This diploma thesis deals with the energy efficiency of heat pumps, especially efficiency of air/water system. In the this thesis is simply described the principle of the heat pump and function of each component. It shows the issues of determining the parameters of performance of the heat pump and also describes verification in according to applicable standards. The diploma thesis gives an analysis of determining the energetical efficiency and calculation of coefficient of performance, in other words, the seasonal heating coefficient of performance. Seasonal energy efficiency of selected samples of heat pumps for the heating season is designated for specific climatic conditions.

Orientador: Alcides Padilha / Banca: Celso Luiz da Silva / Banca: Marcos Pinotti Barbosa / Resumo: Devido à extrema necessidade de se diversificar as fontes de energia renováveis, torna-se necessário a busca por métodos de reciclagem de energia pela utilização de rejeitos térmicos de equipamentos. Assim, o aproveitamento desses rejeitos pode ser utilizado, como uma nova fonte de energia, para o aquecimento de água e armazenamento da mesma em reservatório para uso doméstico. Devido a isso, é proposta a construção de um aparato experimental de um reservatório de armazenamento térmico cilíndrico, onde o objetivo da pesquisa será o levantamento dos coeficientes de desempenho relativo aos refrigeradores convencional e modificado, além de realizar uma análise da armazenagem da água quente, através da técnica da estratificação térmica utilizando um refrigerador com condensador modificado. O rejeito térmico coletado, através do princípio do termosifão, será armazenado na forma de energia térmica. Os resultados mostraram que os coeficientes de desempenho dos sistemas, calculados pelas técnicas relativas às perdas térmicas teóricas e experimentais, apresentaram grande diferença. Observou-se o comportamento dinâmico das termoclinas, através do efeito da estratificação térmica e a evolução das temperaturas em função do tempo, mostrando maior viabilidade do refrigerador modificado, gerando assim maior conforto térmico aos usuários além de produzir água quente para uso doméstico. / Abstract: Due to the extreme necessity to diversify renewable energy sources, the search for energy recycling methods through the utilization of thermal losses from equipment has become fundamental. Thus, these losses can be used as new source of energy for water heating and storage in Domestic Hot Water Storage Tanks (DHWST). For this reason, the construction of an experimental apparatus with a cylindrical thermal storage tank is proposed, in which the objective of the study will be a survey of the Coefficient of Performance concerning conventional and modified refrigerators, as well as to perform an analysis of hot water, through the thermal stratification technique using a refrigerator with a modified condenser. The collected thermal loss, as per the thermosiphon principle, will be stored as thermal energy. The results showed that the coefficient of performance for the systems, calculated using techniques for theoretical and experimental thermal losses, presented great differences. The dynamic behavior of the thermal distribution was observed through the thermal stratification effect and temperature evolution in terms of time, showing greater variability of the modified refrigerator generating more thermal comfort to users in addition to providing domestic hot water. / Mestre

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-01T14:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Dotta Rech_.pdf: 7163933 bytes, checksum: b8456d05a1d302c866b6a463943d0889 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T14:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Dotta Rech_.pdf: 7163933 bytes, checksum: b8456d05a1d302c866b6a463943d0889 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da relação entre o desempenho de equipamentos de condicionamento de ar tipo Split, fixo e inverter, para a climatização de uma edificação comercial nas diferentes zonas bioclimáticas brasileiras. As análises foram realizadas por simulação computacional, através do programa EnergyPlus. Foram simulados oito casos seguidos pelo modelo de referência. O modelo de referência adotado foi criado a partir de um levantamento fotográfico de edificações comerciais padrões com mais de quatro pavimentos. A partir deste levantamento, a tipologia que foi adotada representa um edifício de dez pavimentos com perímetro de dimensões de 27 por 7,50 metros e, pé-direito de 2,60 metros. Para analisar o comportamento energético do modelo de referência foram inseridos dados dos componentes construtivos, do padrão de ocupação, das cargas energéticas do sistema de iluminação e dos equipamentos, do condicionamento de ar, com as suas respectivas curvas de desempenho, conforme fornecedor, e de infiltração, conforme norma. Com esses dados inseridos no EnergyPlus, foi possível dimensionar a carga térmica dos equipamentos de ar condicionado e seu desempenho energético, analisados através do COP anual simulado desses equipamentos. Com a simulação foi possível destacar os fatores que influenciam no consumo de energia de um sistema de ar condicionado no que diz respeito às condições climáticas, principalemente o impacto da temperatura externo no desempenho do equipamento. Nos resultados encontrados foi possível identificar que existe uma influência bastante significativa, principalmente quando se comparam regiões de alta temperatura externa e com de baixa temperatura externa e, em um segundo momento, valores altos e baixos de umidade relativa interna do ar ambiente, sendo que, altas umidades favorecem o desempenho do equipamento avaliado. Resultados bastante significativos foram encontrados na substituição de aparelhos Split fixo por aparelhos Split inverter, nos quais se alcançou uma redução de até 44% de economia em regiões específicas do país, seu COP anual simulado apresentou um indicador mais eficiente em todas as horas simuladas. / This work presents an analysis of the relationship between the performance of split, fixed and inverter air conditioning equipment for the air conditioning of a commercial building in the different Brazilian bioclimatic zones. Analyzes were performed by computer simulation using the EnergyPlus program. Eight cases followed by the reference model were simulated. The reference model adopted was created from a photographic survey of standard commercial buildings with more than four floors. From this survey, the typology that was adopted represents a ten-storey building with a perimeter of dimensions of 27 by 7.50 meters and, at the foot of 2.60 meters. In order to analyze the energy performance of the reference model, data were included on the building components, occupancy pattern, energy loads of the lighting system and equipment, air conditioning, with their respective performance curves, as supplier, and infiltration, according to norm. With these data inserted in the EnergyPlus, it was possible to measure the thermal load of the air conditioning equipment and their energy performance, analyzed through the simulated annual COP of this equipment. With the simulation, it was possible to highlight the factors that influence the energy consumption of an air conditioning system with regard to climatic conditions, mainly the impact of external temperature on the performance of the equipment. In the results, it was possible to identify that there is a significant influence, especially when comparing high temperature and external low temperature regions, and in a second moment, high and low values of internal relative humidity of the ambient air, high performance favors the performance of the equipment evaluated. Significant results were found in the replacement of fixed split devices with split inverter devices, in which a reduction of up to 44% of savings was achieved in specific regions of the country, its annual simulated COP showed a more efficient indicator at all simulated hours.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:00:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000505950.pdf: 2040911 bytes, checksum: 6a6c3699938e4a1059984533329b05ad (MD5) / Devido à extrema necessidade de se diversificar as fontes de energia renováveis, torna-se necessário a busca por métodos de reciclagem de energia pela utilização de rejeitos térmicos de equipamentos. Assim, o aproveitamento desses rejeitos pode ser utilizado, como uma nova fonte de energia, para o aquecimento de água e armazenamento da mesma em reservatório para uso doméstico. Devido a isso, é proposta a construção de um aparato experimental de um reservatório de armazenamento térmico cilíndrico, onde o objetivo da pesquisa será o levantamento dos coeficientes de desempenho relativo aos refrigeradores convencional e modificado, além de realizar uma análise da armazenagem da água quente, através da técnica da estratificação térmica utilizando um refrigerador com condensador modificado. O rejeito térmico coletado, através do princípio do termosifão, será armazenado na forma de energia térmica. Os resultados mostraram que os coeficientes de desempenho dos sistemas, calculados pelas técnicas relativas às perdas térmicas teóricas e experimentais, apresentaram grande diferença. Observou-se o comportamento dinâmico das termoclinas, através do efeito da estratificação térmica e a evolução das temperaturas em função do tempo, mostrando maior viabilidade do refrigerador modificado, gerando assim maior conforto térmico aos usuários além de produzir água quente para uso doméstico. / Due to the extreme necessity to diversify renewable energy sources, the search for energy recycling methods through the utilization of thermal losses from equipment has become fundamental. Thus, these losses can be used as new source of energy for water heating and storage in Domestic Hot Water Storage Tanks (DHWST). For this reason, the construction of an experimental apparatus with a cylindrical thermal storage tank is proposed, in which the objective of the study will be a survey of the Coefficient of Performance concerning conventional and modified refrigerators, as well as to perform an analysis of hot water, through the thermal stratification technique using a refrigerator with a modified condenser. The collected thermal loss, as per the thermosiphon principle, will be stored as thermal energy. The results showed that the coefficient of performance for the systems, calculated using techniques for theoretical and experimental thermal losses, presented great differences. The dynamic behavior of the thermal distribution was observed through the thermal stratification effect and temperature evolution in terms of time, showing greater variability of the modified refrigerator generating more thermal comfort to users in addition to providing domestic hot water.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-03-17T10:41:16Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T10:41:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta um novo método para o cálculo dos coecientes de sensibilidade, através da união do metodo diferencial e da teoria da perturbação generalizada, que são os dois métodos tradicionalmente utilizados em física de reatores para a obtenção de tais grandezas. Esses dois métodos apresentam algumas deciências tornando os cálculos dos coeficientes de sensibilidade lentos ou computacionalmente exaustivos, mas unindo-os e possível eliminar as deciências apresentadas por ambos e obter uma nova equação para o coe- ciente de sensibilidade. O método proposto neste trabalho foi aplicado em um reator do tipo PWR , onde foi feita análise de sensibilidade da produção e da razão de conversão do 239Pu, para um ciclo de 120 dias de queima. O código utilizado para a análise de queima e análise de sensibilidade, o CINEW, foi desenvolvido durante este trabalho e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os códigos amplamente utilizados em física de reatores, como o CINDER e o SERPENT. As conclusões obtidas foram que o novo método matemático para a obtenção dos coeficientes de sensibilidade e o CINEW, além de fornecer agilidade numérica também presentam eciência e segurança. Pois o novo método matemático para a obtenção dos coeficientes quando comparados com os métodos tradicionais utilizados para a análise de sensibilidade, mostram resultados satisfatórios, mesmo quando o método utiliza aproximações matemáticas que diferem do método proposto, e com a vantagem de não apresentar as deciências apresentadas pelos métodos diferencial e da teoria da perturbação generalizada. As análises de queima obtidas pelo CINEW foram comparadas com o CINDER, que mostraram uma diferença aceitável, apesar do CINDER apresentar alguns problemas computacionais que advém da época em que foi feito. A originalidade deste trabalho e a aplicação do método proposto em problemas que envolvem dependência temporal e a elaboração do primerio código nacional que faz análise de queima e análise de sensibilidade. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The theme of the diploma thesis "Effect of energy care on building prices" is the design and assessment of several measures, two of which generally lead to lower heating costs. The diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the current state of the family house and determination of PENB before the construction modifications and subsequently after the construction modifications, defining subsequent measures for energy saving implementation, both in terms of energy, economic and also environmental.

This master’s thesis deals with automation of Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP) testing process of heat pumps. The thesis includes explanation of testing procedure according to EN 14 825 and flowcharts of its logic. Next there is description of laboratory test model made in LabView and its functionality verifying.

A ground source heat pump (GSHP) system utilizes a borehole heat exchanger to extract energy from the ground during the heating season and to deposit energy during the cooling season. This requires the drilling of an extended borehole, typically ranging from 100 to 200 meters in length, with a diameter of approximately 6 to 8 inches. Inside the borehole, a U-shaped tube is placed and surrounded by a grout that aids heat transfer between the tube and the surrounding soil. A heat transfer fluid, often a mixture of water and glycol, circulates through the tube to exchange heat with the ground. During the winter, the system draws energy from the ground for household space heating, while in the summer, when air conditioning is used, it expels energy from the house into the ground. In regions with heating-dominated climates, such as Canada, more energy is withdrawn from the ground during the winter than can be naturally restored during the summer. Consequently, the soil progressively cools over time, leading to reduced heat pump coefficient of performance and a decline in the overall system efficiency. This study explores a solution to this issue by integrating solar domestic hot water systems which employ solar thermal collectors to heat water for domestic purposes. These systems are relatively straightforward, consisting of solar thermal collectors, piping, pumps, a hot water tank, and controllers. The collector area is designed to deliver high solar fractions during the summer, but it typically exhibits lower efficiency in the winter. In Toronto, annual solar fraction, defined as the proportion of energy supplied by the solar thermal system to the total energy required by the load, typically range between 50-70%. This research aims to leverage solar thermal collectors for recharging the ground during the summer months. This approach enables the installation of larger collector areas, improving system performance in the winter, while simultaneously depositing excess energy into the ground during the summer. Notably, this study focuses on a single household located in Toronto, Canada, where the recommended solar thermal collector area is 10 square meters, and the borehole heat exchanger length is 150 meters. Also, it is assumed that four people are living in this house and required energy for heating and cooling of the house are 28000 and 7000 kWh per year, respectively. This approach offers a promising solution to balance seasonal heat transfer to the ground, mitigating the long-term decline in GSHP performance. The study demonstrates that by coupling the solar thermal system with the GSHP, the targeted outcomes are achievable. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Sustainability of the built environment is one of the most significant challenges facing the construction industry, and presents significant opportunities to affect change. The absence of quantifiable and holistic sustainability measures for the built environment has hindered their application. As a result, a sustainability performance metric (SPM) framework was conceptually formulated by employing sustainability objectives and function statements a-priori to identify the correlated sustainability indicators that need to be captured equally, with respect to the environment, the economy, and society. Projection to Latent Structures (PLS), a latent variable method, was adopted to mathematically formulate the metric. Detached single-family housing was used to demonstrate the application of SPM. Datasets were generated using Athena Impact Estimator, EnergyPlus, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Socioeconomic Input/Output models, among others. Results revealed that a holistic metric, such as the SPM is necessary to obtain a sustainable design, where qualitative or univariate considerations may result in the contrary. A building envelope coefficient of performance (BECOP) metric based on an idealized system was also developed to measure the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Results revealed the inefficiencies in the current building envelope construction technologies and the missed opportunities for saving energy. Furthermore, a decision-making tool, which was formulated using the PLS utilities, was shown to be effective and necessary for early stages of the design for energy efficiency. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD) / Sustainability of the built environment is a significant challenge facing the industry, and presents opportunities to affect changes. The absence of holistic sustainability measures has hindered their application. As a result, a sustainability performance metric (SPM) framework was formulated by employing sustainability objectives and function statements a-priori to identify the indicators that need to be captured. Projection to Latent Structures was adopted to mathematically formulate the metric. A housing prototype was used to demonstrate the application of the SPM utilizing a bespoke dataset. Results revealed that holistic metric, such as the SPM is necessary for achieving sustainable designs. A building envelope coefficient of performance metric was also developed to measure the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Results revealed the inefficiencies in the current building envelope technologies and identified missed opportunities. Furthermore, a decision-making tool was formulated and shown to be effective and necessary for design for energy efficiency.

Yes / The performance of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems for domestic use is an increasing area of study in the UK. This paper examines the thermal performance of three bespoke shallow horizontal GSHP systems installed in newly built residential houses in the North of England against a control house which was fitted with a standard gas boiler. A total of 350 metres of High Density Polyethylene pipe with an external diameter of 40 mm was used for each house as a heat pump loop. The study investigated (i) the performance of a single loop horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE) against a double loop GHE and (ii) rainfall effects on heat extraction by comparing a system with an infiltration trench connected to roof drainage against a system without an infiltration trench above the ground loops. Parameters monitored for a full year from October 2013 to September 2014. Using the double GHE has shown an enhanced performance of up to 20% compared with single GHE. The infiltration trench is found to improve performance of the heat pumps; the double loop GHE system with an infiltration trench had a COP 5% higher than that of the double loop GHE system without a trench.