This thesis examines the strategic drivers and processes governing the development of products and/or technologies by multiple economic entities. The thesis adopts an operational approach in addressing the question and examines the how of joint product development. For this purpose, the different mechanisms that enable joint product development licensing, outsourced development, and codevelopment are considered, and the focus is restricted to the analysis and characterization of the optimal management of joint product development mechanisms. Regarding the mechanism of licensing, the thesis examines both its dynamic inter-temporal implications (i.e., how licenses should be structured given that licensing will also occur in the future) as well as the role of the technology in question (i.e., how are licenses affected by the type of technology being licensed). Along the first dimension, the thesis finds that license fees (and the negotiation with potential licensees) may be structured so as to induce a controlled diffusion depending on the technology roadmap the provider firm has laid out for the future. On the second dimension, the study finds that when the technological solution being licensed requires minimal integration from the licensees side, it may be beneficial to restrict attention to a few potential licensees instead of licensing to the entire market. On the codevelopment side, the thesis presents an original case study that uncovers some of the salient features present in many joint development efforts. Subsequently, a mathematical model is proposed that captures the key dimensions of the phenomenon that were identified through the case study. Analysis of the normative model reveals the key role of market and development uncertainty in structuring the formal contractual agreements and sharing the value created through the codevelopment effort.

Abstract Currently there is not much study references related to product collaboration development model. In general only a concept of ideas or case study, but to be specific on detail steps of operating efficiency with best practice configuration, workplace, and management which is lack. So building a proper collaborative product development strategy reduces man-made mistakes and avoids process lateness will be a useful solution. Therefore, this research is focus on OEM business model of automobile press die industry in Taiwan. To investigate the new product development phase of the business models, including Proposal, Planning, R&D Design, Laboratory Pilot Run, Engineering Pilot Run, Production Pilot Run, Mass Productions. Also explore collaboration design process and simulations of the enterprise headquarter, customers and supplier. At the end, the research is use the ARIS modeling tool to establish OEM reference model of automobile press die, to bring a useful practical experiences as reference.

In order for companies to stay competitive on their market today, they need to have a rigid innovation strategy including product development. Customers demands more of their suppliers when it comes to product development, which means that the supplier needs to start focusing on collaborative product development with their customers. Collaborative product development is defined as: "An activity where the supplier and customer works jointly together, sharing their resources and expertise, to improve an existing or develop a new product." in this thesis. To successfully participate in the customers' product development, the supplier needs to have a business model as a guideline throughout the project. This business model needs to focus on the area that builds up trust with the customers since that is the single most important factor in order to succeed. This thesis aims to develop such a model and therefore it focuses on three research questions; How do a supplier develop trust in a collaborative product development project? What specific knowledge and expertise is necessary for a supplier to have in order to succeed with a collaborative product development project? What do a customer demand from a collaborative product development project? The thesis focuses on similarities between the interviewed companies on how they carry out their collaborative product development. This empirical data is also analyzed with the help of the theory using a triangulation method. The result from this analysis and the data gathering is a formulation of a business model, which follows a chronological order on how to proceed in a collaborative project. Following these steps and using the model, can build up a trustworthy relationship that will last throughout projects to come.

As product complexity increases and markets become more global, companies tend to collaborate with customers, suppliers and partners in business process activities previously carried out within a single firm. This is observed notably also in product development. Product development is an information and communication intense activity, and collaborative product development requires efficient communication between the participating firms, both during an ongoing project and afterwards when the product is in service. When more than one firm is involved, questions linked to business aspects regarding what information to share and how to communicate the information between the firms become important. With changing partners and competing supply chains this is a delicate management issue. The objective of this dissertation is to assess characteristics of communication in collaborative product development, in order to identify requirements for supporting IT tools. Empirically, the research was conducted in two parts. Part I was conducted in the aircraft industry, where a systems integrator firm’s relationship to its major suppliers was investigated. In Part II, collaborative product development between a buyer and several suppliers organized in networks was investigated. These studies were complemented with studies of IS/IT development and implementation projects. Theoretically, it is based on the literature on product development, supply chain management, and IT support for business relationships. Concerning the buyer-supplier dyad it was found that there was not one collaborative product development process in common between the firms, but rather coordination between the firms’ processes. Concerning the relationship between buyer and supplier network, it was found that one of the suppliers represents the network in a dyadic buyer-supplier relationship. Within the supplier network, the firms conducted interorganizational integrated product development, which means that the functions were represented by several firms. This implied that management practices must respect the special characteristic of small and medium-sized firms in collaboration. The investigation of information and communication in collaborative product development in dyads and networks led to a list of requirements on IOIS. The findings were concluded in a matrix that presents characteristics of product development in general, product development in dyads, and product development in supplier networks, and a mapping of the requirements on IOIS. Since the business relationship is the major difference between product development in-house and collaborative product development, it was considered appropriate to take a supply chain view on the requirements for an IOIS. It was found that support is needed both for the procurement and the product development process. Moreover, it was found that project management support can significantly improve the efficiency of the development process. Improvements of the effectiveness regard support for the product life cycle, and for the long-term relationship between the parties. It was concluded that an IOIS for collaborative product development should be based on standard technology and support standard formats, in order to make it possible for a firm to simultaneously manage its own systems and proprietary information, and exchange information with partners when needed. / LARP - Lean Aircraft Research Program / NISAM - Ny industriell samverkan

<p>The increasing complexity of products and systems today has forced new processes, methods, and tools for managing the development of products. It has also forced the development of complex organisations and diverse relationships among functions and peoples within product development organisations. This implies a need for integrated processes. There is a need to study collaborative product development (CPD) from a holistic perspective, where internal as well as external collaboration are studied as integrated parts of CPD settings.</p><p>Thus, the main purpose of the research project is to facilitate the efficient execution of collaborative product development projects in the manufacturing industry. Further, the objective is to provide a supporting model for analysing and setting up projects in CPD settings. This will enable successful product development in terms of lowering costs, increasing the perceived quality of the product, and improving the timing to market. The focus is on the CPD projects, linking internal and external collaboration.</p><p>A systems approach is applied to the research project to obtain the holistic view needed for addressing the CPD setting. Within the research project, case study research is used as the primary method when gathering empirics. The results from four case studies are tested and analysed in a concluding survey.</p><p>The results show that shared visions and goals, the decision-making process, tools and methods, requirement management, and involvement are the most important factors for efficient CPD projects. If the collaborative complexity is high, the first four factors are especially important. The results are presented in a model to be used as a support when setting-up and managing CPD projects. The model is applied together with a process for managing CPD projects.</p>

The increasing complexity of products and systems today has forced new processes, methods, and tools for managing the development of products. It has also forced the development of complex organisations and diverse relationships among functions and peoples within product development organisations. This implies a need for integrated processes. There is a need to study collaborative product development (CPD) from a holistic perspective, where internal as well as external collaboration are studied as integrated parts of CPD settings. Thus, the main purpose of the research project is to facilitate the efficient execution of collaborative product development projects in the manufacturing industry. Further, the objective is to provide a supporting model for analysing and setting up projects in CPD settings. This will enable successful product development in terms of lowering costs, increasing the perceived quality of the product, and improving the timing to market. The focus is on the CPD projects, linking internal and external collaboration. A systems approach is applied to the research project to obtain the holistic view needed for addressing the CPD setting. Within the research project, case study research is used as the primary method when gathering empirics. The results from four case studies are tested and analysed in a concluding survey. The results show that shared visions and goals, the decision-making process, tools and methods, requirement management, and involvement are the most important factors for efficient CPD projects. If the collaborative complexity is high, the first four factors are especially important. The results are presented in a model to be used as a support when setting-up and managing CPD projects. The model is applied together with a process for managing CPD projects.

Abstract At present, collaborative strategies are an important part of developing the capabilities to be able to compete in the 21st Century since knowledge or innovations cannot develop entirely within a single firm. Collaboration provides invaluable resources that a firm cannot create through knowledge transfer mechanisms. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to enhance understanding of knowledge transfer in requirements engineering in the context of collaborative product development. The research is qualitative by nature and utilises the case study methodology. Data collection was conducted through interviews and surveys with informants in high-tech enterprises. The results indicate that collaboration in product development is very important and acts as a means of obtaining external resources, especially knowledge. However, collaboration is not an easy practice; it involves many challenges. In order to improve the practice of collaboration, it is necessary to manage and leverage the transfer of knowledge. According to the results, in order to increase the effectiveness of knowledge transfer over enterprise interfaces, each knowledge type needs to be transferred through the suitable transfer channel at the right time. The results also indicate that the individual relationships among buyers and suppliers are an essential element for long-term collaboration and common platforms or tools need to be developed to support collaborative product development over enterprise interfaces. / Tiivistelmä Kiristyvän kilpailun tilanteessa yritykset etsivät keinoja tehostaakseen toimintaansa. Yksi keino tähän on yhteistyökumppanina toimivien yritysten hyödyntäminen tuotekehityksessä. Yhteistyökumppanien hyödyntämisellä yritykset pyrkivät muun muassa tukemaan innovatiivisuutta ja täydentämään tuotekehityksessä tarvittavia kyvykkyyksiä. Tähän pyritään hankkimalla lisää resursseja, erityisesti tietämystä ja osaamista, jota yrityksellä ei itsellään ole tai joka on ulkoistettu aiemmin. Tässä väitöskirjassa perehdytään yritysyhteistyötä hyödyntävään tuotekehitystoimintaan ja tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä osaamisen siirrosta erityisesti vaatimusten hallinnan prosessissa. Tämä väitöskirjatyö on laadullinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto on hankittu haastatteluilla ja kyselyillä korkeanteknologian yrityksistä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan yritysten välinen yhteistyö tuotekehityksessä on merkittävässä roolissa moderneissa yrityksissä. Tällöin voidaan puhua ulkopuolisten resurssien, erityisesti ulkoisen osaamisen hyödyntämisestä tuotekehityksessä. Tulosten mukaan on kuitenkin huomioitava, että yritysyhteistyö on varsin monimutkaista ja haastavaa toteuttaa. Yritysten tulee paremmin johtaa osaamisen siirtoa yhteistyökumppaneiden välillä ja panostaa osaamisen siirtoon liittyviin toimintatapoihin ja työkaluihin. Yritysten välisen osaamisen siirron tehokkuuden lisäämiseksi tulee huomioida, että erityyppinen osaaminen tulee siirtää sille ominaisen kanavan kautta juuri oikeaan aikaan. Tulosten mukaan yrityksissä toimivien henkilöiden väliset suhteet ovat keskeisessä roolissa pitkän aikavälin yritysyhteistyölle. Tukeakseen paremmin yritysyhteistyötä tuotekehityksessä yritysten tulisi kehittää yhteisiä alustoja tai työkaluja osaamisen siirtoon.

The automotive industry is in the midst of historic change: changing consumer preferences, new technologies and tougher sustainability requirements. Car manufacturers are forced to transform their businesses fundamentally while striking a balance between current needs and future opportunities. In recent years, collaborative product development has become an important business strategy as a means to respond to the changing market conditions. Despite many benefits, however, collaborations with suppliers place substantial pressure on the focal firm as joint efforts must be managed and coordinated carefully. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of outsourcing coordination of supplier involvement in collaborative product development projects. The purpose was operationalized by a research question seeking to identify characteristic risk factors in the aforementioned outsourcing context. Thus, the thesis was built upon a theoretical foundation of the interface between collaborative product development, outsourcing and risk management theories. In the methodology, a multi-step research design was taken that included reviewing documents, observing participants as well as conducting interviews and workshops. The analysis yielded a comprehensive overview of relevant risk factors in outsourcing coordination of supplier involvement in collaborative product development projects. The outsourcing practice has proven to be inherently risky as a total of 10 different risk factors were identified and their characteristics assessed. The research has shown that both effective risk management strategies and adjustment to corporate regulations and policies are required if the outsourcing practice is to be implemented within the contextual setting studied in the thesis. The research findings have further contributed to the existing body of literature on relevant outsourcing risk factors. / Bilindustrin är mitt i en historisk förändring: förändrade kundpreferenser, nya teknologier och hårdare krav på hållbarhet. Biltillverkare är tvingade till fundamentala förändringar av deras företag samtidigt som de måste hålla en balans mellan nuvarande behov och framtida möjligheter. Under senare år har kollaborativ produktutveckling blivit en viktig affärsstrategi för att svara på föränderliga marknadsförhållanden. Trots många fördelar skapar kollaborationer med leverantörer betydande tryck på fokalföretaget där alla förenade insatser måste ledas och koordineras försiktigt. Syftet med avhandlingen var att utforska möjligheten att outsourca koordinering av leverantörsinblandning i kollaborativa produktutvecklingsprojekt. Syftet blev operationaliserat av en forskningsfråga som sökte att identifiera karaktäristiska riskfaktorer i den tidigare nämnda outsourcing kontexten. Således var avhandlingen byggd på en teoretisk grund av gränssnittet mellan kollaborativ produktutveckling, outsourcing och riskhanteringsteorier. I metoden togs en flerstegad forskningsdesign som inkluderade att granska dokument, observera deltagare samt utföra intervjuer och workshops. Analysen gav en omfattande översikt av relevanta riskfaktorer i outsourcing av koordinering av leverantörsinblandning i kollaborativa produktutvecklingsprojekt. Bruket av outsourcing har bevisats att innebära risker, totalt 10 olika riskfaktorer blev identifierade och deras karaktäristik bedömdes. Forskningen har visat att både effektiva riskhanteringsstrategier och justering av företagsbestämmelser behövs om bruket av outsourcing ska kunna implementeras inom den kontext som studerades inom avhandlingen. Fynden i forskningen har bidragit till den existerande litteraturen om riskfaktorer i outsourcing

In the highly competitive transportation industry, one way to gain a competitive advantage is to ensure the customer needs are satisfied and tailored according to each customer’s need. Scania’s one of the core values is customers first and believes that the organization is successful only when its customers are successful. In order to achieve their goals, modularization is the key to tailoring the needs of each customer. Considering this factor, an ‘n’ number of variants are required in each module of the trucks and buses offered to the customer. This thesis focuses onthe high voltage cables i.e. VCB cables in Scania’s terms, the cable harnesses are considered as the human nerves and blood vessels for automobiles. Scania is set to produce the VCB cables in-house instead of buying them from the suppliers which is the current method. The thesis focuses on the challenges in change management for new components in-house manufacturing by design-manufacturing integration as a solution. A case study is conducted for the products of electric trucks and buses to understand the design manufacturing integrations. The thesis aims to identify gaps and find where the highest risk exists for deviations in today’s process in terms of design demands, product specification, and product preparation in the production of VCB cables. The case study is conducted, including a literature review and semi-structured qualitative interviews to understand the workflow of how the information is transferred between many cross-functional groups with different business areas such as research &amp; development (R&amp;D) and production. The thesis aims to understand what challenges Scania’s METP (Engineering and process, Battery &amp; VCB production) production group faces while going through a change of organizational structure and interpreting the information via engineering drawings between different stakeholders/groups. A conceptual framework is presented by emphasizing the communication between the R&amp;D groups and the production group by benchmarking the DMI practices for collaborative product development. Furthermore, suggestions for effective drawing methods and increasing the group dynamics between R&amp;D and production are discussed in the thesis. It is hoped that the thesis provides a guide to initiate the stated tasks in results to ensure a smooth production start-up. / I den mycket konkurrensutsatta transportbranschen är ett sätt att få en konkurrensfördel att säkerställa kundens behov genom att skräddarsy produkten efter varje kunds behov. En av Scanias kärnvärdena är “kunderna först” vilket Scania anser vara ett viktigt måtto, speciellt eftersom Scanias framgång bygger på kundens framgång. För att nå sina mål är modularisering nyckeln till framgång. För att lyckas med detta krävs ett "n" antal varianter i varje modul av de produkkter som erbjuds kunden. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på högspänningskablarna. Scania utforskar möjligheten att producera högspänningskablarna i egen regi istället för att köpa dem från leverantörerna, vilket är den nuvarande metoden. Avhandlingen fokuserar på utmaningarna inom förändringsarbetet som krävs för att impementera denna typ av förändring. En fallstudie genomfördes på elektriska lastbilar och bussar för att förstå integrationen av design och tillverkning på detaljerad nivå som tidgare inte hade behövts eftersom externa leverantör tog hand om detaljerna. Avhandlingen syftar till att identifiera luckor och hitta var den största risken finns för avvikelser i dagens process vad gäller designkrav, produktspecifikationer och produktförberedelser vid tillverkning av högspänningskablage. Fallstudien genomfördes, inklusive en litteraturgenomgång och semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer för att förstå arbetsflödet för hur informationen överförs mellan tvärfunktionella grupper. Dessa grupper har olika affärsområden såsom forskning &amp; utveckling (FoU) och produktion. Avhandlingen syftar till att förstå vilka utmaningar Scanias production team (Engineering and process, Battery &amp; VCB production) produktionsgrupp står inför samtidigt som de går igenom en förändring av organisationsstrukturen och tolkar informationen via tekniska ritningar mellan olika intressenter/grupper. Ett konceptuellt ramverk presenteras genom att betona kommunikationen mellan FoU-grupperna och produktionsgruppen genom att jämföra DMI:s praxis för samverkande produktutveckling. Vidare diskuteras förslag på effektiva metoder för teknisk ritning samt att öka gruppdynamiken mellan FoU och produktion. Förhoppningen är att avhandlingen ger en vägledning för att initiera de angivna målen för att säkerställa en smidig produktionsstart.

由微笑曲線理論(施振榮1992年提出)知道企業應該朝高附加價值領域發展，而其中上游智財權(Intelligent Property)、知識經濟(Knowledge Economics)是我國OEM、ODM製造業將生產基地移到大陸後，為避免國內產業空洞化，必須在國內深耕的核心競爭力領域。要強化智財權、知識經濟則必須強化產品研發與創新能力，而產品研發與創新能力的提升必須藉助良好的「協同產品研發生命週期管理解決方案」(Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution) ；但是此解決方案尚在發展初期，不論企業或是個人對於它皆了解不夠，也不知如何利用此解決方案來提升產品研發能力。 因此本研究透過文獻的收集與探討，整理出PLM(Product Lifecycle Management)解決方案的定義、演進，並對PLM解決方案的架構進行探討，再針對市場上PLM解決方案系統廠商所提供的PLM系統產品進行說明，讓有意導入PLM解決方案的公司企業可以參考。另外由於知識管理可以讓PLM系統所收集的產品資料與產品研發經驗與知識得以分享、流通與再創造與加值，因此對於知識管理(Knowledge Management)與PLM的關係進行探討。2003年歐盟立法通過兩大環保法規—WEEE(Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment)及RoHS(Restriction of Hazardous Substances)，要求製造廠商從設計開始即需考慮整個產品生命週期的環境保護觀念，此法規讓產品生命週期觀念有了具體的落實實施，因此本研究亦對綠色環保法規與PLM解決方案的關係進行探討與說明。 本研究為協助企業在導入PLM解決方案前，能夠深入了解PLM解決方案，因此以個案研究方式深入分析個案公司在協同研發產品生命週期中所面臨的問題，並針對這些問題提出PLM系統解決方案的建構策略，也提出PLM系統整合應用架構做為PLM企業策略方法施行的基礎；此PLM系統整合應用架構的特色包括以產品為核心，重視人員、流程及產品資訊；涵蓋從產品觀念的構思開始一直到產品生命結束為止的全生命期間的管理與支援；支援涵蓋跨部門、客戶、設計夥伴與供應夥伴等跨企業間的協同合作。並說明此整合應用架構在協同產品研發生命週期管理中的運作情境，最後再對導入PLM系統解決方案提出規劃重點與想法。 本研究在研究過程中有底下幾點重要發現，特別整理如下： 一、 因為綠色環保法規的規定而使得產品生命週期觀念能落實執行。 二、 PLM是一種企業策略方法，要成功導入必須從人員、流程、資訊科技三方面同時規劃。 三、 由於PLM系統架構的定義不同，且PLM系統廠商所提供的PLM系統解決方案亦有不同功能，企業必須根據自己的需求選擇適當的解決方案。 四、 PLM理念一直不斷變化與延伸，PLM系統已成為製造業不可或缺的系統。 對於後續研究者，本研究建議的未來研究方向如下： 一、 建議對於導入PLM要如何進行變革管理進行研究。 二、 建議對於如何利用知識管理來協助研發創新進行研究。 三、 建議對於PLM解決方案所帶來的協同產品研發績效的影響進行研究。 / Referring to the Smiling Curve Theory (Shih Chen-Rong, 1992), it is realized that enterprise should gradually lead the “High Value-Added” concept to its management system. Since recent years, Taiwan local OEM and ODM factories widely moved their production base to Mainland China, and so in order to avoid domestic industries being emptied, “Intelligent Property” and “Knowledge Economics” must be cultivated deep into our country. On the other hand, prior to strengthen Intelligent Property and Knowledge Economics, the premise is to strengthen the competency of Product Development and Product Innovation. In addition, to enhance the competency of Product Development and Product Innovation must follow by good “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution”. However, the solution is still at initiation phase, therefore so far as now, either the enterprises or the individuals are not acquainted with it, and also do not know well how to utilize the solution to reinforce the Product Development competency. By means of the concept mentioned above, literatures are collected and investigated by this study to work up the definition and evolution of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) Solution. In advance, the framework of PLM solution is discussed; and the PLM system, provided by supplier, is introduced by this research as well, in order to allow businessmen, who would like to lead PLM Solution into their organizations, to adopt them as a reference for developing their enterprises. Moreover, considering of that Knowledge Management enables the experience and knowledge of Product Development and Product Information, collected by PLM system, to be shared, circulated, recreated and value-added, the relation between Knowledge Management and PLM system is examined in this study. Also, the relation between the legislated rules of Green Environmental Protection and PLM Solution is researched and reported in response to the two regulations of WEEE (Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances), which were legislated by European Union (EU) in 2003. In accordance with the two statutes, manufacturers are requested to think of the concept of environmental protection for the entire Product Lifecycle, starting from product design begins. For the sake of assisting enterprises in understanding deeply about the PLM Solution, before introducing it into their organization, “case study” access is therefore adopted by the study to analyze in deep the problems on “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution”, which might be incurred in each individual case. In line with the problems, a constructional strategy for PLM system as well as a framework of the application and integration of PLM system are proposed as a base of executing business strategic approach. Characteristics of the framework of the application and integration of PLM system include “strategic core by product”; “to value personnel, operation flow and product information”; “to manage and support the entire lifecycle from product concept to product lifespan being ended”; “the support covers collaboration between the divisions, customers, designing coworkers, suppliers. In addition, the running situation of this framework, which runs under the “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution” is presented in the study. In the final part of the research, the key-points and strategies are presented for the proposal of introducing PLM systemic solution. During the researching process, some important conceptions are discovered, and are summarized as follow: 1. Owing to the rules of Green Environmental Protection is legislated, it therefore enables the concept of product lifecycle be executed accurately. 2. PLM is a business strategic approach, so to introduce into enterprise successfully must through a proposal with the factors of personnel, operation flow and information technology simultaneously. 3. Since PLM system has varied system as well as different solution function from different suppliers, enterprises should choose a proper PLM systemic solution based on actual needs. 4. PLM concept varies and extends consecutively, so today PLM has become to the only system for option. Hereunder suggestions from researcher to the latter in future as the researching direction reference. 1. Suggest proceeding study with how to run Reformation Management after the adoption of PLM system. 2. Suggest proceeding study with how to utilize Knowledge Management for assisting in developing innovation. 3. Suggest proceeding study with the subject of “Influence on the results of collaborative product development by PLM systemic solution”.