This thesis deals with the algorithm of division with a remainder in connection with the development of cognitive abilities of Czech pupils. Due to the usual inclusion of this thematic unit (division with a remainder) in the third year of primary school, theoretically focused chapters dedicated to human ontogenesis, with regard to the child's cognitive development and educational system in the Czech Republic, are incorporated. From the thematic perspective, the work analyzes selected comprehensive series of textbooks for first grade of primary school, differentiating the exercises from propaedeutic through an introduction and application to non-standard tasks. Thesis examines the commonalities and differences in the concept of the analyzed textbooks by various authors. One of the criteria is the evaluation of approach to teaching based on identifying elements of constructivism or transmission. Another objective of the work is a research of selected problem-solving strategies of students dealing with tasks comprising division with a remainder. Solution methods were obtained by assigning of diagnostic test to pupils of a first grade of primary school. KEYWORDS division with a remainder, a primary school aged child, cognitive development of a child, teaching styles - transmission, constructivism,...

Current learning support in an effort to address the learning needs of learners with learning disabilities tends to focus on their language abilities (reading and writing), without enough emphasis on the cognitive manifestations that could contribute to barriers to learning, if not addressed appropriately from within the school system. In this study the organisation skills of learners with learning disabilities were studied to determine their true nature. The research was undertaken with Grade 8 and 9 pupils in a private school for learners with learning disabilities. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, assessment data of the learners with learning disabilities were analysed. Three different categories of learning needs regarding the organisation skills of learners with learning disabilities were identified. In the second phase, these categories of learning needs were explored using an Ethnographic Approach with Action Research as design. The outcomes of the action research were examined by analysing behaviours and written products of the learners, consistently within the context of the learning situation. It was established that the barriers to learning regarding the organisation skills of these learners are at least in part intrinsic and therefore make a strong appeal to the learning system for support. Learning support should be seen as an integral part of the teaching and learning process in all schools. It was therefore clear that a Systemic approach should be used to address the barriers to learning that learners with learning disabilities experience. A different perspective than that of the fragmented medical model was taken in exploring and addressing these needs. It was a shift towards a more holistic Ecological Systemic Approach. / Thesis (PhD (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Pre-school education improves cognitive and non-cognitive skills of children, and the positive effects persist to adulthood. The literature provides rich ev- idence of beneficial effects of pre-school, some of them even causal. However, most studies come from the US, and the research lacks a comprehensive pic- ture of European countries concerning pre-school education. I contribute to the research by providing a comparison of European countries regarding pre- school attendance, pre-school skills, and test scores in fourth grade. In Section ??, I focus on the Czech Republic. The results show that more educated moth- ers are more likely to send children to pre-school. In most countries, children with stronger pre-school skills achieve higher results on standardized tests in fourth grade, which supports the idea of the existence of the Matthew effect. In the Czech Republic, pre-school attendance may increase fourth-grade test scores by 0.3 SD. The most important pre-school skill is the ability to read, which is associated with an increase in fourth-grade math achievement of 0.2 SD. The results contribute to the literature on pre-school education in Eu- rope; however, they should not be interpreted causally, as they are essentially a description of the pre-school context in Europe. 1

This dissertation considers different aspects of early childhood education in Germany. It aims at providing an empirical contribution to four issues in early childhood education: the development of cognitive and noncognitive skills (chapter 1-3), institutional child care (chapter 4), the intergenerational transmission of a child's health (chapter 5), and the long-term consequences of early noncognitive skills (chapter 6). This is done by using two data sets: First, we use the mother and child data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2003-2008. The mother and child questionnaire, firstly implemented in 2003, contains detailed information on a child's cognitive and noncognitive skills and health, starting from the time of birth. This information on a child's human capital was assessed by the mothers. Second, we exploit a prospective psychological longitudinal panel study on child development from birth until adulthood, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (MARS). These data allow us to use more reliable information on a child's cognitive and noncognitive skills from the age of three months on. However, this study is not representative because children at risk are oversampled. Altogether, the different studies suggest that parental investment (economic resources or non-economic resources) in children explain, at least to some extent, the development of cognitive and noncognitive skills as well as the child's health status. Scope for further research is pointed out, particularly related to long-term consequences of cognitive and noncognitive skills acquired during early childhood. A deeper understanding of how skills develop over the life cycle promises to enrich the economic theory and helps to understand the sources as well as the solutions for inequality. / Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht verschiedene Aspekte der frühkindlichen Bildung in Deutschland. Während sich die empirische Bildungsforschung in den letzten Jahren intensiv mit Fragen der institutionellen Bildung beschäftigt hat, weisen aktuell geführte familien- und bildungspolitische Diskussionen und neuere Forschungsstudien zunehmend auf die Bedeutung der frühkindlichen Entwicklungsphase als erste Phase für die Entwicklung und Förderung von Humankapital hin. Die Arbeit nimmt die aktuelle Diskussion zum Anlass, unterschiedliche Aspekte der frühkindlichen Bildung in Deutschland zu untersuchen. Die ersten drei Kapitel dieser Arbeit untersuchen, wie sich Fähigkeiten in der (frühen) Kindheit entwickeln. Dafür wird eine Fähigkeitsproduktionsfunktion zugrunde gelegt und deren zentrale Eigenschaften zu unterschiedlichen Phasen innerhalb der (frühen) Kindheit auf ihre empirische Relevanz hin untersucht. Darüber hinaus ist es möglich, Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Investitionen für die Entwicklung kognitiver und nicht-kognitiver Fähigkeiten innerhalb der ersten Lebensjahre zu beleuchten und geeignete politische Instrumente daraus abzuleiten. Kapitel vier beleuchtet den Aspekt der institutionellen Kinderbetreuung für die frühkindliche Bildung in Westdeutschland. Die zugrundeliegende Überlegung dieses Abschnitts ist die Frage, ob der institutionellen Kinderbetreuung in Deutschland neben seiner Betreuungsfunktion neuerdings auch eine Bildungsfunktion zugesprochen wird. Zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass die Gesundheit in der frühen Kindheit eine zentrale Rolle für die Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter spielt, und gleichzeitig den Erwerb von Fähigkeiten in der frühen Kindheit und damit auch für spätere Lebensphasen unmittelbar beeinflusst. Die Rolle der Gesundheit innerhalb in der ersten Lebensjahre wird in Kapitel 5 untersucht. Neben der unumstrittenen Bedeutung kognitiver Fähigkeiten für eine Vielzahl ökonomischer und nicht-ökonomischer Outcomes, zeigen neuere Studien die Bedeutung nicht-kognitiver Fähigkeiten. Im letzten Kapitel (sechs) werden daher mittel- bis langfristige Konsequenzen geringer nicht-kognitiver Fähigkeiten in der frühen Kindheit für eine Reihe von sozialen Outcomes (Schulleistungen, Gesundheitsverhalten, Persönlichkeit) im Jugendalter analysiert.

Sedan 2000-talets början har avkastningen på icke-kognitiva förmågor ökat på arbetsmarknaden till följd av bland annat skill-biased technological change. Grupper som besitter höga icke-kognitiva förmågor bör därför gynnas på arbetsmarknaden. Givet att ett antal studier finner evidens för att kvinnor har högre icke-kognitiva förmågor än män, undersöker uppsatsen i vilken grad detta återspeglas i kvinnors relativlön. Syftet är att se om kvinnor gynnas av att avkastningen på icke-kognitiva förmågor har ökat i termer av att deras relativlön har ökat. För att undersöka detta tillämpas en regressionsanalys med fixa effekter på en komunpanel, där två olika mått på icke-kognitiv förmåga förekommer. Måtten grundar sig i mönstringsdata respektive O’net-data (Occupational information network). Effekten på kvinnors relativlön studeras under tidsperioden 2008–2018 samt 2014–2018 för Sveriges samtliga 290 kommuner. Resultaten uppvisar ett negativt samband mellan ökad efterfrågan på icke-kognitiv förmåga och kvinnors relativlön, vilket innebär att när efterfrågan ökar så minskar kvinnors relativlön. / Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a surge in the returns to non-cognitive abilities in the labor market, due to the influence of skill-biased technological change. This has led to a preference for groups with higher non-cognitive skills in the labor market. In light of some studies revealing that women exhibit greater non-cognitive skills than men, this study aims to investigate whether this phenomenon translates into a corresponding increase in women’s salaries, thus examining whether women are beneficiaries of the amplified returns to non-cognitive skills. To achieve this objective, a fixed-effects regression analysis is employed, using two different metrics to assess non-cognitive capacity, across one municipal panel. The research examines the effect on women's relative salaries from 2008–2018 and 2014–2018, encompassing all 290 municipalities in Sweden. The results demonstrate a negative association between increased demand for non-cognitive skills and women's relative salaries, indicating that as demand increases, women's relative salaries decrease.

Title: The physical load on the body as a factor influencing perceptual cognitive functions. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the size of the physical load and the visual-motor response time and the accuracy of the decision-making by junior soccer players. Methods: The fourty two respondents (in an average age of 19 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study. It was the single factor quasiexperimental, multilevel and intragroup in which we tried to reveal the causal relationship between the visual-motor response time and the accuracy of the decision-making depending on the size of the previous physical load. We proposed a diagnostic instrument containing the video of the offensive game situations which would allow simultaneous evaluation of the visual-motor response time (using Dartfish software program) and the accuracy of the decision-making (through experts assessment). Results and discussion: The diagnostic instrument contains sixteen video clips of the offensive game situations according to the highest degree of conformity of the panelists. I used polychoric correlation matrix to express dependencies between each game situation within each group comprising four video clips of the offensive game situations. The results of the matrix (range -0.437 to 0.306)...

Ο βασικός σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση του κατά πόσον: κατά τη διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος εντός ενός ευνοϊκού μαθησιακού περιβάλλοντος μιας τάξης πρωτοσχολικής ηλικίας, τα παιδιά, αλληλεπιδρώντας μεταξύ τους και με τη νηπιαγωγό, εμπλέκονται σε διεργασίες οι οποίες προάγουν την ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων. Ο πιο πάνω σκοπός διερευνάται μέσα από τρία βασικά ερευνητικά ερωτήματα καθένα από τα οποία αναλύεται σε επιμέρους ερωτήματα: 1. πώς λειτουργεί η εκτενής σε χρονική διάρκεια, τακτική (καθημερινή) και οργανωμένη από την νηπιαγωγό ενασχόληση παιδιών με διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος, μέσα σε ένα ευνοϊκό μαθησιακό περιβάλλον; 2. πώς επιδρά στα παιδιά η διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος στην ανάπτυξη των δεξιοτήτων (α) εμπλοκής στην επίλυση του μαθηματικού προβλήματος : (i) το παιδί χρησιμοποιεί το υλικό αναπαράστασης του προβλήματος και καταγραφής των λύσεών του με τρόπο που οδηγεί σε επίλυση του προβλήματος; (ii) το παιδί εργάζεται με τρόπο που δείχνει ότι έχει λάβει υπόψη τα δεδομένα του προβλήματος; (iii) το παιδί εργάζεται με τρόπο που οδηγεί σε επίλυση του προβλήματος; (β) ανάπτυξης στρατηγικών επίλυσης του μαθηματικού προβλήματος: (i) ποιες στρατηγικές αναπτύσσουν τα παιδιά κατά τη διαδικασία επίλυσης του κάθε μαθηματικού προβλήματος; (ii) τα παιδιά εφαρμόζουν την ίδια στρατηγική και σε επόμενες διαδικασίες επίλυσης του ίδιου μαθηματικού προβλήματος; (iii) παρατηρείται ανάπτυξη ή βελτίωση της στρατηγικής από τα παιδιά σε επόμενη εφαρμογή της διαδικασίας επίλυσης του ίδιου μαθηματικού προβλήματος; (γ) ανίχνευσης των λύσεων του μαθηματικού προβλήματος: (i) μπορούν τα παιδιά να ανιχνεύσουν όλες τις λύσεις του μαθηματικού προβλήματος (ii) με ποιους τρόπους καταφέρνουν τα παιδιά να ανιχνεύσουν όλες τις λύσεις του προβλήματος; (δ) γραφικής αναπαράστασης των λύσεων του μαθηματικού προβλήματος: (i) πώς επιλέγουν τα παιδιά να αναπαραστήσουν γραφικά τις λύσεις του κάθε προβλήματος; (ii) πώς χρησιμοποιούν τα παιδιά τις γραφικές αναπαραστάσεις των λύσεων του προβλήματος στη διαδικασία επίλυσής του; 3. μπορούν οι γλωσσικές αλληλεπιδράσεις που αναπτύσσονται σε μια τάξη πρωτοσχολικής εκπαίδευσης μεταξύ παιδιών αλλά και μεταξύ παιδιών και νηπιαγωγού να συνεισφέρουν στην επίλυση μαθηματικού προβλήματος; : (ι)σε ποια από τις κατηγορίες σωρευτικός λόγος, λόγος αμφισβήτησης, διερευνητικός λόγος εμπίπτει ο διάλογος μεταξύ παιδιών και πού οδηγεί; (ii) που οδηγεί ο διάλογος μεταξύ παιδιού/παιδιών και νηπιαγωγού; (iii) πού οδηγεί ο μονόλογος του παιδιού; Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι (α) μέσα από την αλληλεπίδραση, τόσο μεταξύ τους όσο και με τη νηπιαγωγό, ακόμη και τετράχρονα παιδιά μπορούν να καταστούν ικανά να εφαρμόσουν διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος (β) η συστηματική, εκτενής και οργανωμένη ενασχόληση παιδιών με διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος προάγει την ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων (γ) βασικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη των δεξιοτήτων παίζει η νηπιαγωγός και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο η ίδια οργανώνει το μαθησιακό περιβάλλον της τάξης. Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελείται από τέσσερα Κεφάλαια. Στο πρώτο Κεφάλαιο μελετάται η διαδικασία επίλυσης μαθηματικού προβλήματος στο νηπιαγωγείο και ο όρος του ευνοϊκού μαθησιακού περιβάλλοντος. Ο καθορισμός των στοιχείων του ευνοϊκού μαθησιακού περιβάλλοντος γίνεται μέσα από βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση σχετικά με το ρόλο της εκπαιδευτικού στη δημιουργία του όλου περιβάλλοντος και της προαγωγής γλωσσικών αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ της ίδιας και των παιδιών και μεταξύ των παιδιών. Στο δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο αναλύεται η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας. Στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται και αναλύονται τα δεδομένα της παρούσας έρευνας. Στο τέταρτο, και τελευταίο, Κεφάλαιο συνοψίζονται τα σημαντικότερα ευρήματα της παρούσας εργασίας και διατυπώνονται τα βασικά της συμπεράσματα, μέσα από την απάντηση των ερευνητικών της ερωτημάτων και παρουσιάζονται εισηγήσεις για μελλοντική διερεύνηση ερωτημάτων που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα εργασία. / The aim of this study is to investigate whether: during the process of mathematical problem solving within a favorable learning environment of a pre-school classroom setting, while child-child and child-teacher interaction takes place, children involve themselves in processes promoting skill development. The above hypothesis is studied through three basic research questions, each of which is analysed in further and more specific questions: 1. how does the extensive, frequent (daily) and organized by the teacher, occupation of children with mathematical problem solving process, within a favorable learning environment, function? 2. how does the mathematical problem solving process effect children’s skill development in (a)their involvement in the mathematical problem solving process : (i)can the child use the material created for the mathematical problem representation in a way that leads to the solution of the problem? (ii) does the child’s work show that he/she has considered the problem’s data, (iii) does the child’s work lead to the solution of the mathematical problem? (b)the development of strategies in order to solve the mathematical problem : (i)which strategies do the children develop during the mathematical problem solving process? (ii) do the children apply the same strategy every time they engage in the process of solving the same mathematical problem? (iii) is there a development or an improvement of the children’s strategy during future processes of solving the same mathematical problem? (c)the detection of all possible solutions of a mathematical problem : (i)can children detect all possible solutions of the mathematical problem? (ii) in which ways do the children manage to detect all possible solutions of the mathematical problem? (d)graphically representing the solutions of the mathematical problem : (i)how do children chose to graphically represent the solutions of the mathematical problem? (ii) how do children use graphical representations of problem solutions during the problem solving process? 3. can child-child and child-teacher language interactions, which develop within a pre-school classroom setting, contribute to the problem solving process (i)in which of the categories cumulative talk, investigative talk, exploratory talk does children’s dialogue fall and where does it lead? (ii) where does child-child and child-teacher dialogue lead? (iii) where does child monologue lead? The results show that (a) through child-child and child-teacher interaction children as young as four years old can become capable of applying the mathematical problem solving process, (b) extensive, frequent and organized occupation of young children with the mathematical problem solving process leads to skill development, (c) the teacher’s role is central to the development of skills in the way she organizes the classroom’s learning environment. The present study consists of four chapters. Chapter I studies the problem solving process in pre-school and the term “favorable learning environment”. The determination of the elements of such an environment is established through bibliographical research relative to the teacher’s role in the creation of the classroom environment and the promotion of language interaction between herself and children and between children. Chapter II analyses the methodology of the current study. Chapter III presents and studies the research findings. Chapter IV summarizes the basic findings of the study and presents its conclusions through answering its research questions and gives suggestions for future investigation of questions that have emerged from the present study.

Pour être performant au plus haut niveau, les athlètes doivent posséder une capacité perceptivo-cognitive supérieure à la moyenne. Cette faculté, reflétée sur le terrain par la vision et l’intelligence de jeu des sportifs, permet d’extraire l’information clé de la scène visuelle. La science du sport a depuis longtemps observé l’expertise perceptivo-cognitive au sein de l’environnement sportif propre aux athlètes. Récemment, des études ont rapporté que l’expertise pouvait également se refléter hors de ce contexte, lors d’activités du quotidien par exemple. De plus, les récentes théories entourant la capacité plastique du cerveau ont amené les chercheurs à développer des outils pour entraîner les capacités perceptivo-cognitives des athlètes afin de les rendre plus performants sur le terrain. Ces méthodes sont la plupart du temps contextuelles à la discipline visée. Cependant, un nouvel outil d’entraînement perceptivo-cognitif, nommé 3-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking (3D-MOT) et dénué de contexte sportif, a récemment vu le jour et a fait l’objet de nos recherches. Un de nos objectifs visait à mettre en évidence l’expertise perceptivo-cognitive spécifique et non-spécifique chez des athlètes lors d’une même étude. Nous avons évalué la perception du mouvement biologique chez des joueurs de soccer et des non-athlètes dans une salle de réalité virtuelle. Les sportifs étaient systématiquement plus performants en termes d’efficacité et de temps de réaction que les novices pour discriminer la direction du mouvement biologique lors d’un exercice spécifique de soccer (tir) mais également lors d’une action issue du quotidien (marche). Ces résultats signifient que les athlètes possèdent une meilleure capacité à percevoir les mouvements biologiques humains effectués par les autres. La pratique du soccer semble donc conférer un avantage fondamental qui va au-delà des fonctions spécifiques à la pratique d’un sport. Ces découvertes sont à mettre en parallèle avec la performance exceptionnelle des athlètes dans le traitement de scènes visuelles dynamiques et également dénuées de contexte sportif. Des joueurs de soccer ont surpassé des novices dans le test de 3D-MOT qui consiste à suivre des cibles en mouvement et stimule les capacités perceptivo-cognitives. Leur vitesse de suivi visuel ainsi que leur faculté d’apprentissage étaient supérieures. Ces résultats confirmaient des données obtenues précédemment chez des sportifs. Le 3D-MOT est un test de poursuite attentionnelle qui stimule le traitement actif de l’information visuelle dynamique. En particulier, l’attention sélective, dynamique et soutenue ainsi que la mémoire de travail. Cet outil peut être utilisé pour entraîner les fonctions perceptivo-cognitives des athlètes. Des joueurs de soccer entraînés au 3D-MOT durant 30 sessions ont montré une amélioration de la prise de décision dans les passes de 15% sur le terrain comparés à des joueurs de groupes contrôles. Ces données démontrent pour la première fois un transfert perceptivo-cognitif du laboratoire au terrain suivant un entraînement perceptivo-cognitif non-contextuel au sport de l’athlète ciblé. Nos recherches aident à comprendre l’expertise des athlètes par l’approche spécifique et non-spécifique et présentent également les outils d’entraînements perceptivo-cognitifs, en particulier le 3D-MOT, pour améliorer la performance dans le sport de haut-niveau. / To perform at the top, athletes must possess a special perceptual-cognitive ability. This talent is the capacity to extract key information from a visual scene and is reflected by sportsmen’s vision and intelligence of play. For a long time, sport science has reported perceptual-cognitive expertise inside the domain-specific sport environment of athletes. But more recently, evidence has shown that expertise could also been reflected outside of this context, in daily activities for instance. Moreover, recent theories surrounding brain plasticity have driven researchers to develop new tools to train perceptual-cognitive skills of athletes in order to increase performance on the field. Those methods are mostly contextual to the athlete’s discipline. However, a new perceptual-cognitive training methodology, called 3-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking (3D-MOT), which is deprived of sport context, has recently been developed and took a center part in our researches. One of the main objectives was to observe athletes’ specific and non-specific expertise during the same study. We evaluated biological motion perception in soccer players and non-athletes in a virtual reality environment. Sportsmen were systematically more efficient and faster compared to novices when discriminating the direction of the biological motion during a soccer specific exercise (shot) but also during a daily action (walk). The results suggest that athletes are better capable in perceiving human biological motions performed by others. Soccer activity seems to confer a fundamental advantage that goes beyond sport specific functions. Concurrent with those discoveries, we observed the amazing ability of an athlete’s performance to process dynamic and neutral visual scenes. Soccer players outperformed novices throughout the 3D-MOT test which consists in tracking moving targets and simulates perceptual-cognitive skills. Their visual tracking speed and their learning ability were superior. The results confirm previous data obtained by sport experts. The 3D-MOT is an attentional tracking paradigm that stimulates active processing of dynamic visual information. In particular, it targets selective, dynamic and sustained attention, as well as working memory. This tool can be used to train perceptual-cognitive functions of athletes. Soccer players trained with the 3D-MOT throughout 30 sessions have shown an increase in passing decision making (15%) on the field compared to control groups. For the first time, the results demonstrate a perceptual-cognitive transfer from the laboratory to the field following a non-contextual perceptual-cognitive training program. Our research helps to understand athletes’ expertise by using both specific and non-specific approaches and also present perceptual-cognitive training tools, in particular the 3D-MOT technique, to improve performance in sport.

My diploma thesis is focused to innovative approaches in primary schools, and specifically the methods of critical thinking. It describes the theoretical basis of methods of critical thinking, dealing with three-phase model of learning and program Reading and Writing for Critical Thinking. This thesis treats individual critical thinking methods used in conventional lessons non- specialist primary schools. The empirical part of the action research was conducted in the Lauder school in Prague, where the author works as the class teacher. Investigations Research investig of pupils author explores how specific methods is using in the classroom perceive subjectively by pupils. Form of a questionnaire aimed at teachers find out how often teachers use these methods into their lessons, and if the methods of critical thinking are actually effective. The data obtained from the empirical investigation are presented in written and graphical form and are interpreted with regard to the theoretical background of this thesis.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento manipulador relacionado à aplicação de instrumentos de mensuração de competências socioemocionais no ambiente escolar estimulado por duas abordagens que configuram contextos low-stake: o efeito da disseminação da informação sobre essas competências e suas relações com bem-estar e progresso social e da possibilidade dos professores receberem as respostas individuais dos alunos. Para isso, realizou-se um experimento com 2853 alunos de 10 escolas públicas da rede estadual de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam que os alunos são capazes de inflar suas respostas no sentido da desejabilidade social e que as duas abordagens fazem com que os alunos se sintam mais motivados em manipular suas respostas. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a inclusão de uma notificação sobre um mecanismo de detecção de respostas falsas no questionário cria uma barreira e desestimula o comportamento manipulador. / This dissertation aims to examine faking behaviour in personality assessments at schools. Two approaches that create low-stakes environments are investigated: information spreading about non-cognitive skills and their impact on well-being and social progress and the fact that teachers would receive individual students\' answers. Using a CRT technique with 2853 students from 10 São Paulo state public schools, we find that students are capable to fake their answers and these two approaches turn them more motivated to engage in faking. Moreover, we show that a warning about untruthful answers attached to the questionnaire imposes a cost, discouraging faking behaviour