorece a transmiss?o feco-oral dos cocc?dios e por parte dos hospedeiros positivos habitarem em ?reas antropizadas submetidas aos efeitos de borda de mata. Os oocistos foram caracterizados como uniformes em T. coronatus e morfologicamente e morfometricamente semelhantes a descri??o original em Ramphocelus bresilius dorsalis Sclater, 1855 na Ilha da Marambaia, RJ. A especificidade de I. ramphoceli ocorreu em n?vel de fam?lia, pelo fato de T. coronatus e R. b. dorsalis estarem classificados entre os traup?deos.