This thesis examines what roles linguistic, stylistic and sociocultural factors play in the popularity of contemporary Chinese-English bilingual codeswitching songs released between the years of 2004 and 2010, making a case study of the urban youth audience of Shanghai. It is significant as it is the first large scale study into Chinese-English songs that has looked at all of these three factors: linguistic, stylistic and sociocultural, but also because it compares the findings in these three areas from corpus analysis with an audience study. A corpus of 150 songs from popular codeswitching performers was collected, and was analysed individually in relation to the linguistic, stylistic and sociocultural factors with regard to features that may enhance the popularity of these songs. To this was added an audience study based on fieldwork in Shanghai which included participant observation and data collection from online surveys and individual interviews. First a linguistic analysis was done on syntactic grounds based on the Myers-Scotton 1993 Classic MLF (Matrix Language Frame) model, and this was followed by an analysis of the metaphorical functions of these songs following general pragmatic theories of Gumperz (1982). A stylistic analysis was then done on the corpus, using theories of literary stylistics from Leech (1969) and the stylistic findings of recent codeswitching researchers. This stylistic section also examined modes of language use after Hymes. The sociocultural aspects within the songs were examined using a social anthropological framework, and used research in the East Asian setting by Gao Liwei (2007) and Yang Mei-hui (1997) on identity formation, as well as the Accommodation Theory of Giles and Smith (1979), and other research relevant to codeswitching in the East Asian pop culture context, such as J. Lee (2004, 2006). Data collection was also carried out based on Hymes’ (1971) ethnographical techniques, and Blom and Gumperz’s (1972) participant observation. The findings from each of the factors were discussed in relation to the audience study and the results show that: 1) These codeswitching songs are both a reflection of the singers’ and audiences’ need to present a particular identity, negotiated within the particular expectations of music, genre and location. 2) Chinese-English codeswitching songs are a reflection of the high levels of English codeswitching in Shanghai, Chinese, and also wider East Asian popular culture, and reflect a growing bilingual or multilingual identity in wider East Asia. 3) The English within the Chinese-English codeswitching songs is localised to a Southern Chinese, almost a Shanghai context. 4) The uses to which codeswitching is put, or how codeswitching appears in songs, depends on many factors, and so it is difficult to clearly define the functions, stylistic techniques, or sociocultural purposes of codeswitching in songs consistently across different genres, chronological periods (due to changes in language use over time), or between cultures. Despite this, it is hoped that the number of unique findings from the corpus analysis and the discussion in this study could enlighten or stimulate future studies examining codeswitching in songs.

<p>This thesis examines how multilingual spaces in South Africa are imagined and reconstructed through the use of scripted codeswitching in 7de Laan. It explores how the socio-political discourses and other ideologies from the broader South African context shape and influence the ways in which the soap reconstructs multilingual spaces and the identities that exist within these spaces through language and language practices. In the literature presented in this study I explore various theories and case studies that examine Afrikaans and its indexicality in our&nbsp / contemporary society, the conventions of soap opera in representing &lsquo / reality&rsquo / to society, the role of codeswitching in multilingual mass communication, the policies and ideologies that govern post apartheid television and finally the link between ideology, the media, language and imagined identities.. These five overarching themes often overlap throughout this thesis. My investigation of the main questions set in this thesis is based on a triangulated analysis of (a) a five episode transcript of the soap, (b) solicited viewer perceptions gleaned from questionnaires and (c) unsolicited social media commentaries. This analysis is framed by a poststructuralist critical analysis with a specific focus on how social practices and contemporary ideologies manifest in the discourse of the soap. This approach views discourse as the juncture where identity, stereotypes and power are negotiated, enforced, imagined and challenged. In this thesis I argue that the conspicuous absence of indigenous African languages and the use of standard white Afrikaans as the lingua franca in the soap creates an unrealistic utopian portrayal of the new South Africa that naturalises white Afrikaans culture and marginalises other indigenous cultures and languages. I argue that the soap puts middle class white Afrikaners at the epicentre of South African society thus enforcing the idea that non-whites still need to conform to white Afrikaans standards and norms at the expense of their own culture and languages despite the inception of democracy. The soap offers no depictions of resistance to this dominant white Afrikaans culture, thus misleadingly portraying it as the uncontested dominant culture of the new South Africa.</p>

<p>This thesis examines how multilingual spaces in South Africa are imagined and reconstructed through the use of scripted codeswitching in 7de Laan. It explores how the socio-political discourses and other ideologies from the broader South African context shape and influence the ways in which the soap reconstructs multilingual spaces and the identities that exist within these spaces through language and language practices. In the literature presented in this study I explore various theories and case studies that examine Afrikaans and its indexicality in our&nbsp / contemporary society, the conventions of soap opera in representing &lsquo / reality&rsquo / to society, the role of codeswitching in multilingual mass communication, the policies and ideologies that govern post apartheid television and finally the link between ideology, the media, language and imagined identities.. These five overarching themes often overlap throughout this thesis. My investigation of the main questions set in this thesis is based on a triangulated analysis of (a) a five episode transcript of the soap, (b) solicited viewer perceptions gleaned from questionnaires and (c) unsolicited social media commentaries. This analysis is framed by a poststructuralist critical analysis with a specific focus on how social practices and contemporary ideologies manifest in the discourse of the soap. This approach views discourse as the juncture where identity, stereotypes and power are negotiated, enforced, imagined and challenged. In this thesis I argue that the conspicuous absence of indigenous African languages and the use of standard white Afrikaans as the lingua franca in the soap creates an unrealistic utopian portrayal of the new South Africa that naturalises white Afrikaans culture and marginalises other indigenous cultures and languages. I argue that the soap puts middle class white Afrikaners at the epicentre of South African society thus enforcing the idea that non-whites still need to conform to white Afrikaans standards and norms at the expense of their own culture and languages despite the inception of democracy. The soap offers no depictions of resistance to this dominant white Afrikaans culture, thus misleadingly portraying it as the uncontested dominant culture of the new South Africa.</p>

This study investigated the pragmatics of codeswitching from FuSHa Arabic, the high variety of Arabic (FA), to Aammiyyah Arabic, the low variety or vernacular (AmA), in the most formal type of discourse, namely religious-oriented discourse.The study posited the following five hypotheses:1) CS occurs with considerable frequency in religious discourse; 2) these switches are communicatively purposeful; 3) frequency of CS is related to the linguistic make-up of the audience addressed, 4) to the AmA of the speaker, and 5) to the section of the discourse delivered.To carry out the investigation, the researcher analyzed 18 audio and videotapes of religious discourse, delivered by 13 Arabic religious scholars from different Arab countries. Ten of these tapes were used exclusively to show that CS occurs in religious discourse. The other eight tapes were used to investigate the other hypotheses. The eight tapes involved presentations by three of the most famous religious scholars (from Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen) delivered 1) within their home countries and 2) outside their home countries.Three of the five hypotheses were supported. It was found that: CS from FA to AmA occurred in religious discourse with considerable frequency; these switches served pragmatic purposes; and the frequency of the switches higher in the question/answer sections than in the lecture sections.Analysis showed that codeswitches fell into three categories: iconic/rhetorical, structural, and other. The switches served numerous communicative functions, some of which resemble the functions found in CS in conversational discourse.One finding was the relationship between the content of the message and the attitude of the speaker toward or its source. Generally, what the speakers perceived as [+positive] was expressed by the H code, and whatever they perceived as [-positive] was expressed by the L code. Scrutiny of this exploitation of the two codes indicated that FA tended to be utilized as a means of upgrading, whereas AmA was used as a means of downgrading. / Department of English

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study reported on in this thesis focuses on six English-German bilingual preschool children in Cape Town. The thesis is interested in understanding the relation between codeswitching (the frequency, type and function thereof) in bilingual children and the duration of exposure that they have had to each of their languages. During the course of my training as a teacher, I have noticed differences in the codeswitching behaviour of different bilingual children. Most children seemed to switch between their two languages effortlessly. However, some children seemed to switch between codes more often than others, which may be a consequence of the duration of language exposure. It is therefore possible that bilingual children with different language backgrounds show differences in the frequency, type and function of their codeswitching behaviour. This thesis aims to investigate (i) the amount of codeswitching that is employed by bilingual children with different language backgrounds, (ii) the type of codeswitching that bilingual children employ and (iii) the function of the use of codeswitching by these children. The participants of the study were 5- and 6-year-olds who attend the German preschool in Cape Town, which is a predominantly German-speaking institution. Children who attend the school have a range of different proficiency levels in German and in English; they have acquired the two languages either simultaneously or successively. The language background, namely the duration of language exposure to both languages, was analysed with the help of parental questionnaires. In addition, the children themselves were asked to visually represent a biographic image of their language proficiency and their language preferences by colouring in a basic outline of a human body. By means of this analysis, the participants were categorised according to their type of bilingual acquisition and the input they receive at home and in other environments. In order to investigate whether children of different language types show differences in the frequency, type and function of their codeswitching behaviour, codeswitching behaviour in both formal and informal settings were audio recorded. The recordings were transcribed and annotated for frequency of switches. All instances of codeswitching found in the data were then classified based on the differentiation between intersentential codeswitching and intrasentential (including intraword) codeswitching. The qualitative analysis of the data was carried out in terms of Poplack‟s (1980) grammatical constraints. The codeswitches that were found in the data were further analysed according to the function of their use. The findings of the analysis were then categorised in relation to the type of bilingual exposure of the individual participants. The results have shown that there is indeed a difference in the codeswitching behaviour of children with different language backgrounds. Participants who have had less German input switched more often to their dominant language, namely English, than participants who have been exposed to equal input in both languages or those who speak German as mother tongue. Data analysis further showed that successive bilinguals not only switch more frequently but also make use of codeswitching (rather than other discourse strategies) in order to fill lexical gaps. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie waaroor daar in hierdie tesis verslag gelewer word, fokus op ses Engels-Duits tweetalige voorskoolse kinders in Kaapstad. In die tesis wou daar vasgestel word wat die verhouding is tussen kodewisseling (die frekwensie, tipe en funksie daarvan) in tweetalige kinders en die duur van die blootstelling wat hulle aan elk van hulle tale gehad het. Tydens my onderwysopleiding het ek opgelet dat daar verskille bestaan in die kodewisselingsgedrag van verskillende tweetalige kinders. Die meeste kinders blyk moeiteloos tussen hul twee tale te wissel. Sommige kinders blyk egter meer dikwels as ander tussen die tale te wissel, wat „n gevolg mag wees van die duur van taalblootstelling. Dit is daarom moontlik dat tweetalige kinders van verskillende taalagtergronde verskille toon in die frekwensie, tipe en funksie van hul kodewisselingsgedrag. Die doel van die tesis was om die volgende te ondersoek: (i) die hoeveelheid kodewisseling wat deur tweetalige kinders van verskillende taalagtergronde gebruik word, (ii) die tipe kodewisseling waarvan deelnemers gebruik maak, en (iii) die funksie van die gebruik van kodewisseling deur hierdie kinders. Die deelnemers aan die studie was 5- en 6-jariges wat 'n Duitse kleuterskool in Kaapstad bygewoon het. Die skool is 'n oorwegend Duitssprekende instelling. Kinders wat die skool bywoon, toon 'n wye reeks vaardigheidsvlakke in Duits en in Engels; hulle het die twee tale óf gelyktydig óf opeenvolgend verwerf. Die taalagtergrond, naamlik die duur van blootstelling aan beide tale, is met behulp van 'n ouervraelys geanaliseer. Die kinders self is gevra om 'n biografiese beeld van hulle taalvaardighede en taalvoorkeure visueel voor te stel deur die buitelyne van 'n menslike liggaam in te kleur. Deur hierdie analise is deelnemers geklassifiseer volgens die tipe tweetalige verwerwing en die toevoer wat hulle tuis en in ander omgewings ontvang het. Om vas te stel of kinders van verskillende taalverwerwingstipes verskille toon in die frekwensie, tipe en funksie van hul kodewisselingsgedrag, is daar klankopnames gemaak van kodewisselingsgedrag in beide formele en informele situasies. Die opnames is getranskribeer en geannoteer vir frekwensie van wisselings. Alle gevalle van kodewisseling wat in die data aangetref is, is dan geklassifiseer op grond van die onderskeid tussen intersentensiële kodewisseling en intrasentensiële (en intrawoord-) kodewisseling. Die kwalitatiewe analise van die data is uitgevoer in terme van Poplack (1980) se grammatikale beperkinge. Die kodewisselings wat in die data gevind is, is verder geanaliseer volgens die funksie van hul gebruik. Die bevindinge van die analise is toe vergelyk met die tipe tweetalige blootstelling van die individuele deelnemers. Die resultate het getoon dat daar inderdaad 'n verskil in die kodewisselingsgedrag van kinders met verskillende taalblootstellingsagtergronde is. Deelnemers wat minder Duitse toevoer gehad het, het meer dikwels na hul dominante taal (naamlik Engels) gewissel as deelnemers wat ewe veel blootstelling aan albei tale ontvang het of Duits as moedertaal praat. Data-analise het verder aangetoon dat opeenvolgende tweetaliges nie net meer dikwels kodewissel nie maar ook gebruik maak van kodewisseling (eerder as van 'n ander diskoersstrategie) om leksikale gapings te vul.

abstract: Codeswitching, or the bilingual practice of switching between two languages, is a frequently misunderstood phenomenon in many fields, including education. Given the growing number of bilingual students and English Language Learners in U.S. schools, it is imperative that the field of education be informed by current research in bilingualism and language acquisition, including codeswitching. Codeswitching that occurs within a sentence is subject to specific rules derived from the languages involved in the switching. Furthermore, a codeswitcher's intuitions about the grammatical acceptability of certain switches over others, called grammaticality judgments, provide linguists with a unique window into how the language systems interact. In current codeswitching research, it is sometimes claimed that simultaneous and early sequential bilinguals provide more accurate grammaticality judgments than late sequential bilinguals. Although this claim is largely motivated by Critical Period Hypothesis research, the grammaticality judgments of the three groups of bilinguals have yet to be systematically compared to determine if there is indeed a difference in judgments. This dissertation investigates potential differences in intrasentential codeswitching patterns of simultaneous, early sequential and late sequential Slovak-English bilinguals (N = 39) through a comparison of grammaticality judgments. Analysis of potential differences is grounded in generative approaches to first and second language acquisition. Grammaticality judgments from Slovak-English bilinguals were elicited through a survey of constructed items. Chi square results are analyzed to determine variation in judgments attributable to bilingual group based on age of onset of exposure to English. In addition, a sub-study of data from the Welsh-English Siarad Corpus (http://www.siarad.org.uk/siarad.php) is presented. Normed token means for English and mixed tokens for simultaneous, early sequential, and late sequential bilinguals are compared using ANOVA tests, and variability is discussed in light of relevant theoretical considerations. Results from this study indicate that there are few differences attributable to age of onset of exposure, thus helping to clarify current practices in codeswitching research methodology, particularly in terms of identifying characteristics of participants. The study also addresses issues surrounding the critical period hypothesis and the effect of age of onset of exposure in bilingualism, topics which are both directly relevant to the field of education. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2010

Magister Artium - MA / The study investigated the practice of codeswitching within the Cape Flats speech community of Cape Town. Members of this speech community have always been exposed to both English and Afrikaans in formal as well as informal contexts. Due to constant exposure to both languages, as well as historical and political experiences, members of the speech community have come to utilize both languages within a single conversation and even within a single utterance. Codeswitching is an integral part of the community's speech behaviour. The main purpose of this research was to uncover and analyze the motivations behind codeswitching in the bilingual communities of Cape Town, while also providing a strong argument that codeswitching patterns evident in their speech do not always correspond completely with linguistic constraints that are regarded as 'universal'. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis examines how multilingual spaces in South Africa are imagined and reconstructed through the use of scripted codeswitching in 7de Laan. It explores how the socio-political discourses and other ideologies from the broader South African context shape and influence the ways in which the soap reconstructs multilingual spaces and the identities that exist within these spaces through language and language practices. In the literature presented in this study I explore various theories and case studies that examine Afrikaans and its indexicality in our contemporary society, the conventions of soap opera in representing reality to society, the role of codeswitching in multilingual mass communication, the policies and ideologies that govern post apartheid television and finally the link between ideology, the media, language and imagined identities.. These five overarching themes often overlap throughout this thesis. My investigation of the main questions set in this thesis is based on a triangulated analysis of (a) a five episode transcript of the soap, (b) solicited viewer perceptions gleaned from questionnaires and (c) unsolicited social media commentaries. This analysis is framed by a poststructuralist critical analysis with a specific focus on how social practices and contemporary ideologies manifest in the discourse of the soap. This approach views discourse as the juncture where identity, stereotypes and power are negotiated, enforced, imagined and challenged. In this thesis I argue that the conspicuous absence of indigenous African languages and the use of standard white Afrikaans as the lingua franca in the soap creates an unrealistic utopian portrayal of the new South Africa that naturalises white Afrikaans culture and marginalises other indigenous cultures and languages. I argue that the soap puts middle class white Afrikaners at the epicentre of South African society thus enforcing the idea that non-whites still need to conform to white Afrikaans standards and norms at the expense of their own culture and languages despite the inception of democracy. The soap offers no depictions of resistance to this dominant white Afrikaans culture, thus misleadingly portraying it as the uncontested dominant culture of the new South Africa. / South Africa

No description available.

Codeswitching and loanwords are both very common in most languages. There are plenty of studies showing codeswitching to English as well as English loanwords but this study focuses instead on the influence of the German language in Japanese.The background to this essay is an article from 2010, which states that German is considered being “cool” in Japan. In order to find out if this is applicable, the frequency of codeswitching from German in some Instagram-accounts belonging to Japanese lifestyle magazines was examined as well as the frequency of using hashtags containing German loanwords (gairago). The time period for the search of codeswitching words was limited to 1st of January to 15th of May 2022, however the search for hashtags was not limited to any period of time. Purpose of the study is not to present a comprehensive research, but to show if there are any tendencies to use German words in Japan today. The findings of this thesis show that codeswitching is almost none-existing today, but that the use of German loanwords is somewhat frequent.