This research project seeks to improve soil properties through experimentation with geotechnical purposes. For this, will be used natural volcanic pozzolana in 5%, 10%, 15% and brick dust in 10% giving it a second reuse. The soil improvement will be analyzed with the proposed additions and its influence on the results. It is concluded that the addition improves the behavior of the soil by decreasing its plasticity index, increases the compaction index and improves the geotechnical parameters.

Settling and consolidation of suspended clay particles are significant issue in many fields such as geotechnical engineering, coastal and hydraulic engineering, and environmental engineering. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the settling, consolidation and erosion of mixed soil material (cohesive and non-cohesive). Soil beds formed by sedimentation process of loose particles will be either show a segregated or homogeneous in structure, depending on the depositional environment. These sediments initially undergo self-weight consolidation and may be eroded under high flow rate. A number of studies have recently investigated the characteristic of consolidated clay bed in stagnant water. Hence, consolidation parameters were determined using a well-known vertical settling column consolidation test setup. However, limited research studies are available for deposition and consolidation of a mixture of sediment (clay, silt and sand) under flow conditions which are more representative of what happens in nature. A long flume and pump were used to create different turbulent conditions and simulate the natural process... The results for deposition and consolidation of different mixtures under stagnant and turbulence conditions were analyzed and compered in term of compressibility, permeability as well as shear strength. The results of this experimental research program indicated that the flow rate, initial concentration, height of settling and composition of sediment are all important factors that could affect the final bed dry unit weight. Two non-intrusive techniques were applied for measuring the dry unit weight at settling and consolidation stages. Impact echo technique has never been applied to measure the dry unit weight of self-weight consolidation along the vertical stratification of cohesive and non-cohesive particles. Also, a novel conductance sensor has been developed to improve the efficiency of this technique. The limitations of using these techniques will be highlighted in this study.

A new model of the erosion by water of cohesive soils is developed using physical principles. The theoretical framework which is developed recognises the changing nature of the eroding surface of a soil. Raindrop impact and overland flow are considered to act upon a soil surface so removing soil from the cohesive original (or parent) soil. Once this soil enters the overland flow, either as aggregates or primary particles, it is considered to return to the soil bed, from which it may be re-removed. The development of a deposited layer makes it necessary to distinguish between processes removing sediment from the original soil and those processes removing the deposited layer. This layer, being formed by the relatively gentle action of deposition during the current erosion event, is presumed cohesionless. The physical properties of the original soil and the deposited layer are considered to be very different. The development of two experimental apparatus, a rainfall/runoff simulator and a settling tube for the measurement of aggregate settling velocities, is first described. Experimental investigations, using these apparatus, and field observations to inform the description of the erosion and deposition processes, are then presented. The processes by which rainfall impact removes sediment from the original soil and the deposited layer are termed rainfall detachment and rainfall re-detachment respectively. Initially, descriptions of these processes in the presence of deposition, are combined in a model describing net rainfall detachment when removal of sediment from the flow bed by overland flow is not occurring. The developriient of the deposited layer is considered both quantitatively and qualitatively. The solution of the equation describing mass conservation is then given for the equilibrium situation when the mass of the deposited layer, and therefore the sediment concentration, is constant with respect to time. The processes by which overland flow removes sediment from the original soil and the deposited layer are termed entrainment and re-entrainment. The work done by the process of entrainment is considered to be done wholly against the cohesive strength of the original soil. In contrast to the process of entrainment, the work done in re-entraining sediment from the deposited layer is considered only to be done against gravity. The resulting description of these processes is then combined with the previous descriptions of rainfall detachment, rainfall re-detachment and deposition and with the equation describing the conservation of mass of sediment within any arbitary number of size (or settling velocity) classes. A plane geometry model Is developed in which the surface water flow is considered to be uniformily distributed across a plane slope on which all processes act. When the mass of the deposited layer is steady, two possible forms of equilibrium are shown to exist. When the coverage of the original soil by deposited layer is partial, the sediment concentration is limited by the removal of the cohesive original soil by entrainment and rainfall detachment, in the presence of deposition. This situation is termed 'source limiting' and is shown to provide a lower limit to sediment concentration. When the coverage of the deposited layer is complete so that entrainment and rainfall detachment of the original soil are considered not to occur, then the ability of the erosive agents to re-entrain and re-detach sediment in the presence of deposition limits sediment concentration. This situation, termed 'transport limiting', is shown to provide a practical upper limit to sediment concentration. This plane geometry flow model is followed by a revised model in which all processes are considered to occur but the flow of water on a plane surface is modified by the formation of rills. In this 'detailed geometry model' the spatial distribution of the erosive agents is shown to have a marked influence on the resulting processes and sediment concentrations. A potential description of the sediment transport across a change in land slope is also developed. Finally, a discussion of this new modelling approach is presented in which the conceptual developments of this thesis are considered and future developments are suggested. This discussion also includes a comparison of the outcomes of this new work with similar erosion models.

This research is part of the extension of the SRICOS-EFA method for predicting the maximum scour depth history around the bridge abutment. The basic objective is to establish the equation for predicting the maximum bed shear stress around the abutment at the initial condition of scouring. CHEN3D (Computerized Hydraulic ENgineering program for 3D flow) program is utilized to perform numerical simulations and predict bed shear stress before scouring. The Chimera technique incorporated in CHEN3D makes the program capable of simulating all kinds of complex geometry and moving boundary. CHEN3D program has been proven to be an accurate method to predict flow field and boundary shear stress in many fields and used in bridge scour study in cohesive soils for more than ten years. The maximum bed shear stress around abutment in open rectangular channel is studied numerically and the equation is proposed. Reynolds number is the dominant parameter, and the parametric studies have been performed based on the dimensional analysis. The influence of channel contraction ratio, abutment aspect ratio, water depth, abutment shape, and skew angle has been investigated, and the corresponding correction This research is part of the extension of the SRICOS-EFA method for predicting the maximum scour depth history around the bridge abutment. The basic objective is to establish the equation for predicting the maximum bed shear stress around the abutment at the initial condition of scouring. CHEN3D (Computerized Hydraulic ENgineering program for 3D flow) program is utilized to perform numerical simulations and predict bed shear stress before scouring. The Chimera technique incorporated in CHEN3D makes the program capable of simulating all kinds of complex geometry and moving boundary. CHEN3D program has been proven to be an accurate method to predict flow field and boundary shear stress in many fields and used in bridge scour study in cohesive soils for more than ten years. The maximum bed shear stress around abutment in open rectangular channel is studied numerically and the equation is proposed. Reynolds number is the dominant parameter, and the parametric studies have been performed based on the dimensional analysis. The influence of channel contraction ratio, abutment aspect ratio, water depth, abutment shape, and skew angle has been investigated, and the corresponding correction factors have been proposed. The study of the compound channel configuration is conducted further to extend the application of the proposed equation. Numerical simulations of overtopping flow in straight rectangular channel, straight compound channel and channel bend have been conducted. The bridge deck is found to be able to change the flow distribution and the bed shear stress will increase significantly once overtopping. The influence of the channel bend curvature, abutment location in the channel bend, and the abutment shape is also investigated. The corresponding variation of the bed shear stress has been concluded. The scour models, including the erosion rate function, roughness effect, and the turbulence kinetic energy, have been proposed and incorporated into the CHEN3D program. One flume test case in NCHRP 24-15(2) has been simulated to determine the parameters for the roughness and the turbulence kinetic energy. The prediction of the maximum scour depth history with the proposed model is in good agreement with the measurement for most cases. The influence of overtopping flow on the abutment scour development is also studied and the corresponding correction factor is proposed.

No description available.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-15T15:13:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-RODOLFHO.pdf: 972823 bytes, checksum: c6ed8f08ace41c1927e4fd841d1b0cc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T15:13:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-RODOLFHO.pdf: 972823 bytes, checksum: c6ed8f08ace41c1927e4fd841d1b0cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-09 / FACEPE / Os tabuleiros costeiros ocupam uma extensa área no litoral brasileiro e devido a seu relevo plano favorável à mecanização, precipitação pluvial alta e proximidade com os grandes centros consumidores, são as áreas de uso agrícola mais intensificado. Os solos predominantes nessa área são em geral, profundos, de baixa fertilidade natural e muitas vezes ocorrem com uma camada adensada, configurando os solos coesos. Esta coesão tem afetado propriedades físicas, químicas e hídricas do solo, que interferem diretamente no estabelecimento do cultivo e, consequentemente, na produtividade das culturas e renda dos agricultores. Os agricultores, em situações como esta, muitas vezes tendem a desmatarem mais áreas para cultivo, visando compensar perdas econômicas, causando impactos ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso, sobre a resistência no horizonte coeso, em solos sob manejo de cana-de-açúcar e mata nativa, na unidade geoambiental dos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Pernambuco, a partir de ensaios físico-hídricos. Foram abertos um perfil em área de plantio de cana-de-açúcar e um em mata nativa, e coletadas amostras estruturadas do horizonte coeso. Os atributos físicos avaliados foram: Porosidade Total (macro, meso, micro e criptoporosidade), densidade do solo (Ds), curva característica de retenção de água no solo (CCRAS) e resistência do solo à penetração de raízes (RP). As médias dos parâmetros físicos analisados foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) e para os parâmetros que apresentam diferenças significativas foi aplicado o teste de Tukey, por meio do aplicativo SAS. A resistência à penetração foi um atributo eficiente para avaliar coesão dos solos estudados. Os manejos distintos não apresentaram diferença significativa nos valores de densidade Ds. A área cultivada apresentou maior capacidade de retenção de água, avaliada pelas curvas características de retenção, evidenciando que o manejo influenciou no tamanho dos poros. Na área de mata poderá ocorrer maior secamento do solo, sem que haja valores restritivos de resistência à penetração, pois precisará de um menor valor de umidade para que não haja impedimentos ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. / The costal plains occupates an extensive area in brazilian’s litoral and due to its plain relief suitable to mechanization, high pluvial precipitation and proximity with the big consumer centers, are intensified agricultural areas. The predominant soils in this area are in general, deep, of low natural fertility and most of the times occur with a condensed layer, setting the cohesive soils. This cohesion has affected physical, chemical and hydrous properties of the soil, which interfere directly in the settlement of the cultivation and, consequently, in the crops productivity and income of the farmers. The farmers, in situations like this, many times tend to deforest more areas to cultivation, aiming to compensate economic losses, causing environmental damage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use in the resistance of the cohesive horizon, on soils under management of sugar cane and native forest in the geo environmental unit of the coastal plains of Pernambuco, from hydrous physical tests. It was opened a profile in the sugarcane area and another native forest, structured and collected samples of cohesive horizon. The assessed physical attributes were: Total porosity (macro, meso, micro and criptoporosidade), bulk density (Ds), water retention curve characteristic in the soil (CCRAS) and soil resistance to root penetration (RP). The average of the physical parameters analyzed were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to the parameters that show significant differences was used the Tukey test, using the SAS software. The penetration resistance was an effective attribute to evaluate the cohesion of soils studied. The different managements showed no significant difference in density values Ds. The crapped area presented higher water holding capacity, when evaluated by retention curves, showing that the management influenced the pore size. In forest area may occur more soil drying, without restrictive values of penetration resistance because need a lower moisture value so there are no impediments to the development of the root system.

No description available.

No description available.

The fall-cone test is widely used in geotechnical practice to obtain rapid estimates of the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil, and as an index test to determine the liquid limit. This thesis is concerned with numerical modelling of the penetration of solids by conical indenters, and with interpretation of the numerical results in the context of the fall-cone test. Experimental studies of shallow cone penetration in clay are also reported, with the aim of verifying the numerical predictions. The practical significance of the results, in terms of the interpretation of fall-cone test results, is assessed. Results are reported from finite element analyses with the commercial codes ELFEN and Abaqus, in which an explicit dynamic approach was adopted for analysis of continuous cone indentation. Quasi-static analyses using an elastoplastic Tresca material model are used to obtain bearing capacity factors for shallow cone penetration, taking account of the material displaced, for various cone apex angles and adhesion factors. Further analyses are reported in which a simple extension of the Tresca material model, implemented as a user-defined material subroutine for Abaqus, is used to simulate viscous rate effects (known to be important in cohesive soils). Some analyses with the rate-dependent model are displacement-controlled, while others model the effect of rate-dependence on the dynamics of freefall cone indentation tests. Laboratory measurements of the forces required to indent clay samples in the laboratory are reported. Results from displacement-controlled tests with imposed step-changes in cone speed, and from freefall tests, confirm that the numerical rate-dependent strength model represents the observed behaviour well. Some results from experiments to observe plastic flow around conical indenters are also presented. Finally, additional numerical analyses are presented in which a critical state model of clay plasticity is used to study the variation of effective stress, strain and pore pressure around cones in indentation tests at various speeds.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:23:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valmir Jose Zuffo.pdf: 1368477 bytes, checksum: 44171d69a24efae303b1240c27505ebc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25 / Avaliaram-se os efeitos de cinco sistemas de preparo do solo nos atributos físicos de um Argissolo Amarelo coeso de Tabuleiro, bem como no crescimento, desenvolvimento e nutrição do mamoeiro Formosa Tainung 01 irrigado. O experimento foi instalado em 21/01/2011 e conduzido a campo por 260 dias, em área anteriormente utilizada com pastagem de Brachiaria nunca corrigida ou fertilizada, irrigada por sistema de aspersão de baixa pressão. Os tratamentos, implantados em cinco repetições e em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foram: 1) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + camalhão sobre a linha confeccionado 135 após transplantio (GA c/ CAM); 2) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora (GA s/ CAM); 3) subsolador florestal (SF); 4) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + escarificação com 3 hastes sobre a linha de plantio (GA + ELP); 5) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + escarificação com 3 hastes em área total (GA + EAT). Os preparos receberam sulcamento mecanizado e banquetas, confeccionadas manualmente com terra solta do sulco, que foram niveladas e fertilizadas para receber as mudas. Antes da implantação dos tratamentos a área experimental foi caracterizada quanto à resistência mecânica à penetração (RP) acompanhada pela umidade do solo, diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG), densidade do solo (Ds), macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi), relação Ma/Mi, textura do solo e fertilidade. Após a implantação dos tratamentos foram determinadas RP, acompanhada pela umidade do solo, DMP, DMG, Ds, Ma, Mi, relação Ma/Mi e variáveis biométricas de nutrição e produção como altura de plantas, diâmetro do tronco a 0,20 m de altura, altura de inserção do primeiro fruto, sexo das plantas, teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes bem como número de frutos por planta com separação de frutos comerciais e não comerciais. O tratamento estatístico dos dados constou de cálculo do erro padrão da média para os dados de RP e para os demais dados, análise de variância e teste de Tukey a nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferenças de resistência à penetração entre os tratamentos. O subsolador mostrou-se mais efetivo na diminuição da RP até 0,35 m de distância da planta no sentido transversal à linha de plantio. O escarificador resultou em menores RP do que GA ou SF, mesmo a 0,40 m de profundidade, e foi mais eficiente a maiores distâncias transversalmente à planta. Todos os preparos provocaram RP menores do que 2,5 MPa na profundidade de maior concentração de raízes do mamoeiro (0 0,25 m) fornecendo boas condições físicas até essa profundidade. Não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para Ds, Ma, Mi, relação Ma/Mi, DMP e DMG a 0,20 m de profundidade e teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes aos 197 dias após transplantio. A altura de plantas em duas épocas foi menor para o SF e igual estatisticamente para os outros tratamentos. A grade aradora alterou os atributos físicos do solo em maior intensidade até 0,20 m de profundidade. A produção total de frutos e de frutos comerciais foi maior nos preparos GA c/ CAM, GA s/ CAM, GA+ELP e GA+EAT, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças para produtividade de frutos não comerciais. Não se justificou o uso do camalhão sobre a linha de plantio confeccionado após o transplantio. Do ponto de vista de conservação do solo, quando considerados os dados de estabilidade de agregados, os preparos foram semelhantes. A relação entre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e diferentes preparos de solo deve ser avaliada considerando o conjunto de atributos físicos e químicos do solo / The effects of five tillage systems on soil physical attributes, growth, development and nutrition of Formosa papaya Tainung 01 were evaluated on cohesive Alfisol of Coastal Tableland. The experiment was planted on january 21, 2011 and remained in field for 260 days, in an area previously used with Brachiaria never corrected nor fertilized before and irrigated by low pressure sprinkler system. Treatments were applied in five replicates and statistical design of random blocks were: 1) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + ridge on row planting made 135 days after transplanting (GA c/ CAM); 2) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow (GA s/ CAM); 3) forester subsoiler (SF); 4) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on row planting (GA+ELP); 5) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on total area (GA+EAT). All tillage systems received mechanized furrower and a bench made with loose soil and fertilizers and over which the seedlings were planted. As a characterization of experimental area before application of treatments, were determined penetration resistance (RP) followed by soil moisture, mean weight diameter (DMP), geometric mean diameter (DMG), bulk density (Ds), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), Ma/Mi ratio, soil texture and fertility. After application of treatments were determined RP, accompanied by soil moisture, DMP, DMG, Ds, Ma, Mi and Ma/Mi ratio and biometric variables of nutrition and production as plant height, stem diameter at 0,20 m height, height of insertion of the first fruit, plant sex, foliar contents of macro and micronutrients as well as number of fruits per plant with separation of commercial and non-commercial ones. Statistical treatment of data included calculation of mean standard error for RP and analysis of variance for all other data accompanied by the Tukey test for comparison of means at 5% level of probability. There were differences in penetration resistance between treatments. Subsoiler showed to be more effective in the decrease of RP up to 0,35 m away from the plant in the direction transverse to the rows. Chisel plow produced smaller RP than GA or SF, even at 0,40 m depth and was more effective at greater distances from the plant. All tillage systems produced RP smaller than 2.5 MPa at a depth with the greater concentration of papaya roots (0 0.25 m) and provided good physical conditions up to this depth. There was no statistical difference between treatments for Ds, Ma, Mi, Ma/Mi ratio, DMP e DMG at 0.20 m depth and foliar contents of macro and micronutrients at 197 days after transplanting. Height of plants in two stages were lower for the SF and statistically equal to the other treatments. Heavy disc harrow altered soil physical attributes at a higher intensity up to 0.20 m depht. Total fruit yield and commercial fruit yield was higher in GA c/ CAM, GA s/ CAM, GA+ELP and GA+EAT, which did not differ. There were no differences for non-commercial fruit yield. There was no justification for the building of the ridge on the planting row after instalation of the orchard. From the standpoint of conservation of soil, when considering the stability of aggregates data, all tillage systems were similar. The relationship between growth and development performance of plants and tillage systems should be evaluated considering whole physical and chemical properties of soil