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When individuals set goals, they consider the subjective value (SV) of the anticipated reward and the required effort, a trade-off that is of great interest to psychological research. One approach to quantify the SVs of levels of difficulty of a cognitive task is the Cognitive Effort Discounting Paradigm by Westbrook and colleagues (2013). However, it fails to acknowledge the highly individual nature of effort, as it assumes a unidirectional, inverse relationship between task load and SVs. Therefore, it cannot map differences in effort perception that arise from traits like Need for Cognition, since individuals who enjoy effortful cognitive activities likely do not prefer the easiest level. We replicated the analysis of Westbrook and colleagues with an adapted version, the Cognitive and Affective Discounting (CAD) Paradigm. It quantifies SVs without assuming that the easiest level is preferred, thereby enabling the assessment of SVs for tasks without objective order of task load. Results show that many of the 116 participants preferred a more or the most difficult level. Variance in SVs was best explained by a declining logistic contrast of the n-back levels and by the accuracy of responses, while reaction time as a predictor was highly volatile depending on the preprocessing pipeline. Participants with higher Need for Cognition scores perceived higher n-back levels as less effortful and found them less aversive. Effects of Need for Cognition on SVs in lower levels did not reach significance, as group differences only emerged in higher levels. The CAD Paradigm appears to be well suited for assessing and analysing task preferences independent of the supposed objective task difficulty.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les différents types de traitement utilisés par des locuteurs de français L1 et des apprenants étrangers de français lors de la prise de notes dans cette langue, à partir du discours oral magistral. Ce travail qui s’inscrit dans une perspective psycholinguistique vise à analyser la conformité et la fidélité sémantique et formelle des textes-cibles (les productions) par rapport au texte-source (le discours émis). Le cadre théorique de la thèse analyse différentes approches et taxinomies relatives aux stratégies communicatives en langue étrangère, notamment celle de Kellerman, dans le but de dégager une typologie des stratégies de traitement à étudier dans les données empiriques relevées. Afin d’étudier l’efficacité des prises de notes des participants à l’enquête observés, nous avons conçu une grille d’analyse intitulée une « grille de matrices » permettant d’analyser d’une part, le discours professoral (par la méthode de l’analyse discursive de Van Dijk) et d’identifier et de quantifier différents procédés audiographiques déployés par les noteurs observés. A l’issue d’analyses portant sur la forme et le fond des textes recueillis, nous avons dégagé des résultats détaillés relatifs à l’efficacité de la prise de notes des participants observés. Au terme des analyses, des propositions didactiques en matière de prise de notes en langue maternelle et étrangère sont formulées. / This thesis intends to study different types of treatments used by speakers of French L1 and foreign learners of French for note-taking during an oral lecture in that language. From a psycholinguistic perspective, this assignment aims to analyze compliance and definite semantic fidelity of targets-texts (productions) in comparison with the source-text (the issued speech). The theoretical context of the thesis analyzes different approaches and taxonomies relating to conversational strategies in a foreign language notably that of Kellerman, with the intention of identifying a typology of treatment strategies to be studied in gathered empirical data. To study the effectiveness of the participants’ note-taking, we conceived an analysis grid called “matrix grid” allowing to analyze, on one hand, professorial speech (through the method of the discursive analysis of Van Dijk) and on the other hand, to identify and quantify different audiographique techniques used by examined note takers. After analyzing the form and semantic content of the gathered texts, we formulated detailed results relating to the effectiveness of the examined participants’ note-taking. As a consequence of these analyses, didactic proposals in note-taking in a native or foreign language were formulated.