Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-04T15:37:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelolopesdasilva.pdf: 2035405 bytes, checksum: f42ad3f2f4b21d576dad7666e1d3c360 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-04T16:19:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelolopesdasilva.pdf: 2035405 bytes, checksum: f42ad3f2f4b21d576dad7666e1d3c360 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T16:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelolopesdasilva.pdf: 2035405 bytes, checksum: f42ad3f2f4b21d576dad7666e1d3c360 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-05 / Investigam-se as construções com objeto cognato (cOC) na língua portuguesa não apenas quanto às hipóteses gerativistas, mas principalmente com base nas hipóteses sociocognitivas e construcionista-unificacionistas. Verifica-se a ocorrência de tipos de cOC com os verbos intransitivo inergativo, intransitivo inacusativo e transitivo-opcional. Nas cOCs com os verbos intransitivos, ocorre um desencontro sintático-semântico que é licenciado no nível pragmático, para que eles suportem o termo cognato em posição de foco sintático: um espelhamento do padrão transitivo. Tal motivação se baseia, primariamente, na pressuposição de que seja instanciada alguma especificação como fator de identificabilidade para o nome cognato enfocado e, secundariamente, num apenas realce da noção verbal. Essas restrições contextuais para a ocorrência do objeto cognato são descritas nos níveis internos das relações sintático-semânticas, vinculando-se a elas um conjunto de efeitos estilístico-fonografêmicos e aspectualpsicológicos. Verificam-se os seguintes fatos: Que a nominalização efetua, simultaneamente, um recorte dos argumentos verbais e um livre preenchimento informacional no sintagma nominal cognato. Que a repetição do radical verbo-nome coocorre com outras licenças contextuais de repetição, por um lado, aparentando redundância, e por outro, valorizando cada informação nova como parte da cena reconstruída no discurso. Que numa cOC, a especificação, informação nova, concentrase no modificador e/ou no determinante forte e/ou nos sufixos do nome cognato. Que a variação quanto ao número de argumentos instanciados com um mesmo verbo confirma a hipótese de heranças múltiplas, referida como ‘valência emprestada’, associada às licenças pragmáticas para as cOCs serem adequadamente interpretáveis em contextos descritivos. A investigação empírica consiste na verificação de ocorrências no Google, classificadas e parcialmente anexadas no Corpus representativo das cOCs em Português; e a formalização dos dados teóricos consiste na implementação aplicativa aos modelos: Gramática das Construções (CxG), Gramática dos Enquadres Semântico-Cognitivos em Redes (FrameNet), e Gramática das Construções Baseada no Signo (SBCG). Pela investigação das cOCs é reconhecida a interferência direta do nível pragmático nos outros níveis que compõem a gramática, confirmando a maior plausibilidade de uma gramática de contexto ou uma Gramática (Sócio)Cognitiva e (Sócio)Construcionista. / The Portuguese cognate object construction (COC) research goes through generative hypothesis to find solid grounds in usage-based cognitivist and unificationalconstructionist lands. It is observed that COCs occur with optional transitive verbs, with unergative intransitive and also with unaccusative intransitive verbs. The COCs with intransive verbs instantiates a syntatic-semantic mismatch, which non-default relations are pragmatically licensed for them to support the cognate noun in a syntactic focus position: as in a transitive pattern mirrowing. This motivation is based, firstly, on the pressuposition that some specification will be structurally given to identify the cognate noun, and, secondly, it is based on the possibility of a CO to be constructed as a ‘single focus’ of that verbal scenic conceptual reconstruction. Such COCs’ contextual restrictions are explained within syntax-semantics relational levels, to which is bound a set of stylistic-fonographical and aspectual-psychological effects. These following facts are observed: Firstly, that nominalization, simultaneously, pruns verbal arguments and enables free informational filling-up in a cognate noun phrase. Secondly, that nounverbal root repetition occurs among other licenced repetitions, on the one hand, apparently just redundant stuffs, on the other hand, it valorizes each specific new information that, in COs, concentrates on a modifier and/or on a strong determiner and/or even on a cognate noun suffix. Thirdly, that the variation in number of instantiated arguments of a same verb confirms the ‘multiple inheritance’ hypothesis, referred to as ‘borrowed valence’, locally unified to pragmatic licences for adequate interpretability of COCs in descriptive contexts. The empirical approach amounts Google occurrences, partially annexed and classified in a ‘Representative Portuguese COCs Corpus’; and the formalization of theoretical data consists in an applied implementation to the following models: Construction Grammar (CxG), Semantic Frames Grammar (FrameNet), and Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG). By the COCs inquiry, it is recognized a direct pragmatically leveled interference into the other grammatical levels, a sufficient condition to prove the plausibility of a contextual grammar or a (Socio)Cognitive and (Socio)Constructionist Grammar.

Published in TESOL Quarterly a decade ago, the Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead, 2000) has become increasingly influential in the field of TESOL. With more than 82% of the AWL comprised of words of Latin and Greek, much of this important list logically consists of English-Spanish cognates because Spanish originated from Latin. In order to serve Spanishspeaking English language learners (SSELLs) better, their teachers need to know which AWL words are cognates. Using published sources and linguistic analysis of the 570 items in the AWL, the research in this thesis has resulted in a newly reorganized AWL divided into four categories that are more useful for our Spanish-speaking English language learners as well as their instructors, curriculum designers, and materials writers: English-Spanish true cognates, partial cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates

Cognate words have a shared orthographic and semantic representation across languages: kniv (‘knife’) in Danish means the same as kniv in Swedish. Their shared form and meaning give cognates a special status in the bilingual mental lexicon and there is robust evidence that because of this special status they are processed faster than non-cognate words. This effect is called the Cognate Facilitation Effect and represents strong evidence that bilinguals do not have two separate mental lexicons, but rather one integrated lexicon for both of their languages with nonselective access. The present study is a replication of Vanlangendonck et al. (2020) with a different language constellation. For the aims of this project, early and late Danish-Swedish bilinguals were recruited to examine the effect of stimulus list composition on the Cognate Facilitation Effect by means of two experiments: one language-specific visual lexical decision task that contained control words from the participants’ L2 (Swedish), a set of cognates, interlingual homographs and pseudowords, and a second task in which half of the pseudowords were replaced by Danish (L2) words that had to evoke a “no” response. This change from a pure to a mixed list was expected to increase response competition and turn cognate facilitation into inhibition. However, the results showed a null Cognate Facilitation Effect both for early and for late bilinguals. These findings are discussed in terms of the assumptions of the BIA+ model of bilingual lexical processing and it is suggested that the presence of language-specific diacritics in the stimulus list has hindered the emergence of the Cognate Facilitation Effect.

This is a study of the broad scope of cognition verbs in Afrikaans. Firstly, the nonmetaphorical cognition verbs [e.g. ken (= know), weet (= know), dink (= think), verstaan (= understand)] are discussed and then the metaphorical cognition verbs which are subcategorized in metaphorical verbs of vision [kyk (= look), sien (= see)] and metaphorical manipulation verbs [vorm (= form), gryp (= grab), voel (= feel), vat (= take) etc.]. The study is embedded in the cognitive linguistic stance of embodiment which inter alia implies that our neurological functioning is based on feeling (which includes our sense of touch), and that the way our bodies are structured also determines the way we express our thoughts. This extensive descriptive study of Afrikaans cognition verbs, metaphorical and nonmetaphorical, indicates that visual lexemes in Afrikaans express subtle abstract thought, while manipulation lexemes express less subtle, yet still abstract result-driven thought. Synthesis is an important factor in this study because the non-metaphorical cognition verbs as well as the metaphorical cognition verbs are linked to the basic cognitive principle of embodiment. Also, the two metaphorical verb types can by seen in synthesis when the stage frame ( = vision) and the workshop frame ( = manipulation) are merged. The synthesis of the stage frame and the workshop frame eventually provides us with another perspective, namely that vision and manipulation (which includes touch and feeling) are in a state of interacting nurturing symbiosis. / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil (Linguistics)

Le dialecte syrien de Tartous ne dispose pas d’adverbes dérivés d’un adjectif, comme c’est le cas en français, pouvant fonctionner comme adverbes de manière. Par contre,Les deux langues utilisent deux moyens similaires pour exprimer la manière. Le premier concerne la construction introduite par la préposition avec en français et parla préposition bə (‘associatif’) en syrien de Tartous, et le second, l’objet interne en français et l’objet dit absolu en syrien de Tartous. Compte tenu de la différence entre les systèmes linguistiques des deux langues, nous pourrons faire l’hypothèse que même dans les cas des deux moyens comparables dont disposent les deux langues pour exprimer la manière, ils ne sont pas soumis aux mêmes types de contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques en français et en syrien de Tartous. Cette étude comparative nous permettra de comprendre le fonctionnement de chacun des moyens utilisés dans les deux langues pour exprimer la manière, et par là de faire ressortir les différences syntaxique et sémantique qui séparent les compléments de manière dans les deux langues. / The Syrian dialect of Tartous does not have adverbs derived from adjectives that work as adverbs of manner, like in French. On the other hand, both languages use two similar ways of expressing condition ; the first one is construct introduced by thepreposition ‘with’ (‘avec’ in French, ‘bi’ in Syrian). The second way is the cognate object, or what is known in Syrian as ‘absolute effect’.With the differences between the two language systems in mind, we can assume that even if we have similar ways of expressing manner, yet they are controlled by different grammatical and semantic rules.Comparing the two languages allows us to understand the method of expressing manner in each language, and then identify the semantic and grammatical distinctions between the adverbs of manner in the two languages.

O presente estudo, com foco de investigação na interação interlinguística no processamento de terceira língua, teve como objetivo geral investigar efeitos de interação interlinguística no acesso lexical de multilíngues da língua-alvo alemão (L3), sendo o inglês sua primeira língua estrangeira (L2) e o português brasileiro, sua LM (L1), em uma tarefa de reconhecimento de palavras na L3. Os conceitos e princípios que orientam os estudos acerca da aquisição de línguas estrangeiras (LEs), bilinguismo/plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, sob uma perspectiva psicolinguística, forneceram os subsídios necessários para a condução da pesquisa. Nesse contexto, buscou-se averiguar possíveis influências do efeito cognato entre a L2 inglês e a L3 alemão no reconhecimento de 160 palavras em alemão, na realização de tarefa de decisão lexical. Esperava-se obter um efeito de facilitação cognata entre a primeira LE (inglês) no processamento da língua-alvo (L3, alemão), verificado através de menor tempo de reação e menor percentual de erros no reconhecimento de estímulos da língua-alvo (L3) que são cognatos com a língua não alvo (L2), em comparação com palavras controle e pseudopalavras. A análise dos resultados não demonstrou efeitos significativos de facilitação cognata no reconhecimento dos estímulos em alemão. Embora a hipótese não tenha sido confirmada estatisticamente, entretanto, os resultados obtidos nas análises evidenciaram a existência de coativação interlinguística no desempenho da tarefa e reforçaram a hipótese da não seletividade no processamento lexical bilíngue/multilíngue. Um aspecto importante da análise diz respeito ao perfil dos falantes multilíngues que participaram do experimento, multilíngues brasileiros com conhecimento de mais línguas, inseridos em um contexto específico de aprendizagem e uso das mesmas. A ausência de informações sobre a importância do uso consciente de conhecimentos prévios do inglês como instrumento facilitador na fase inicial de contato com a língua alemã também pode ter sido um fator que exerceu influência nas respostas dos participantes durante a realização da tarefa de reconhecimento lexical. Além de contemplar a relação interlínguística do português do Brasil, com duas línguas estrangeiras tipologicamente similares em dois campos de estudo que se encontram ainda em estágios muito incipientes no país, plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, a presente pesquisa pode, ainda, servir de auxílio no desenvolvimento de trabalhos que visem a qualificar a aquisição da L3 em ambientes de instrução plurilíngue, considerando-se especificidades do cenário multilíngue brasileiro. / The present study focuses on interlingual interaction in third language processing. The main objective was to investigate the effects of interlingual interaction during lexical access in a group of multilingual learners of German (L3), who speak English as their first foreign language (L2) and Brazilian Portuguese as their mother language (L1) in a word recognition task in the L3. The concepts and principles that guide studies about foreign language acquisition (FLA), bilingualism/plurilingualism and second language processing, from a psycholinguistic perspective, provided the necessary theoretical background for the study. Within this context, this study investigated possible cognate effects between English as an L2 and German as an L3 in the recognition of 160 words in German in a lexical decision task. An English cognate facilitation effect in the processing of German was expected to be found. The hypothesis predicted both lower reaction times (RT) and lower percentage of errors (PE) in the recognition of German words that are cognates with English, in comparison to control words and pseudowords. The analysis revealed no statistically significant cognate effect, but the data suggested interlinguistic coativation and were interpreted as evidence for the non- selective hypothesis in bilingual/multilingual lexical processing. An important finding of the study is related to the profile of the participants, Brazilian multilinguals who have a particular language history experience. The little awareness regarding the importance of previous knowledge of English in the beginning process of learning German may have been an intervening factor in the participants's behavior in the experimental task. In addition to contemplating the interlanguage relationship of Brazilian Portuguese with two typologically similar foreign languages in two fields of study that are still in very early stages in the country, plurilingualism and second language processing, the present study may also serve as an aid to develop studies that aim to qualify the acquisition of L3 in plurilingual instruction environments, considering the specificities of the Brazilian multilingual scenario.

The goal of this body of research was to elucidate the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells provide help for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in different immunization types. The establishment of diseases, such as chronic infections and cancers, is attributed to severe loss of or dysfunctions of CD4+ T cells. Even in acute infections, CD4+ T cell deficiency leads to poor memory responses. While the role of CD4+ T cells is being increasingly appreciated in these diseases, the timing and nature of CD4+ T help and associated molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Growing evidence suggests that, depending on the type of infections or immunizations, the requirements of CD4+ T cells can vary for optimal CD8+ CTL responses. In order to understand the modulatory effects of CD4+ T cells for optimal CD8+ CTL responses, two distinct immunization types were chosen. These include: 1) non-inflammatory dendritic cell (DC) immunization, which fails to provide inflammatory/danger signals; and 2) inflammatory adenovirus (AdV) immunization, which provides profound inflammatory/danger signals. This allowed us to study CD4+ T cell’s participation under different inflammatory conditions. The studies described in Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis were performed to further understand the concept of how CD4+ T cells mediate optimal CD8+ CTL responses. This has been called the “new dynamic model of CD4+ T helper – antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (Th-APCs),” proposed in 2005 by our laboratory. The study described in Chapter 2 shows that Th-APCs participate not only in augmenting CTL-mediated immune responses, perhaps during early phase, but also in regulating cellular immunity, perhaps during a later phase. Through enhanced IL-2, CD80 and CD40L singnaling, and weaker peptideMHC I (pMHC) signaling, Th-APCs stimulated naïve CD8+ T cells to differentiate into effector CTLs, capable of developing into, central memory CTLs. Th-APC-stimulated CD4+ T cells behaved like Th cells in function, augmenting the overall magnitude of CTL responses. In contrast, Th-APCs were able to kill DCs and other Th-APCs, predominantly through perforin-mediated pathway. The experiments described in Chapter 3 revealed a novel co-operative role of cognate Th-CTL interactions, contrary to previously known immune-regulatory mechanisms among Th-Th or CTL-CTL interactions. In our experiments, Th cells, via CD40L, IL-2, and acquired pMHC-I signaling, enhanced CTL survival and transition into functional memory CTLs. Moreover, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blot analysis demonstrate that increased survival of Th cell-helped CTLs is matched with enhanced Akt1/NF-κB activation, down-regulation of FasL and TRAIL, and altered expression profiles with up-regulation of prosurvival (Bcl-2) and down-regulation of proapoptotic (NFATc1, Bcl-10, Casp-3, Casp-4, Casp-7) genes/ molecules. Finally, helped CTLs were also able to induce protection against highly metastasizing tumor challenge, explaining why memory CTLs generated under cognate Th1’s help show survival and recall advantages. The studies in Chapter 4 showed how the precursor frequency (PF) of CD8+ T cells impacts CD4+ T helper requirements for functional CTL responses. At endogenous PF, CD4+ T helper signals were necessary for both primary and memory CTL responses. At increased PF, CD4+ T help, and its CD40L but not IL-2 signal became dispensable for primary CTL responses. In contrast, memory CTL responses required CD4+ T cell signals, largely in the form of IL-2 and CD40L. Thus, these results could impact the development of novel immunotherapy against cancers, since their efficacy would be determined in part by CD4+ T help and CD8+ T cell PF. Finally, the study showed the importance of CD4+ T cells for multiple phases of AdV transgene product-specific CTL responses. These include: a) cognate CD4+ T cells enhanced CTL responses via IL-2 and CD40L signaling during primary, maintenance and memory phases; b) polyclonal CD4+ T environment enhanced the survival of AdV-specific CTL survival, partially explaining protracted CTL contraction phase; and c) during the recall phase, the CD4+ T environment, particularly memory CD4+ T cells, considerably enhanced not only helped, but also unhelped, memory CTL expansion. Thus, these results suggest the participation of both cognate and polyclonal CD4+ T cells for multiple phases of AdV-specific CTLs. Taken together, the current work delineated the critical roles of CD4+ T cells in different stages of CTL responses and in the development of anti-tumor immunity. The results presented here will significantly advance our current understanding of immunity to cancers, autoimmunity and chronic infections, since pathogenesis of these diseases is largely determined by CD4+ T helper functions. As most immunization procedures use the principle that is based on functions of memory cells, the knowledge gained from this work will also have a major impact on designing vaccines against intractable diseases, including cancers and chronic infections. Moreover, in advanced tumors, vaccines developed using this knowledge may act synergistically with other cancer treatments such as irradiation, chemotherapy and microsurgery, minimizing their side effects and prolonging the lives of patients.

O presente estudo, com foco de investigação na interação interlinguística no processamento de terceira língua, teve como objetivo geral investigar efeitos de interação interlinguística no acesso lexical de multilíngues da língua-alvo alemão (L3), sendo o inglês sua primeira língua estrangeira (L2) e o português brasileiro, sua LM (L1), em uma tarefa de reconhecimento de palavras na L3. Os conceitos e princípios que orientam os estudos acerca da aquisição de línguas estrangeiras (LEs), bilinguismo/plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, sob uma perspectiva psicolinguística, forneceram os subsídios necessários para a condução da pesquisa. Nesse contexto, buscou-se averiguar possíveis influências do efeito cognato entre a L2 inglês e a L3 alemão no reconhecimento de 160 palavras em alemão, na realização de tarefa de decisão lexical. Esperava-se obter um efeito de facilitação cognata entre a primeira LE (inglês) no processamento da língua-alvo (L3, alemão), verificado através de menor tempo de reação e menor percentual de erros no reconhecimento de estímulos da língua-alvo (L3) que são cognatos com a língua não alvo (L2), em comparação com palavras controle e pseudopalavras. A análise dos resultados não demonstrou efeitos significativos de facilitação cognata no reconhecimento dos estímulos em alemão. Embora a hipótese não tenha sido confirmada estatisticamente, entretanto, os resultados obtidos nas análises evidenciaram a existência de coativação interlinguística no desempenho da tarefa e reforçaram a hipótese da não seletividade no processamento lexical bilíngue/multilíngue. Um aspecto importante da análise diz respeito ao perfil dos falantes multilíngues que participaram do experimento, multilíngues brasileiros com conhecimento de mais línguas, inseridos em um contexto específico de aprendizagem e uso das mesmas. A ausência de informações sobre a importância do uso consciente de conhecimentos prévios do inglês como instrumento facilitador na fase inicial de contato com a língua alemã também pode ter sido um fator que exerceu influência nas respostas dos participantes durante a realização da tarefa de reconhecimento lexical. Além de contemplar a relação interlínguística do português do Brasil, com duas línguas estrangeiras tipologicamente similares em dois campos de estudo que se encontram ainda em estágios muito incipientes no país, plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, a presente pesquisa pode, ainda, servir de auxílio no desenvolvimento de trabalhos que visem a qualificar a aquisição da L3 em ambientes de instrução plurilíngue, considerando-se especificidades do cenário multilíngue brasileiro. / The present study focuses on interlingual interaction in third language processing. The main objective was to investigate the effects of interlingual interaction during lexical access in a group of multilingual learners of German (L3), who speak English as their first foreign language (L2) and Brazilian Portuguese as their mother language (L1) in a word recognition task in the L3. The concepts and principles that guide studies about foreign language acquisition (FLA), bilingualism/plurilingualism and second language processing, from a psycholinguistic perspective, provided the necessary theoretical background for the study. Within this context, this study investigated possible cognate effects between English as an L2 and German as an L3 in the recognition of 160 words in German in a lexical decision task. An English cognate facilitation effect in the processing of German was expected to be found. The hypothesis predicted both lower reaction times (RT) and lower percentage of errors (PE) in the recognition of German words that are cognates with English, in comparison to control words and pseudowords. The analysis revealed no statistically significant cognate effect, but the data suggested interlinguistic coativation and were interpreted as evidence for the non- selective hypothesis in bilingual/multilingual lexical processing. An important finding of the study is related to the profile of the participants, Brazilian multilinguals who have a particular language history experience. The little awareness regarding the importance of previous knowledge of English in the beginning process of learning German may have been an intervening factor in the participants's behavior in the experimental task. In addition to contemplating the interlanguage relationship of Brazilian Portuguese with two typologically similar foreign languages in two fields of study that are still in very early stages in the country, plurilingualism and second language processing, the present study may also serve as an aid to develop studies that aim to qualify the acquisition of L3 in plurilingual instruction environments, considering the specificities of the Brazilian multilingual scenario.

O presente estudo, com foco de investigação na interação interlinguística no processamento de terceira língua, teve como objetivo geral investigar efeitos de interação interlinguística no acesso lexical de multilíngues da língua-alvo alemão (L3), sendo o inglês sua primeira língua estrangeira (L2) e o português brasileiro, sua LM (L1), em uma tarefa de reconhecimento de palavras na L3. Os conceitos e princípios que orientam os estudos acerca da aquisição de línguas estrangeiras (LEs), bilinguismo/plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, sob uma perspectiva psicolinguística, forneceram os subsídios necessários para a condução da pesquisa. Nesse contexto, buscou-se averiguar possíveis influências do efeito cognato entre a L2 inglês e a L3 alemão no reconhecimento de 160 palavras em alemão, na realização de tarefa de decisão lexical. Esperava-se obter um efeito de facilitação cognata entre a primeira LE (inglês) no processamento da língua-alvo (L3, alemão), verificado através de menor tempo de reação e menor percentual de erros no reconhecimento de estímulos da língua-alvo (L3) que são cognatos com a língua não alvo (L2), em comparação com palavras controle e pseudopalavras. A análise dos resultados não demonstrou efeitos significativos de facilitação cognata no reconhecimento dos estímulos em alemão. Embora a hipótese não tenha sido confirmada estatisticamente, entretanto, os resultados obtidos nas análises evidenciaram a existência de coativação interlinguística no desempenho da tarefa e reforçaram a hipótese da não seletividade no processamento lexical bilíngue/multilíngue. Um aspecto importante da análise diz respeito ao perfil dos falantes multilíngues que participaram do experimento, multilíngues brasileiros com conhecimento de mais línguas, inseridos em um contexto específico de aprendizagem e uso das mesmas. A ausência de informações sobre a importância do uso consciente de conhecimentos prévios do inglês como instrumento facilitador na fase inicial de contato com a língua alemã também pode ter sido um fator que exerceu influência nas respostas dos participantes durante a realização da tarefa de reconhecimento lexical. Além de contemplar a relação interlínguística do português do Brasil, com duas línguas estrangeiras tipologicamente similares em dois campos de estudo que se encontram ainda em estágios muito incipientes no país, plurilinguismo e processamento de segunda língua, a presente pesquisa pode, ainda, servir de auxílio no desenvolvimento de trabalhos que visem a qualificar a aquisição da L3 em ambientes de instrução plurilíngue, considerando-se especificidades do cenário multilíngue brasileiro. / The present study focuses on interlingual interaction in third language processing. The main objective was to investigate the effects of interlingual interaction during lexical access in a group of multilingual learners of German (L3), who speak English as their first foreign language (L2) and Brazilian Portuguese as their mother language (L1) in a word recognition task in the L3. The concepts and principles that guide studies about foreign language acquisition (FLA), bilingualism/plurilingualism and second language processing, from a psycholinguistic perspective, provided the necessary theoretical background for the study. Within this context, this study investigated possible cognate effects between English as an L2 and German as an L3 in the recognition of 160 words in German in a lexical decision task. An English cognate facilitation effect in the processing of German was expected to be found. The hypothesis predicted both lower reaction times (RT) and lower percentage of errors (PE) in the recognition of German words that are cognates with English, in comparison to control words and pseudowords. The analysis revealed no statistically significant cognate effect, but the data suggested interlinguistic coativation and were interpreted as evidence for the non- selective hypothesis in bilingual/multilingual lexical processing. An important finding of the study is related to the profile of the participants, Brazilian multilinguals who have a particular language history experience. The little awareness regarding the importance of previous knowledge of English in the beginning process of learning German may have been an intervening factor in the participants's behavior in the experimental task. In addition to contemplating the interlanguage relationship of Brazilian Portuguese with two typologically similar foreign languages in two fields of study that are still in very early stages in the country, plurilingualism and second language processing, the present study may also serve as an aid to develop studies that aim to qualify the acquisition of L3 in plurilingual instruction environments, considering the specificities of the Brazilian multilingual scenario.

The thesis covers sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of Czech and Slovak language relations. To both fields, it contributes in the form of own empirical research. At the centre of attention are native speakers of Slovak living long-term in Czechia and their language behaviour under this setting in relation to Czech and Slovak. Given that two languages in question are genetically very close and mutual intelligible, the actual language behaviour of the described population is not strictly predetermined by the social norms (Dickins, 2009). However, there are also conditions supporting the accommodation to Czech (Sloboda, 2005). The thesis focuses on the identification of factors influencing language choice and on the impacts of such factors on the psychlinguistic processing of Slovak and Czech words. The sociolinguistic part builds on questionnaire-based surveys, such as those conducted by Sloboda (2006). The own questionnaire survey was carried out via web. The data from 651 respondents were assessed, all from native speakers of Slovak having grown up in Slovakia and commencing their stay in Czechia after the age of 18. The data revealed that Slovak is used more than Czech, that Czech is more often perceived, that the use of Czech is more common in the communication with strangers or in...