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Eke ki runga i te waka: the use of dominant metaphors by newly-fluent Māori speakers in historical perspectiveKing, Jeanette Margaret January 2007 (has links)
In language revitalisation movements the main impetus and passion is often provided by adults who, as second language speakers, have gained fluency in their heritage language. As parents and teachers these adults often have vital roles in the ongoing transmission of the heritage language. This study is based on interviews with thirty-two Māori adults who have each made a strong commitment to becoming a fluent speaker of Māori. The study posited that the informants would have a strongly-held worldview which enabled them to engage with and maintain a relationship with the Māori language. This worldview is expressed through a range of metaphors, the four most frequent being: LANGUAGE IS A PATH, LANGUAGE IS A CANOE, LANGUAGE IS FOOD, LANGUAGE LEARNER IS A PLANT. The worldview articulated by these metaphors has a quasi-religious nature and draws on elements of New Age humanism, a connection with Māori culture and ancestors as well as kaupapa Māori (Māori-orientated and controlled initiatives). The source domains for these metaphors are traced through a study of various Māori sources from the 19th century through to the present day. This study shows how exploitation of these metaphors has changed throughout this time period leading to their current exploitation by the newly-fluent informants. The metaphors preferred by the informants were contrasted with the prominent metaphor LANGUAGE IS A TREASURE, the entailments of which were found to be more relevant to the experience of native speakers. The informants' experience also contrasts with the focus of language planners in that the informants are more focussed on how the Māori language is important for them personally than how they contribute to the revitalisation of the Māori language. These findings have implications for the revitalisation of the Māori language and have relevance for other endangered languages.
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Disease and disaster : On the translation of illness and natural force metaphors in a journalistic political essayDaneback, Jenny January 2017 (has links)
This essay deals with the translation of certain metaphors in a journalistic political essay. It focuses on metaphor as a conceptual and rhetorical device, and on the translation of metaphors that make use of the source domains NATURAL FORCE and ILLNESS. The aim of the essay is to investigate to what extent the two source domains are transferred to the target text in translation, and to show how the fact that metaphors are both conceptual and rhetorical is reason for why they should be transferred when possible. The study is quantitative in that it looks at frequency of source domain transfer into the target text and at the frequency of a few metaphor translation methods, and it is qualitative in that it explains how the metaphors are both conceptual and rhetorical choices on behalf of the author, and in that it explains and analyses the processes leading to certain metaphor translation strategies. The study finds that four different methods are used when translating the metaphors in questions and that it is by far most common to directly translate them. The second most common strategy allows for the source domain to be transferred to the target text but for the actual lexemes or phrases belonging to it to be exchanged for other lexemes or phrases within the same source domain.
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Refugees in British Media Coverage : A Study of Dehumanizing Conceptual MetaphorsTörmä, Kajsa January 2017 (has links)
This study exemplifies, analyses and discusses the conceptual metaphors refugees are water and refugees are animals in British media discourse. In order to do this, examples of linguistic tokens of the metaphors were collected from four of the biggest newspapers in Britain; Daily Mail, The Sun, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. Linguistic tokens of the metaphors were found in all of the newspapers. The tokens of refugees are animals often appeared within quotation marks, whereas the refugees are water tokens appeared mostly unmarked, implying that refugees are water is more conventionalized than refugees are animals. The analysis of the tokens showed how different aspects of refugees are either highlighted or hidden when it is conceptualized in terms of water or animals. In the process of highlighting/hiding certain aspects of refugees, the refugees are dehumanized.
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[en] ON THE IDENTITY OF LITERARY METAPHOR: A STUDY OF ROMANCE DA PEDRA DO REINO E O PRÍNCIPE DO SANGUE DO VAI-E-VOLTA / [pt] SOBRE A IDENTIDADE DA METÁFORA LITERÁRIA: UMA ANÁLISE DO ROMANCE DA PEDRA DO REINO E O PRÍNCIPE DO SANGUE DO VAI-E-VOLTAVIVIANE LUCY VILAR DE ANDRADE 20 October 2008 (has links)
[pt] Esta dissertação reflete sobre a identidade da metáfora
literária. Toma
como base a teoria geral da metáfora inaugurada por
George
Lakoff e Mark
Jonhson na década de 1980 - o que equivale a conceber a
metáfora como um
princípio cognitivo básico, como um mecanismo
estruturador
do conhecimento e
da experiência que em muito ultrapassa os domínios da
literatura. Reconhecendo
com Lakoff e Johnson a onipresença do fenômeno metafórico
em nossas vidas,
interessou-nos refletir sobre o que poderia distinguir a
sua manifestação no campo
específico da literatura. Tivemos por objetivo central
aqui
contribuir para o teste
de hipóteses cognitivistas levantadas por George Lakoff e
Mark Turner, em uma
obra especificamente voltada para a manifestação
literária
da metáfora, a saber,
More than cool reason (1989). Analisamos com o aparato
teórico e descritivo ali
oferecido um conjunto de metáforas presentes em um texto
literário específico - o
Romance d`A Pedra do Reino e o Príncipe do Sangue do Vai-
e-
Volta, de Ariano
Suassuna. A análise empreendida fala em favor das
hipóteses
de Lakoff e Turner,
para quem a maioria das metáforas literárias resulta de
explorações criativas e
inusitadas de mapeamentos metafóricos bastante arraigados
em nossos sistemas
conceptuais - extensões, combinações ou elaborações das
metáforas ontológicas,
estruturais e orientacionais que governam, em um nível
básico e de forma geral, a
nossa linguagem, pensamento e ação. / [en] This dissertation analyses the identity of the literary
metaphor. It is based
in the general Conceptual Theory of Metaphors started by
George Lakoff and
Mark Johnson in the 80`s decade - they set the metaphor as
a basic cognitive
principle, as a mechanism that structures the knowledge and
the experience which
goes beyond the literature field. Recognizing along with
Lakoff and Johnson the
presence of the metaphorical phenomena in our lives, this
study interested us to
think about what could distinguish the presence of the
metaphor specifically in
literature. Our central objective here was to contribute to
test the cognitive
hypothesis showed by George Lakoff and Mark Turner, in a
specific book which
studies the literary metaphor, More than cool reason
(1989). We analyzed a set of
metaphors in the Romance d`A Pedra do Reino e o Príncipe do
Sangue do Vai-e-
Volta, by Ariano Suassuna. This analysis shows that Lakoff
and Turner
hypothesis, which the generalizations governing poetic
metaphorical expressions
are not in language, but in thought: they are general
mappings across conceptual
domains; they are creative extensions of these mappings. As
the locus of
metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we
conceptualize one mental
domain in terms of another. The literary metaphors are
extensions, combinations
or elaborations of the ontological, structural and
orientational metaphors that
lead, in a basic level and in a general way, our language,
thought and actions.
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Penser les hommes à travers les plantes : images végétales de l’humain en Grèce ancienne (VIIIe-Ve siècle av. notre ère) / Thinking men through plants : plant images of humans in ancient Greece (8th-5th century BCE)Buccheri, Alessandro 14 October 2017 (has links)
De plus en plus d’études s’accordent à reconnaître dans la métaphore un instrument de la pensée, plutôt qu’une figure de style. En particulier, les métaphores les plus communes et les plus répétées, celles qui font partie du langage quotidien, structurent l’appréhension du monde des membres des communautés linguistiques qui les utilisent. Bien que nous n’ayons pas accès au langage quotidien des anciens Grecs, les textes contiennent un corpus de métaphores récurrentes, extrêmement répandues, qui utilisent la terminologie botanique pour parler des êtres humains. Cette thèse vise à montrer en quoi ces métaphores végétales ont constitué une manière, culturellement déterminée, d’appréhender plusieurs facettes de la vie humaine : le corps et le fonctionnement de humeurs en son sein ; la forme visible de la personne, la manifestation des émotions et celle de la χάρις ; l’innéité ; les rapports de parenté et notamment celui de filiation ; l’identité citoyenne. Centré sur les textes poétiques composés en Grèce entre le VIIIe et le Ve siècle avant notre ère, ce travail convoque tour à tour les écrits médicaux et philosophiques, les représentations religieuses et les mythes de métamorphose, afin d’inscrire les métaphores botaniques étudiées dans des réseaux conceptuels faisant partie du savoir partagé. / As anthropologists, philosophers and linguists have nowadays largely recognized, metaphors are not simply rhetorical embellishments, but a basic mechanism of human thought. Focusing on botanical metaphors occurring in Greek poetry composed between the 8th and the 5th centuries BCE, this dissertation aims to show how knowledge relative to the world of plants was used to understand, conceptualize and represent different aspects of human life. Botanical metaphors are pervasive in archaic and classical poetry. My work locates them against a wider background, comprising other kinds of texts (mainly, philosophy and medicine), myths, and, to a lesser degree, religious representations and practices. Therefore, botanical metaphors appear to be integral to a widespread network of cognitive schemata, sanctioned and transmitted by linguistic practice, and used by Greek speakers to construct their understanding of (some aspect of) human life. As this thesis demonstrates, plants offered convenient models to reason about the functioning of the body and its internal humors as well as the ways in which physical appearance may reveal moral or divine qualities. Botanical knowledge was also used to understand human passions, inborn qualities, kinship ties and civic identities. The overall aim of my dissertation is to offer an “emic” depiction of those domains: that is, a description grounded in Greek speakers’ own conceptual schemata
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Dangerous Feminine Sexuality: Biblical Metaphors and Sexual Violence Against WomenEwing, Lisa M. 01 May 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Where is the Place of Darknesss?: A Metaphor Analysis of Darkness in the Old TestamentCooper, Daniel Ross 11 1900 (has links)
English speakers use the concept of "darkness" in a number of metaphors to portray a wide variety of experiences from evil to fear to ignorance. These metaphorical connections or entailments are so natural that we can see an image of a dark-clad person in a film or book and usually be correct in assuming that they are at best questionably moral and at worst a villain.
The Old Testament (OT) also employs dark images and dark imagery to various effects. From Job's description of the underworld in Job 3 to Isaiah 's description of the coming light that will dispel the darkness in Isa 8- 9, to the dark paths the wicked trod in Eccl 2:14, the OT uses a number of metaphors of darkness. For most of these examples, it would be easy to assume that the ancient Hebrew writers of the OT were working with the same concepts of darkness that we do today and thus interpret these passages along the same lines as our own modem English metaphors. But such assumptions can and
have led to a number of misunderstandings and conflicting interpretations of passages that employ dark images. These miscommunications are most apparent in passages where God's presence is indicated by darkness like at the Sinai and Temple theophanies (Exod 20:19-20 and 1 Kgs 8:12, respectively) as well as later poetry about God (Ps 97:2). By combining the theoretical framework of Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT), and the methodology of Conceptual Blending (CB), this study will work toward a clearer understanding of how the writers of the OT understood darkness and how that shaped their use of it in their images and imagery of death, captivity, the unknowable, and God. It will be shown that the ancient Hebrew conception and use of darkness centres around three key recurring metaphors - Death is Darkness, Captivity is Darkness, and the Unknown is Darkness - while the metaphor Evil is Darkness is foreign to the OT. These findings serve to provide greater clarity in interpreting those OT passages that portray God as having a penchant for darkness.
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