Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used to treat children and adolescents with depression. Researchers determined that many individuals undergoing CBT and other therapies experienced sudden gains, meaning that they experienced a rapid and large improvement in their symptoms between sessions. The studies demonstrated that by the end of treatment, individuals who experienced sudden gains were significantly less depressed and had better long-term outcomes than individuals who did not experience sudden gains. Previous studies investigated sudden gains in individual therapy while the present study examined sudden gains in group treatment. In addition to replicating results of previous studies, the present study sought to examine the effect of sudden gains on depressive symptoms, family environment, cognitive triad, and negative life events at pre-treatment and at a one year follow-up using multivariate analysis of variance. Participants included 136 girls, aged 9 to 13, in two treatment conditions (CBT, CBT+ parent training (CBT+PT), and a Minimal Contact Control (MCC)). At pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at a one year follow-up, participants completed self-report measures of the family environment, cognitive triad, and negative life events. They also completed a semi-structured diagnostic interview designed to symptoms of depression. After beginning the study, participants’ depressive symptoms were monitored with a brief symptom interview and/or a self-report measure of depressive symptoms. Findings from the study provided further evidence that sudden gains occur during group CBT, and that the majority of sudden gains occur early in CBT. The number of sudden gains did not vary significantly by treatment condition, and similar to previous research, the presence of a parent intervention component did not appear to significantly change the relation between sudden gains and treatment outcome. One important finding was participants in the Minimal Contact Control group experienced sudden gains despite not being in treatment. Another important finding was that the participants who experienced sudden gains differed significantly from the participants who did not experience sudden gains on pre-treatment measures of family environment and the cognitive triad but no differences were found at post-treatment or at a one year follow-up. Implications of these results, limitations, and recommendations for future research are provided. / text

The purpose of this research study is to explore the role of culture in how Mexican Americans respond to mental health treatment. Cultural background is likely to affect not only the meaning attributed to mental illness, but also help-seeking and responses to treatment. Creating a match between treatment modalities and people's cultural backgrounds requires consideration of a person's cultural context. Cultural characteristics can vary not only across cultural groups, but even within groups can change across time. This study used a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest comparison group design to analyze culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (CACBT) with Mexican Americans diagnosed with depression. A purposive nonprobability sample of 81 adult Mexican Americans diagnosed with depression was recruited from a mental health agency in El Paso, Texas. Forty-eight participants were assigned to a treatment group, which received CACBT, and 33 to a comparison group, which received treatment as usual. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Participant acculturation level was measured using the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II. Independent and paired t tests were used to examine the effectiveness of the culturally adapted intervention. OLS regression analyses examined whether acculturation mediated the relationship between the culturally adapted intervention and depression. No direct effect was found between CACBT and depression relative to treatment as usual. The results showed that CACBT and treatment as usual both decreased depression scores. However, the interaction effect between acculturation and group assignment was significantly related to posttest depression scores. Thus, the effect of CACBT varied according to acculturation level. This study demonstrates the role that acculturation plays in how Mexican Americans respond to mental health treatment. An implication for social work practice is the need to use evidence-based practices that have been tested for their cultural appropriateness with Mexican Americans. / text

Exposure therapy has received a great deal of support as an effective treatment for social anxiety. However, not all those who undergo exposure therapy improve, and some of those who do respond continue to report significant levels of symptoms. A theorized mechanism of change for exposure therapy is extinction learning. Extinction learning is believed to occur across exposure sessions during which new associations are formed and stored in memory. Individuals with social anxiety are prone to engage in post event processing (PEP), or rumination, after social experiences, which may interfere with extinction learning, and thus attenuate response to treatment. The current study examined whether PEP limits treatment response to two different exposure based treatments, a group based cognitive behavioral intervention and an individually based virtual reality exposure therapy among participants (n = 75) diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. The findings suggested that PEP decreased as a result of treatment and that social anxiety symptoms for those with greater amounts of PEP improved at a slower rate of change than those with lower levels of PEP. Implications for the role of PEP on treatment response are discussed.

Depressive and anxiety disorders are the most commonly encountered mental health problems seen in the primary care setting; they represent a serious public health concern, and are inordinately time consuming for the primary care provider. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective tool for the treatment of both depression and anxiety, and can be delivered in a variety of abbreviated forms appropriate for use in the primary care setting. Despite its apparent benefits, few primary care providers report using CBT in their practices. The purpose of this project was to develop a better understanding of provider knowledge and perceived barriers regarding the use of CBT for the treatment of depression and anxiety in the primary care setting. A better understanding of practitioners' knowledge of CBT and their perceived barriers to its use will establish a baseline for further exploration of the issue, and will help guide the development of strategies to address the gap in practice. A brief questionnaire was provided to a convenience sample of Nurse Practitioners (NP) during a regular meeting of the Southern Arizona Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner Society. The results of the data analysis showed that 90% of the sampled NPs considered themselves to be skilled in detecting depression and anxiety in their patients, and 80% were confident in their abilities to treat patients with these disorders. However, only 30% of sampled NPs currently use CBT in their practices. The sample indicated a broad lack of knowledge related to multiple aspects of CBT including technique, training, implementation, and reimbursement. Education and training were revealed to be the strongest predictors of willingness to use CBT. Only 30% of NPs were introduced to the use of CBT in their NP programs. The results suggest that increased education in the proper technique, process, and billing methods for CBT may contribute to greater utilization by NPs in the primary care setting.

Introduction: Blood- and injection phobia is an anxiety disorder with a prevalence of approximately 3-5% in the general population. The etiology is often a combination of genetic factors and a conditioning experience. The symptoms of blood- and injection phobia are dizziness, confusion, nausea, epigastria discomfort, anxiety and sometimes panic attacks when receiving injections, seeing blood or having a blood sample taken. Unique for this specific phobia is the high probability of fainting when the phobic situation is encountered if there is no possibility to escape or to avoid the stimuli. During pregnancy and labor, women with blood- and injection phobia are exposed to most of their fears and they therefore find themselves in anxiety-ridden situations. Stress and anxiety during pregnancy is known to be risk factors for adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Studies have shown an altered hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis in women with stress or/and anxiety during pregnancy and increased cortisol concentrations can imply negative consequences for the unborn child. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is known to be effective in treating specific phobias such as blood- and injection phobia. Aim: The prevalence, obstetric and neonatal consequences, impact on the hypothalamic adrenal-pituitary axis and treatment aspects of blood- and injection phobia in a pregnant population have not been investigated before. The aims of this thesis were to study each of these phenomena. Material and methods: During 2005 a total of 1606 pregnant women were approached at their first visit in an antenatal care clinic in the southeast region in Sweden. They were asked to complete the “Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety” questionnaire. All women who scored ≥ 20 on the “Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety” questionnaire (N=347), were interviewed and either diagnosed for blood- and injection phobia or dismissed. In total, 110 women were diagnosed as having blood- and injection phobia. Among the women who scored <20 on the “Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety” questionnaire, 220 women were randomly stratified for age and parity as a control group. The women in the study population answered questionnaires in gestational week 25, 36 and postpartum concerning symptoms of blood- and injection phobia, depression and anxiety. Samples of cortisol in the saliva were collected in the morning and evening in gestational week 25 and 36 in both groups of pregnant women. The medical records from the antenatal care visits, the delivery and postpartum check-up was used to collect data of importance. A treatment study was conducted using a two session cognitive behavioral therapy in a group of pregnant woman with blood- and injection phobia. Results: The prevalence of blood- and injection phobia is 7 % in a pregnant population. Pregnant women with blood- and injection phobia stated more often a fear of childbirth (p<0.001) and were more frequently delivered by elective cesarean section (p=0.032). The incidence of having a baby diagnosed with a complication (p=0.001) was also higher among these women. The women with blood- and injection phobia had increased cortisol concentrations in the saliva compared to the healthy controls (p=0.014). A two-session CBT in group for pregnant women with blood- and injection phobia reduced phobic (p<0.001) anxiety (p<0.001) and depressive (p<0.001) symptoms during pregnancy. Conclusions: Blood- and injection phobia during pregnancy is rather common. Pregnant women with blood- and injection phobia are more likely to be delivered by elective cesarean section and having a baby born with a complication compared to women not suffering from this specific phobia. Untreated blood- and injection phobia during pregnancy increases salivary cortisol concentrations indicating an altered hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis during these weeks of pregnancy. To enhance psychological well being in pregnant women with blood- and injection phobia a two-session program providing CBT for groups of pregnant women is valuable and produces stable results for at least 3 months after delivery.

Recorded by Eugene Barsky, Physiotherapy Outreach Librarian, UBC / This is a Systematic Review Presentation titled - "Effectiveness of Combined Vestibular Rehabilitation & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Dizziness", created by Master of Physical Therapy Graduating Students, University of British Columbia - 2006, Presented on September 14-15, 2006 , Vancouver, BC, Canada

Den föreliggande studien syftade till att utvärdera behandlingseffekten av den kognitiva beteendeterapin som bedrivs av terapeutkandidater vid psykoterapimottagningen på Karlstads universitet, med fokus på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Dessutom ämnade studien undersöka effekter på optimism och symptombild. Upprepad mätning användes och studien innefattade en behandlingsgrupp (n = 21), som erhöll kognitiv beteendeterapi under i genomsnitt 10,7 sessioner och en kontrollgrupp (n = 14), som stod på väntelista i genomsnitt 8,6 veckor. Resultatet av studien antyder en förbättring hos klienterna i behandlingsgruppen avseende delar av hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och optimism samt en minskning av ångestsymptom. Efter närmare 11 terapisessioner förbättrades klienterna i behandlingsgruppen signifikant avseende allmän hälsa (p = 0,028) och uppvisade en signifikant ökning gällande optimism (p = 0,027). Dessutom förbättrades klienterna beträffande flera områden inom psykisk hälsa samt uppvisade en minskning av ångestsymptom. Samtidigt pekar studien på att en viss förbättring sker även inom kontrollgruppen, vilket kan bero på den initiala terapeutiska kontakten, förväntanseffekt eller spontanremission. Studien indikerar att kognitiv beteendeterapi utförd av terapeutkandidater kan ha en positiv effekt på delar av HRQOL och optimism.

This study examined interpersonal predictors of early therapeutic alliance in a cognitive-behavioral treatment study for adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders. Client, therapist, and observer rated measures of alliance were obtained from the third session of treatment in a sample of twenty-seven adolescents. Results indicate that alliance ratings across the three perspectives are significantly associated with one another, but that pretreatment interpersonal variables were differentially associated with varying informant perspectives. Adolescents’ perceptions of their relationships to their caregivers positively related to their perceptions of the therapeutic alliance, such that adolescents with more positive representations of relationships with their attachment figures were more likely to endorse stronger working alliances early in treatment. Adolescent-reported symptom severity at pretreatment predicted observer ratings of alliance, such that adolescents who indicated greater symptoms at pretreatment were rated as having stronger early alliances with their therapists by independent observers. Adolescent perceptions of social support also predicted observer ratings of alliance. Therapists perceived having weaker alliances with adolescents showing clinically significant depression, as compared to adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders alone. Future research is needed to examine whether identification of relevant interpersonal factors can help improve therapeutic engagement and outcomes for the psychosocial treatment of adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that 100 million individuals suffer from chronic pain in the United States. Many of the options involved in chronic pain management have limited effectiveness come with risks of addiction, and/or have numerous side effects. The toll of chronic pain is even more substantial when complications with addiction arise. With an estimated 13.7% of adults having admitted to using pain relief medication for nonmedical purposes in the United States totaling a cost of approximately 55 billion dollars annually, the combined burden of chronic pain and addiction is considerable. To curb the sufferings created by chronic pain, it is essential to investigate its sources, the risks involved with current treatments, and alternative methods to alleviate chronic pain. PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to review the current literature on the topic of nonopioid therapies in the treatment of chronic pain, their ability to reduce opioid prescriptions, and assess their pros and cons. Three different forms of alternative treatments were chosen: 1) psychotherapeutic treatment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 2) Eastern Medicine Acupuncture, and 3) pharmacological class cannabinoids. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The current literature on alterative therapies show that cannabinoids had the most potential to decrease pain, followed by CBT, and acupuncture showing the least consistent efficacy. The literature on CBT elucidate a great potential to decrease the use of prescribed opioids without increasing pain while cannabinoids showed a synergistic effect with opioids. The combined results for acupuncture were not consistent, with only one of the studies showing potential to reduce the use of opioids, while the others showed no difference between real and sham acupuncture.

Os transtornos de ansiedade estão entre os mais comumente observados, tanto na população em geral, quanto nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde. Acometem entre 5 a 18% de crianças e adolescentes e se associam a altas taxas de psicopatologia na adolescência e na vida adulta. Apesar da alta prevalência e da substantiva morbidade associada, os transtornos de ansiedade infanto-juvenis ainda são subdiagnosticados e subtratados, mesmo com evidências de tratamentos efetivos, como a farmacoterapia e a terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC). No Brasil, a TCC tem uma aplicação restrita devido ao pequeno número de terapeutas habilitados e, sobretudo, à falta de protocolos elaborados, considerando as características socioculturais do país. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo descrever a elaboração, o desenvolvimento das sessões de TCC em grupo para o tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade de pré-adolescentes (10 a 13 anos) e avaliar a resposta à terapia, considerando as características da cultura brasileira. A TCC em grupo elaborada nesta pesquisa baseou-se no programa reconhecido para o tratamento de crianças e adolescentes com transtornos de ansiedade, o Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious children: therapist manual for group treatment, e o Coping Cat workbook, ambos de Kendall e Hedtke (2006), em bibliografias atuais sobre o tema e na experiência das terapeutas e supervisoras. As sessões foram elaboradas uma a uma e, para verificar se cada sessão estava adequada em relação aos procedimentos e ao tempo proposto, foi realizado um grupo piloto com quatro pré-adolescentes. A versão final do protocolo de TCC em grupo, após o ajuste das sessões, de acordo com as considerações subjetivas e objetivas da equipe e dos pacientes, foi definida em 14 sessões semanais de 90 minutos cada e mais duas sessões concomitantes com os pais: uma na sétima semana do tratamento e outra na última semana do mesmo. Cento e trinta e oito estudantes de escolas públicas da área de abrangência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre foram diagnosticados com transtorno de ansiedade e 45 preencheram os critérios de inclusão para testar a resposta ao protocolo final. Os diagnósticos foram determinados por psiquiatras da infância e adolescência, através de uma entrevista semi-estruturada, o Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (KDSADS-PL). A eficácia do tratamento foi avaliada pelas seguintes escalas: Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) e Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), para mensurar a melhora clínica; Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) e Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), para avaliar a intensidade dos sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão, respectivamente; a SNAP-IV que avalia os sintomas externalizantes; e Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Research Version (YQOL-R), que avalia a qualidade de vida. As avaliações dos pacientes foram realizadas por avaliadores independentes e aplicadas no início, meio e término do tratamento. Em relação à elaboração do manual, observou-se que vários procedimentos do protocolo original não eram viáveis nesta população, em função do nível socioeconômico e por razões culturais. Os pacientes se mostraram mais motivados em fazer atividades lúdicas e divertidas, assim como, requisitaram mais oportunidades para falarem sobre seus sentimentos e pensamentos ao invés de escrever no manual de terapia. Dos 41 pré-adolescentes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão no estudo, 28 (68%) aceitaram fazer o tratamento e entraram em um dos quatro grupos de TCC. Houve um predomínio do sexo feminino (n = 22; 79%), com média de idade (desvio padrão) de 12(DP=0,77) anos. O diagnóstico mais freqüente foi transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (n = 23; 82%) e todos os pacientes apresentaram pelo menos mais de uma comorbidade, principalmente com outro transtorno de ansiedade. Considerando a resposta ao tratamento, houve diminuição significativa nos sintomas de ansiedade (p <0,001), e melhora nos sintomas externalizantes, com tamanho de efeito de moderado a grande (0,59 a 2.06), porém, não houve diminuição dos sintomas depressivos e melhora da qualidade de vida ao longo do tempo. Os resultados confirmaram que a utilização de um protocolo de TCC requer adaptação cultural. A melhora significativa nos sintomas de ansiedade e não dos sintomas de depressão e da qualidade de vida reforçam a importância de intervenções precoces para jovens. Finalmente, é necessário um estudo de seguimento para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento em longo prazo. / Anxiety disorders are among the most commonly observed, both in the general population and in the services of primary health care. Anxiety disorders affect between 5 and 18% of children and adolescents and are associated with high rates of psychopathology in adolescence and adulthood. Despite the high prevalence and substantial associated morbidity, anxiety disorders in children and adolescents are still underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite evidence of effective treatments, like CBT and pharmacotherapy. In Brazil, CBT has limited application due to the small number of qualified therapists, and especially the lack of protocols devised by considering the sociocultural characteristics of the country. The objectives of the present research are to describe the design and development of the session’s group CBT for the treatment of youths (10 to 13 years old) with anxiety disorders and to evaluate the final response to therapy, considering the characteristics of Brazilian culture. The CBT group developed in this research was based on the recognized program for the treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, The Coping Cat program - Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious children: therapist manual for group treatment, and The Coping Cat workbook, both by Kendall and Hedtke (2006), in current bibliographies on the subject and the experience of therapists and supervisors. The sessions were designed one by one, and to verify that each session was appropriate for the procedures and the proposed time, a pilot group was created with four youths. The final version of the group CBT protocol, after adjustment of the sessions and according to the subjective and objective considerations of staff and patients, was defined in 14 weekly sessions of 90 minutes each and an additional two concurrent sessions with parents: one in the seventh week of treatment and another in the last week. One hundred and thirty-eight students selected from public schools in the area covered by Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were diagnosed with anxiety disorder and 45 fulfilled inclusion criteria to test the response of the final protocol. Diagnoses were made by childhood and adolescence psychiatrists, through a semi-structured interview Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (KDSADS-PL). Treatment efficacy was evaluated through the following scales: Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) and Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS), to measure clinical improvement; Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), which assess the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively; SNAP-IV, which assesses the externalizing symptoms; and Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Research Version (YQOL-R), which measures quality of life. Patient assessments were performed by independent evaluators at the beginning, middle and end of treatment. Regarding the manual, several of the original protocol procedures were not feasible in this population, due to socioeconomic and cultural reasons. Patients showed to be more motivated in playful activities while also requesting more opportunities to talk about their feelings and thoughts instead of continuously writing in the therapy manual. All 41 subjects selected according to the inclusion criteria were invited to take part in therapy. A total of 28(68%) patients entered one of four therapy groups and the remaining candidates (32%) were refused for a number of reasons. Concerning response to therapy, there was a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001), and an improvement in externalizing symptoms (p=.003), with a moderate to large effect size (0.59 to 2.06), but not in depressive symptoms or quality of life over time. The results confirmed that the use of a CBT protocol requires cultural adaptation. The significant improvement in anxiety symptoms and not the symptoms of depression and quality of life emphasize the importance of early intervention for youths. Finally, it is necessary to implement a follow-up study to assess response to treatment in the long term.