A fim de auxiliar usuários durante o consumo de produtos, sistemas Web passaram a incorporar módulos de recomendação de itens. As abordagens mais populares são a baseada em conteúdo, que recomenda itens a partir de características que são do seu interesse, e a filtragem colaborativa, que recomenda itens bem avaliados por usuários com perfis semelhantes ao do usuário alvo, ou que são semelhantes aos que foram bem avaliados pelo usuário alvo. Enquanto que a primeira abordagem apresenta limitações como a sobre-especialização e a análise limitada de conteúdo, a segunda enfrenta problemas como o novo usuário e/ou novo item, também conhecido como partida fria. Apesar da variedade de técnicas disponíveis, um problema comum existente na maioria das abordagens é a falta de informações semânticas para representar os itens do acervo. Trabalhos recentes na área de Sistemas de Recomendação têm estudado a possibilidade de usar bases de conhecimento da Web como fonte de informações semânticas. Contudo, ainda é necessário investigar como usufruir de tais informações e integrá-las de modo eficiente em sistemas de recomendação. Dessa maneira, este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar como informações semânticas provenientes de bases de conhecimento podem beneficiar sistemas de recomendação por meio da descrição semântica de itens, e como o cálculo da similaridade semântica pode amenizar o desafio enfrentado no cenário de partida fria. Como resultado, obtém-se uma técnica que pode gerar recomendações adequadas ao perfil dos usuários, incluindo itens novos do acervo que sejam relevantes. Pode-se observar uma melhora de até 10% no RMSE, no cenário de partida fria, quando se compara o sistema proposto com o sistema cuja predição de notas é baseada na correlação de notas. / In order to support users during the consumption of products,Web systems have incorporated recommendation techniques. The most popular approaches are content-based, which recommends items based on interesting features to the user, and collaborative filtering, which recommends items that were well evaluated by users with similar preferences to the target user, or that have similar features to items which were positively evaluated. While the first approach has limitations such as overspecialization and limited content analysis, the second technique has problems such as the new user and the new item, limitation also known as cold start. In spite of the variety of techniques available, a common problem is the lack of semantic information to represent items features. Recent works in the field of recommender systems have been studying the possibility to use knowledge databases from the Web as a source of semantic information. However, it is still necessary to investigate how to use and integrate such semantic information in recommender systems. In this way, this work has the proposal to investigate how semantic information gathered from knowledge databases can help recommender systems by semantically describing items, and how semantic similarity can overcome the challenge confronted in the cold-start scenario. As a result, we obtained a technique that can produce recommendations suited to users profiles, including relevant new items available in the database. It can be observed an improvement of up to 10% in the RMSE in the cold start scenario when comparing the proposed system with the system whose rating prediction is based on the correlation of rates.

[EN] The injection system is one of the topics that has been paid most attention to by researchers in the field of direct injection diesel engines, due to its key role on fuel atomization, vaporization and air-fuel mixing process, which directly affect fuel consumption, noise irradiation and pollutant emissions. The increasing injection pressures in modern engines have propitiated the need of studying phenomena such as cavitation, compressible flow or the effect of changes in the fuel properties along the process, whose relative importance was lower in early stages of the reciprocating engines development. The small dimensions of the injector ducts, the high velocities achieved through them and the transient nature of the process hinder the direct observation of these facts. Computational tools have then provided invaluable help in the field. The objective of the present thesis is to analyse the influence of the thermal effects on the performance of a diesel injector. To this end, the fuel temperature variation through the injector restrictions must be estimated. The influence of these changes on the fuel thermophyisical properties relevant for the injection system also needs to be assessed, due to its impact on injector dynamics and the injection rate shape. In order to give answer to the previous objectives, both experimental and computational techniques have been employed. A dimensional and a hydraulic experimental characterization of a solenoid-actuated Bosch CRI 2.20 injector has been carried out, including rate of injection measurements at a wide range of operating conditions, with special attention to the fuel temperature control. A 1D computational model of the injector has been implemented in order to confirm and further extend the findings from the experiments. Local variations of fuel temperature and pressure are considered by the model thanks to the assumption of adiabatic flow, for which the experimental characterization of the fuel properties at high pressure also had to be performed. The limits of the validity of this assumption have been carefully assessed in the study. Results show a significant influence of the fuel temperature at the injector inlet on injection rate and duration, attributed to the effect of the variation of the fuel properties and to the fact that the injector remains in ballistic operation for most of its real operating conditions. Fuel temperature changes along the injector control orifices are able to importantly modify its dynamic behaviour. In addition, if the fuel at the injector inlet is at room temperature or above, the temperature at the nozzle outlet has not been proved to importantly change once steady-state conditions are achieved. However, a significant heating may take place for fuel temperatures at the injector inlet typical of cold-start conditions. / [ES] El sistema de inyección es uno de los elementos que más interés ha despertado en la investigación en el campo de los motores diésel de inyección directa, debido a su papel clave en la atomización y vaporización del combustible así como en el proceso de mezcla, que afectan directamente al consumo y la generación de ruido y emisiones contaminantes. Las crecientes presiones de inyección en motores modernos han propiciado la necesidad de estudiar fenómenos como la cavitación, flujo compresible o el efecto de los cambios de las propiedades del combustible a lo largo del proceso, cuya importancia relativa era menor en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de los motores alternativos. Las pequeñas dimensiones de los conductos del inyector, las altas velocidades a través de los mismos y la naturaleza transitoria del proceso dificultan la observación directa en estas cuestiones. Por ello, las herramientas computacionales han proporcionado una ayuda inestimable en el campo. El objetivo de la presente tesis es analizar la influencia de los efectos térmicos en el funcionamiento de un inyector diésel. Para tal fin, se debe estimar la variación de la temperatura del combustible a lo largo de las restricciones internas del inyector. La influencia de estos cambios en las propiedades termofísicas del combustible más relevantes en el sistema de inyección también debe ser evaluada, debido a su impacto en la dinámica del inyector y en la forma de la tasa de inyección. Para dar respuesta a estos objetivos, se han utilizado técnicas experimentales y computacionales. Se ha llevado a cabo una caracterización dimensional e hidráulica de un inyector Bosch CRI 2.20 actuado mediante solenoide, incluyendo medidas de tasa de inyección en un amplio rango de condiciones de operación, para lo que se ha prestado especial atención al control de la temperatura del combustible. Se ha implementado un modelo 1D del inyector para confirmar y extender las observaciones extra\'idas de los experimentos. El modelo considera variaciones locales de presión y temperatura del combustible gracias a la hipótesis de flujo adiabático, para lo cual también se ha tenido que llevar a cabo una caracterización experimental de las propiedades del combustible a alta presión. Los límites de la validez de esta hipótesis se han analizado cuidadosamente en el estudio. Los resultados muestran una influencia significativa de la temperatura del combustible a la entrada del inyector en la tasa y duración de inyección, atribuida al efecto de la variación de las propiedades del combustible y al hecho de que el inyector permanece en operación balística para la mayoría de sus condiciones de funcionamiento. Los cambios en temperatura del combustible a lo largo de los orificios de control del inyector son capaces de modificar su dinámica considerablemente. Además, si el combustible a la entrada del inyector se encuentra a temperatura ambiente o por encima, se ha observado que la temperatura a la salida de la tobera no varía de manera importante una vez se alcanzan condiciones estacionarias. No obstante, un calentamiento significativo puede tener lugar para temperaturas de entrada típicas de las condiciones de arranque en frío. / [CAT] El sistema d'injecció és un dels elements que més interés ha despertat en la investigació en el camp dels motors dièsel d'injecció directa, degut al seu paper clau en l'atomització i vaporització del combustible, així com en el procés de mescla, que afecten directament el consum i la generació de soroll i emissions contaminants. Les creixents pressions d'injecció en motors moderns han propiciat la necessitat d'estudiar fenòmens com la cavitació, flux compressible o l'efecte dels canvis de les propietats del combustible al llarg del procés, la importància relativa dels quals era menor en les primeres etapes del desenvolupament dels motors alternatius. Les menudes dimensions dels conductes de l'injector, les altes velocitats a través dels mateixos i la natura transitòria del procés dificulten l'observació directa en estes qüestions. Per això, les ferramentes computacionals han proporcionat una ajuda inestimable en el camp. L'objectiu de la present tesi és analitzar la influència dels efectes tèrmics en el funcionament d'un injector dièsel. Per a tal fi, es deu estimar la variació de la temperatura del combustible al llarg de les restriccions internes de l'injector. La influència d'estos canvis en les propietats termofísiques del combustible més relevants en el sistema d'injecció també ha de ser avaluada, degut al seu impacte en la dinàmica de l'injector i en la forma de la tasa d'injecció. Per tal de donar resposta a estos objectius, s'han utilitzat tècniques experimentals i computacionals. S'ha dut a terme una caracterització dimensional i hidràulica d'un injector Bosch CRI 2.20 actuat mitjançant solenoide, incloent mesures de tasa d'injecció en un ampli rang de condicions d'operació, per al que s'ha prestat especial atenció al control de la temperatura del combustible. S'ha implementat un model 1D de l'injector per tal de confirmar i estendre les observacions extretes dels experiments. El model considera variacions locals de pressió i temperatura del combustible gràcies a la hipòtesi de flux adiabàtic, per la qual cosa també s'ha hagut de dur a terme una caracterització experimental de les propietats del combustible a alta pressió. Els límits de la validesa d'esta hipòtesi s'han analitzat acuradament en l'estudi. Els resultats mostren una influència significativa de la temperatura del combustible a l'entrada de l'injector en la tasa i duració d'injecció, atribuïda a l'efecte de la variació de les propietats del combustible i al fet que l'injector roman en operació balística per a la majoria de les seues condicions de funcionament. Els canvis en temperatura del combustible al llarg dels orificis de control de l'injector són capaços de modificar la seua dinàmica considerablement. A més, si el combustible a l'entrada de l'injector es troba a temperatura ambient o per damunt, s'ha observat que la temperatura a l'eixida de la tobera no varia de manera important una vegada s'han assolit condicions estacionàries. No obstant això, un escalfament significatiu pot tenir lloc per a temperatures d'entrada típiques de les condicions d'arrancada en fred. / Carreres Talens, M. (2016). Thermal effects influence on the Diesel injector performance through a combined 1D modelling and experimental approach [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73066 / TESIS

<div>The aviation industry is continuously growing amid tight restrictions on global emission</div><div>reductions. Alternative aviation fuels have gained attention and developed to replace the</div><div>conventional petroleum-derived aviation fuels. The replacement of conventional fuels with</div><div>alternative fuels, which are composed solely of hydrocarbons (non-petroleum), can mitigate</div><div>impacts on the environment and diversify the energy supply, potentially reducing fuel costs.</div><div>To ensure the performance of alternative fuels, extensive laboratory and full-scale engine</div><div>testings are required, thereby a lengthy and expensive process. The National Jet Fuel Combustion</div><div>Program (NJFCP) proposed a plan to reduce this certification process time and</div><div>the cost dramatically by implementing a computational model in the process, which can be</div><div>replaced with some of the testings. This requires an understanding of the influence of chemical/</div><div>physical properties of alternative fuels on combustion performance. The main objective</div><div>of this work is to investigate the spray characteristics of alternative aviation fuels compared</div><div>to that of conventional aviation fuels, which have been characterized by different physical</div><div>liquid properties at different gas turbine-relevant conditions.</div><div>The experimental work focuses on the spray characteristics of standard and alternative</div><div>aviation fuels at three operating conditions such as near lean blowout (LBO), cold engine</div><div>start, and high ambient pressure conditions. The spray generated by a hybrid pressureswirl</div><div>airblast atomizer was investigated by measuring the drop size and drop velocity at</div><div>a different axial distance downstream of the injector using a phase Doppler anemometry</div><div>(PDA) measurement system. This provided an approximate trajectory of the largest droplet</div><div>as it traveled down from the injector. At LBO conditions, the trend of decreasing drop size</div><div>and increasing drop velocity with an increase in gas pressure drop was observed for both</div><div>conventional (A-2) and alternative aviation fuels (C-1, C-5, C-7, and C-8), while the effect of</div><div>fuel injection pressure on the mean drop size and drop velocity was observed to be limited.</div><div>Moreover, the high-speed shadowgraph images were also taken to investigate the effect of</div><div>the pressure drop and fuel injection pressures on the cone angles. Their effects were found</div><div>to be limited on the cone angle.</div><div><div>The spray characteristics of standard (A-2 and A-3) and alternative (C-3) fuels were</div><div>investigated at engine cold-start conditions. At such a crucial condition, sufficient atomization</div><div>needs to be maintained to operate the engine properly. The effect of fuel properties,</div><div>especially the viscosity, was investigated on spray drop size and drop velocity using both</div><div>conventional and alternative aviation fuels. The effect of fuel viscosity was found to be minimal</div><div>and dominated by the effect of the surface tension, even though it showed a weak trend</div><div>of increasing drop size with increasing surface tension. The higher swirler pressure drop</div><div>reduced the drop size and increased drop velocity due to greater inertial force of the gas for</div><div>both conventional and alternative aviation fuels at the cold start condition. However, the</div><div>effect of pressure drop was observed to be reduced at cold start condition compared to the</div><div>results from the LBO condition.</div><div>The final aspect of experimental work focuses on the effect of ambient pressures on the</div><div>spray characteristics for both conventional (A-2) and alternative (C-5) aviation fuels. Advanced</div><div>aviation technology, especially in turbomachinery, has resulted in a greater pressure</div><div>ratio in the compressor; therefore, greater pressure in combustors for better thermal efficiency.</div><div>The effect of ambient pressure on drop size, drop velocity, and spray cone angle was</div><div>investigated using the PDA system and simultaneous Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence</div><div>(PLIF) and Mie scattering measurement. A significant reduction in mean drop size was</div><div>observed with increasing ambient pressure, up to 5 bar. However, the reduction in the mean</div><div>drop size was found to be limited with a further increase in the ambient pressure. The effect</div><div>of the pressure drop across the swirler was observed to be significant at ambient pressure of</div><div>5 bar. The spray cone angle estimation at near the swirler exit and at 25.4 mm downstream</div><div>from the swirler exit plane using instantaneous Mie images was found to be independent of</div><div>ambient pressure. However, the cone angle at measurement plane of 18 mm in the spray</div><div>was observed to increase with increasing ambient pressure due to entrainment of smaller</div><div>droplets at higher ambient pressure. Furthermore, the fuel droplet and vapor distribution in</div><div>the spray were imaged and identified by comparing instantaneous PLIF and Mie images.</div><div>Lastly, a semi-empirical model was also developed using a phenomenological three-step</div><div>approach for the atomization process of the hybrid pressure-swirl airblast atomizer. This</div><div>model includes three sub-models: pressure-swirl spray droplet formation, droplet impingement, and film formation, and aerodynamic breakup. The model predicted drop sizes as a</div><div>function of ALR, atomizing gas velocity, surface tension, density, and ligament length and</div><div>diameter and successfully demonstrated the drop size trend observed with fuel viscosity,</div><div>surface tension, pressure drop, and ambient pressure. The model provided insights into the</div><div>effect of fuel properties and engine operating parameters on the drop size. More experimental</div><div>work is required to validate the model over a wider range of operating conditions and</div><div>physical fuel properties.</div><div>Overall, this work provides valuable information to increase understanding of the spray</div><div>characteristics of conventional and alternative aviation fuels at various engine operating</div><div>conditions. This work can provide valuable data for developing an advanced computational</div><div>combustor model, ultimately expediting the certification of new alternative aviation fuels.</div></div>

Les systèmes de recommandation visent à présélectionner et présenter en premier les informations susceptibles d'intéresser les utilisateurs. Ceci a suscité l'attention du commerce électronique, où l'historique des achats des utilisateurs sont analysés pour prédire leurs intérêts futurs et pouvoir personnaliser les offres ou produits (appelés aussi items) qui leur sont proposés. Dans ce cadre, les systèmes de recommandation exploitent les préférences des utilisateurs et les caractéristiques des produits et des utilisateurs pour prédire leurs préférences pour des futurs items. Bien qu'ils aient démontré leur précision, ces systèmes font toujours face à de grands défis tant pour le monde académique que pour l'industrie : ces techniques traitent un grand volume de données qui exige une parallélisation des traitements, les données peuvent être également très hétérogènes, et les systèmes de recommandation souffrent du démarrage à froid, situation dans laquelle le système n'a pas (ou pas assez) d'informations sur (les nouveaux) utilisateurs/items pour proposer des recommandations précises. La technique de factorisation matricielle a démontré une précision dans les prédictions et une simplicité de passage à l'échelle. Cependant, cette approche a deux inconvénients : la complexité d'intégrer des données hétérogènes externes (telles que les caractéristiques des items) et le démarrage à froid pour un nouvel utilisateur. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer un système offrant une précision dans les recommandations, un passage à l'échelle pour traiter des données volumineuses, et permettant d'intégrer des données variées sans remettre en question l'indépendance du système par rapport au domaine d'application. De plus, le système doit faire face au démarrage à froid utilisateurs car il est important de fidéliser et satisfaire les nouveaux utilisateurs. Cette thèse présente quatre contributions au domaine des systèmes de recommandation: (1) nous proposons une implémentation d'un algorithme de recommandation de factorisation matricielle parallélisable pour assurer un meilleur passage à l'échelle, (2) nous améliorons la précision des recommandations en prenant en compte l'intérêt implicite des utilisateurs dans les attributs des items, (3) nous proposons une représentation compacte des caractéristiques des utilisateurs/items basée sur les filtres de bloom permettant de réduire la quantité de mémoire utile, (4) nous faisons face au démarrage à froid d'un nouvel utilisateur en utilisant des techniques d'apprentissage actif. La phase d'expérimentation utilise le jeu de données MovieLens et la base de données IMDb publiquement disponibles, ce qui permet d'effectuer des comparaisons avec des techniques existantes dans l'état de l'art. Ces expérimentations ont démontré la précision et l'efficacité de nos approches. / Recommender Systems aim at pre-selecting and presenting first the information in which users may be interested. This has raised the attention of the e-commerce, where the interests of users are analysed in order to predict future interests and to personalize the offers (a.k.a. items). Recommender systems exploit the current preferences of users and the features of items/users in order to predict their future preference in items.Although they demonstrate accuracy in many domains, these systems still face great challenges for both academia and industry: they require distributed techniques to deal with a huge volume of data, they aim to exploit very heterogeneous data, and they suffer from cold-start, situation in which the system has not (enough) information about (new) users/items to provide accurate recommendations. Among popular techniques, Matrix Factorization has demonstrated high accurate predictions and scalability to parallelize the analysis among multiple machines. However, it has two main drawbacks: (1) difficulty of integrating external heterogeneous data such as items' features, and (2) the cold-start issue. The objective of this thesis is to answer to many challenges in the field of recommender systems: (1) recommendation techniques deal with complex analysis and a huge volume of data; in order to alleviate the time consumption of analysis, these techniques need to parallelize the process among multiple machines, (2) collaborative filtering techniques do not naturally take into account the items' descriptions in the recommendation, although this information may help to perform more accurate recommendations, (3) users' and items' descriptions in very large dataset contexts can become large and memory-consuming; this makes data analysis more complex, and (4) the new user cold-start is particularly important to perform new users' recommendations and to assure new users fidelity. Our contributions to this area are given by four aspects: (1) we improve the distribution of a matrix factorization recommendation algorithm in order to achieve better scalability, (2) we enhance recommendations performed by matrix factorization by studying the implicit interest of the users in the attributes of the items, (3) we propose an accurate and low-space binary vector based on Bloom Filters for representing users/items through a high quantity of features in low memory-consumption, and (4) we cope with the new user cold-start in collaborative filtering by using active learning techniques. The experimentation phase uses the publicly available MovieLens dataset and IMDb database, what allows to perform fair comparisons to the state of the art. Our contributions demonstrate their performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

No description available.

推薦系統為網站提升使用者滿意度、減少使用者所花費的時間並且替網站提供方提升銷售，是現在網站中不可或缺的要素，而推薦系統的研究集中在娛樂項目，學術研究論文推薦系統的研究有限。若能給予有價值的相關文獻，提供協助，無疑是加速進步的速度。 在過去的研究中，為了達到個人化目的所使用的方法，都有不可避免或未解決的缺點，2002年美國研究圖書館協會提出布達佩斯開放獲取計劃(Budapest Open Access Initiative)，不要求使用者註冊帳號與支付款項就能取得研究論文全文，這樣的做法使期刊走向開放的風氣開始盛行，時至今日，開放獲取對學術期刊網站帶來重大的影響。在這樣的時空背景之下，本研究提出一個適用於學術論文之推薦機制，以FP-Growth演算法與協同過濾做為推薦方法的基礎，消弭過去研究之缺點，並具個人化推薦的優點，經實驗驗證後，證實本研究所提出的推薦架構具有良好的成效。 / Recommendation system is used in many field like movie, music, electric commerce and library. It’s not only save customers’ time but also raise organizations’ efficient. Recommended system is an essential element in a website. Some methods have been developed for recommended system, but they are primarily focused on content or collaboration-based mechanisms. For academic research, it is very important that relevant literature can be provided to researchers when they conduct literature review. Previous research indicates that there are inevitable or unsolved shortcomings in existing methods such as cold starts. Association of Research Libraries purpose “Budapest Open Access Initiative” that is advocate open access concept. Open access means that users can get full paper without register and pay fee. It’s a major impact to academic journal website. In this space-time background, we propose a hybrid recommendation mechanism that takes into consideration the nature of recommendation academic papers to mitigate the shortcomings of existing methods.

Master thesis is dealing with the issue of condensate creation and removal from the Nesher Ramle steam turbine during start-up and steady state. At the beginning a preliminary calculation of heat balance and the turbine itself is done. It is followed by description and design of drainage system supplemented by calculation of the steam flow through the orifices. Steam flow calculation was done via S. D. Morris, Pavelek with Kalčík and Ambrož, all three methods were compared. The main goal is the theoretical calculation of the amount of condensate created during start-up which is influenced by its initial state from which it is started. Three default states are considered, cold, warm and hot. In the last chapter the comparison of theoretical calculation with the measured data on real turbine is done and it is supported by the evaluation of the data from the measurement of the steam turbine at steady state on maximum power and half power. From the steady state analysis, percentage of water flow to expander from the total amount of condensate formed in the turbine were obtained.

Serverless functions have emerged as a prominent paradigm in software deployment, providing automated resource scaling, resulting in demand-based operational expenses. One of the most significant challenges associated with serverless functionsis the cold start delay, preventing organisations with latency-critical web applications from adopting a serverless technology. Existing research on the cold start problem primarily focuses on mitigating the delay by modifying and optimising serverless platform technologies. However, these solutions have predominantly yielded modest reductions in time delay. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to establish conditions and circumstances under which the cold start issue can be addressed through the type of approach presented in this study. Through a design science research methodology, a software artefact named AdaptiveServerless Invocation Predictor (ASIP) was developed to mitigate the cold start issue through monitoring web application user traffic in real-time. Based on the user traffic, ASIP preemptively pre-initialises serverless functions likely to be invoked, to avoid cold start occurrences. ASIP was tested against a realistic workload generated by test participants. Evaluation of ASIP was performed through analysing the reduction in time delay achieved and comparing this against existing cold start mitigation strategies. The results indicate that predicting serverless function invocations based on real-time traffic analysis is a viable approach, as a tangible reduction in response time was achieved. Conclusively, the cold start mitigation strategy assessed and presented in this study may not provide a sufficiently significant mitigation effect relative to the required implementation effort and operational expenses. However, the study has generated valuable insights regarding circumstantial factors concerning cold start mitigation. Consequently, this study provides a proof of concept for a more sophisticated version of the mitigation strategy developed in this study, with greater potential to provide a significant delay reduction without requiring substantial computational resources.

La pile à combustible est un générateur électrique en voie d'atteindre une maturité technologique et commerciale. Pour que ce moyen de production d'énergie puisse concurrencer des systèmes similaires, tels que les batteries et les groupes électrogènes, des obstacles restent néanmoins à franchir. L'un d'entre eux est la capacité de la pile à démarrer et fonctionner à température ambiante négative. Afin d'étudier le comportement à froid d'un système de type PEMFC, nous proposons la définition de plusieurs critères de performances exergétiques adaptés au fonctionnement de chaque module du système. Les modules sont ensuite caractérisés à température ambiante négative à l'aide de bancs d'essais dédiés. A partir des résultats expérimentaux obtenus, différents modèles empiriques ou semi-analytiques sont alors présentés pour la batterie, le compresseur et l'humidificateur. D'autre part, un modèle analytique thermique à l'échelle des stacks est réalisé. Il permet notamment de reproduire l'élévation en température de la pile au cours d'un démarrage à froid. Enfin, à l'issue de l'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des modèles, des recommandations destinées à favoriser le démarrage à froid du système sont fournies. En suivant ces recommandations, il est ainsi possible de démarrer le système pile de manière fiable à une température ambiante de -10 °C. / Fuel cells are electric generators on the way to achieve technological and commercial maturity. Nevertheless, to compete with similar energy generating systems such as batteries and engines generators, fuel cells must overcome several obstacles. Among them, the ability to start at negative ambient temperatures is decisive. In order to study the behaviour of a PEMFC system in cold weather, we propose different exergetic criteria adapted to the working conditions of each module. Thanks to dedicated test benches, the modules are then characterized at negative ambient temperature. From experimental results, empirical or semi-analytical models are introduced for the battery, the compressor and the humidifier. On the other hand, a thermal analytical model at the stacks scale is developed. It enables to reproduce the fuel cell temperature rise during a cold start up. Eventually, at the end of the analysis of experimental results and models, recommendations are given to favour the cold start of the system. By following these recommendations, the fuel cell cold start at -10 °C is ensured.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El objetivo principal de esta tesis es establecer una metodología para predecir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de un motor de encendido por compresión en condiciones transitorias. Además, su objetivo es explorar cómo las diferentes configuraciones del motor y los factores ambientales impactan el comportamiento del motor utilizando un enfoque de modelado 0D/1D. Además, el estudio pretende extender esta metodología a los motores duales, analizando específicamente las características de combustión de metano-diésel e hidrógeno-diésel. Para lograrlo, la herramienta de modelado 0D/1D se ajustó y validó meticulosamente utilizando un motor diésel de cuatro cilindros. Esta alineación entre la simulación y datos experimentales se centró especialmente en factores cruciales como la presión, la liberación de calor, las temperaturas en los fluidos del motor y el par. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo del Balance Energético Global (GEB) utilizando VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). Este análisis proporcionó información detallada sobre el consumo del motor y su reacción en diversas condiciones de funcionamiento, particularmente durante el Ciclo de ensayo mundial armonizado de vehículos ligeros (WLTC). La comparación de términos energéticos entre diferentes condiciones ambientales y de motor destacó aspectos como la fricción, la transferencia de calor y la acumulación de calor. Además, el análisis GEB permitió explorar cómo se distribuía la energía con diferentes temperaturas y altitudes ambientes. El estudio también evaluó las emisiones de NOx, revelando patrones influenciados por factores como las tasas de recirculación de gases de escape (EGR) y la temperatura de admisión. En el ámbito de los motores de combustible dual, se elaboró y validó un modelo de combustión utilizando la herramienta de simulación 0D/1D. La atención inicial se centró en la combustión de metano-Diesel, validada con datos experimentales. Posteriormente, el alcance de este modelo se amplió para simular la combustión de hidrógeno-Diesel. Esta tesis ha introducido con éxito una metodología que utiliza VEMOD para predecir el consumo y las emisiones del motor en distintos escenarios. El análisis exhaustivo arrojó luz sobre cómo funcionan los mecanismos de distribución de energía y cómo diferentes factores influyen en el comportamiento del motor. La aplicación de esta metodología a motores de encendido por compresión ha demostrado su versatilidad y capacidad de predicción, lo que la convierte en una herramienta valiosa para investigar escenarios futuros, también con combustiones duales. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és establir una metodologia per predir el consum de combustible i les emissions d'un motor d'encesa per compressió en condicions transitòries. A més, pretén explorar com diferents configuracions de motors i factors ambientals afecten el comportament del motor mitjançant un enfocament de modelització 0D/1D. A més, l'estudi s'esforça a estendre aquesta metodologia als motors de doble combustible (duals), analitzant específicament les característiques de combustió de metà-dièsel i hidrogendièsel. Per aconseguir-ho, l'eina de modelització 0D/1D es va ajustar minuciosament i es va validar mitjançant un motor dièsel de quatre cilindres. Aquesta alineació entre dades de simulació i món real es va centrar especialment en factors crucials com la pressió, l'alliberament de calor, les temperatures dels fluids del motor i el parell. Es va realitzar una anàlisi completa del Balanç Global d'Energia (GEB) mitjançant VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). Aquesta anàlisi va proporcionar una visió profunda sobre el consum del motor i la seua reacció en diverses condicions de funcionament, especialment durant el Cicle mundial d'assaig de vehicles lleugers harmonitzats (WLTC). La comparació de termes energètics entre diferents condicions ambientals i del motor van posar de manifest aspectes com la fricció, la transferència de calor i l'acumulació de calor. A més, l'anàlisi GEB va explorar com es va distribuir l'energia amb diferents temperatures i altituds ambientals. L'estudi també va valorar les emissions de NOx, revelant patrons influenciats per factors com la recirculació de gasos d'escapament (EGR) i la temperatura d'admissió. En l'àmbit dels motors duals, es va elaborar i validar un model de combustió mitjançant l'eina de simulació 0D/1D. El focus inicial es va centrar en la combustió metà-Diesel, validada amb dades experimentals. Posteriorment, l'abast d'aquest model es va ampliar per simular la combustió hidrogen-Diesel. Aquesta tesi ha introduït amb èxit una metodologia que utilitza VEMOD per predir el consum i les emissions del motor en diferents escenaris. L'anàlisi completa va donar llum a com funcionen els mecanismes de distribució d'energia i com diferents factors influeixen en el comportament del motor. L'aplicació d'aquesta metodologia als motors d'encesa per compressió va demostrar la seva versatilitat i capacitats de predicció, convertint-la en una valuosa eina per investigar els futurs escenaris, fins i tot amb combustions duals. / [EN] The main aim of this thesis is to establish a methodology for predicting fuel consumption and emissions of a compression ignition engine in transient conditions. Additionally, it aims to explore how different engine setups and environmental factors impact the engine's performance using a 0D/1D modelling approach. Moreover, the study strives to extend this methodology to dual fuel engines, specifically analysing methane-Diesel and hydrogen- Diesel combustion characteristics. The 0D/1D modelling tool was meticulously fine-tuned and validated using a four-cylinder Diesel engine to achieve this. This alignment between simulation and experimental data focused on crucial factors such as pressure, heat release, engine fluid temperatures and torque. A comprehensive Global Energy Balance (GEB) analysis was conducted using VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). This analysis provided insights into the engine consumption and performance under diverse operating conditions, particularly during the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The comparison of energy terms across different engine and boundary conditions highlighted aspects such as friction, heat rejection, and heat accumulation. Additionally, the GEB analysis allowed exploration of how energy was split across varying ambient temperatures and altitudes. The study also assessed NOx emissions, revealing patterns influenced by factors such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rates and intake temperature. A combustion model was developed and validated using the 0D/1D simulation tool in the scope of dual fuel engines. The initial focus was on methane-Diesel combustion, validated against experimental data. Subsequently, this model scope was expanded to simulate hydrogen-Diesel combustion. This thesis has successfully introduced a methodology based on VEMOD to predict engine consumption and emissions across varying scenarios. The comprehensive analysis illuminated how energy distribution mechanisms operate and how factors influence engine performances. The application of this methodology to compression ignition engines demonstrated its versatility and prediction capabilities, making it a valuable tool for investigating future combustion scenarios, including dual fuel operation. / This research has been partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 723976 (“DiePeR”) and by the Spanish government under the grant agreement TRA2017-89894-R (”MECOEM”) and I was supported by FPI grant with reference PRE2018-084411. / Artham, S. (2023). Contribution to the simulation of new standard testing cycles by means of a 0D/1D tool [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201238 / Compendio