No cenário da pesca artesanal nacional, a garantia de acesso aos territórios pesqueiros e a construção de cadeias produtivas que valorizem ao mesmo tempo o pescado e o pescador são condições que podem ser atingidas através da organização cooperativa da produção e das comunidades. O presente trabalho se pautou nas abordagens teórico-metodológicas da ação coletiva e da gestão compartilhada dos recursos de uso comum para analisar a trajetória de duas cooperativas em comunidades tradicionais pesqueiras no Brasil: a Cooperativa dos Pescadores Artesanais de Carutapera, no litoral das reentrâncias no Maranhão, e a Cooperativa dos Produtores de Ostra de Cananéia, no litoral sul de São Paulo. Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento de dados secundários, observação direta dos fatos e fenômenos, contato com atores chave para fornecer dados e análise contextual dos estudos de caso. Os territórios onde se encontram cada uma das cooperativas foram descritos de acordo com os aspectos demográficos, sociais, econômicos e ambientais, servindo como ponto de partida para a compreensão do estado atual das áreas de estudo. As trajetórias das ações coletivas que levaram à criação das cooperativas foram sistematizadas em uma perspectiva histórica, separadas por fases e elencados os principais acontecimentos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do cooperativismo local. A análise desses dados permitiu inferir quais foram as dinâmicas chave na promoção da ação conjunta e coordenada entre os indivíduos. As cadeias produtivas locais foram descritas e as relações sociais de produção que regem os aspectos de mercado nessas cooperativas foram identificadas, assim como as bases de conhecimento tradicionais e ecológicos em que ocorre a produção nos sistemas pesqueiros. Por fim, descreveram-se as áreas de uso comum utilizadas pela pesca e maricultura artesanal e o funcionamento dos regimes de propriedade empregados na gestão desses territórios. A realização dessa pesquisa possibilitou a contraposição entre os dados de ambos estudos de casos em uma perspectiva de identificação de padrões semelhantes e divergentes entre as cooperativas estudadas. As principais contribuições foram no sentido de que é preciso atentar-se ao contexto que impulsiona o empreendimento das ações coletivas que almejam melhores condições de vida para as comunidades, buscando identificar as lideranças em potencial, os motivos que fazem com que as pessoas cooperem entre si e os mecanismos que mantêm a confiança entre os indivíduos, que por sua vez leva à retroalimentação desse ciclo solidário tecido nos atributos socioecológicos e em valores como a reciprocidade. / In the context of the Brazilian artisanal fishery, the assurance of access to fishing territories and the development of value chains that consider both fish and fisherman are conditions that can be achieved through cooperative organization of production and communities. This work is based on the theoretical-methodological approaches of the collective actions and the shared management of common-use resources, especially marine resources. That background was used to analyze the historical trajectory of two cooperatives in traditional fishing communities in Brazil: the Cooperative of Artisanal Fishermen of Carutapera, in the indentation of the coastline in Maranhão State, and the Cooperative of Oyster Producers of Cananeia, in the South coastline of São Paulo State. The following methodological proceedings were carried: literature review, secondary data collection, direct observation of facts and phenomena, contact with stakeholders for the provision of data and analysis of the study cases context. The territories where each cooperative are located were described according to demographical, social, economical and environmental aspects, as a starter for the understanding of the current state of the study areas. The trajectory of the collective action that had led to the creation of the cooperatives were organized in a historical perspective, separated by phases, and it was listed/organized according by the main events that had contributed to the development of local cooperatives. The analysis of the data allowed the inference of what were the facts and key phenomena in promoting of the joint and coordinated action among individuals. The local value chain was described, and the social relations of production that deal with the market aspects in these cooperatives, were also identified as well as the traditional and ecological knowledge in what had occurred the production in the fishery systems. Finally, it was described the common areas used for fishing and artisanal mariculture, and how the property regimes employed works in the management of these territories. The realization of this research allowed the opposition between the data from both case studies in an identification prospect of similar and divergent patterns between the studied cooperatives. The main contributions were to the effect that it is necessary to pay attention to the context that drives the development of collective actions. When aimed to better living conditions for the communities, it needs to identify potential leaders, the reasons that make people cooperate with each other and the mechanisms that maintain trust between individuals, which in turn leads to feedback that solidarity cycle fabric on values such as reciprocity.

The aim of the study is to investigate how Facebook is used to facilitate and inspire collective action. This will be done through a case study of the Swedish network of volunteers and professionals #vistårinteut [We Will Not Stand It] (VSIU). Further the aim is to examine what it is that makes people convert their concerns on social change into collective action by mobilisation in the network. Because they are part of the same network, the participants are assumed to have aspects as identity, motive, and purpose in common and the perception of collective identity and interest will be part of the study. The method for data collection is internet-based using two steps; 1) web-based survey and; 2) focus groups investigated through Facebook. Furthermore a Coding Scheme will be used to analyse the results through the theoretic framework of Collective Action theory, and the four solution categories to the Collective Action problem; market category, community category, hierarchy category and contract category. Eleven solution groups are selected due to the potential of social media to influence the capacity of each solution.The most noticeable solution category in the results from VSIU is Community with strong indications of both common knowledge and common values, contributing to a steady community building and collective action online and in the streets. Facebook contributes to the common identity and community building by providing availability to information and support within the group. Another significant characteristics of Facebook as platform for collective action is the breakdown of geographical, political and social barriers.However Community solely is discovered to be insufficient to solve the collective action problem and demands for solutions from at least one other category.

More democratic planning processes are acknowledged to facilitate several positive outcomes including acceptance, support, better solutions and ownership, which are even more critical in developing countries where resource limitation is debilitating. But the paradox lies in needing to institute more democratic planning processes inside less democratic systems. In seeking explanations as to why collaboration in planning is lacking in urban Ethiopia, the research adopts a different analytical perspective that conceptualizes the state not only as a direct participant through its different agencies but also as the main architect of social structure. As the state in less democratic systems is stronger in shaping society, the contextualization of sense-making in the wider environment of the South requires focusing on the influence of government systems to discover associations and patterns that determine the structure of planning processes. Adopting flexible and pragmatic methodological procedures, methods and techniques that balance what is possible with epistemological interest, the research introduces a different lens to planning that links trust, collective action and cooperation with confidence in government by taking into consideration the embeddedness of actors within the framework of existing realities. Through the case of Amdework, the thesis presents implications on planning by the different attributes of the state and state-society relations. It shows how and to what extent partial and undemocratic government systems create power asymmetry, impede the development and the integrity of organized civil society, affect social capital such as trust, cooperative norms and the motivation to participate in collective action. These in turn penetrate planning processes by destroying the basic level of trust, balanced power of participants and democratic culture, and the we-intention for joint action. And through five more cases that focus on conceptions and cooperation at the micro-level (in the autonomous community of Awra Amba, the foreign NGO spearheaded joint action of the BuraNest initiative, and different projects in or related with Addis Ababa), it provides empirical evidence that planning, whether government entities are direct participants or not, also heed to pressures exerted by the overall of intuitional/political environment where the state rules rather than governs. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Architecture) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

abstract: Governance of complex social-ecological systems is partly characterized by processes of autonomous decision making and voluntary mutual adjustment by multiple authorities with overlapping jurisdictions. From a policy perspective, understanding these polycentric processes could provide valuable insight for solving environmental problems. Paradoxically, however, polycentric governance theory seems to proscribe conventional policy applications: the logic of polycentricity cautions against prescriptive, top-down interventions. Water resources governance, and large-scale water infrastructure systems in particular, offer a paradigm for interpretation of what Vincent Ostrom called the “counterintentional and counterintuitive patterns” of polycentricity. Nearly a century of philosophical inquiry and a generation of governance research into polycentricity, and the overarching institutional frameworks within which polycentric processes operate, provide context for this study. Based on a historically- and theoretically-grounded understanding of water systems as a polycentric paradigm, I argue for a realist approach to operationalizing principles of polycentricity for contribution to policy discourses. Specifically, this requires an actor-centered approach that mobilizes subjective experiences, knowledge, and narratives about contingent decision making. I use the case of large-scale water infrastructure in Arizona to explore a novel approach to measurement of polycentric decision making contexts. Through semi-structured interviews with water operators in the Arizona water system, this research explores how qualitative and quantitative comparisons can be made between polycentric governance constructs as they are understood by institutional scholars, experienced by actors in polycentric systems, and represented in public policy discourses. I introduce several measures of conditions of polycentricity at a subjective level, including the extents to which actors: experience variety in the work assigned to them; define strong operational priorities; perceive their priorities to be shared by others; identify discrete, critical decisions in the course of their work responsibilities; recall information and action dependencies in their decision making processes; relate communicating their decisions to other dependent decision makers; describe constraints in their process; and evaluate their own independence to make decisions. I use configurational analysis and narrative analysis to show how decision making and governance are understood by operators within the Arizona water system. These results contribute to practical approaches for diagnosis of polycentric systems and theory-building in self governance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental Social Science 2020

This dissertation aims to examine the relationship between interorganizational collaboration and the implementation of urban greening policy. Specifically, it discusses bonding and bridging relationships that explain a successful interorganizational collaboration, and to what extent these factors explain the perception of success in the implementation of public programs. The effects of risks of collaboration on the implementation of urban greening policy are also studied. To frame the analysis, this dissertation uses Feiock's institutional collective action (ICA) framework, which aims to understand successful interorganizational collaboration and policy implementation across sectors. The collection of data was carried out in Riyadh City in Saudi Arabia, which is located in the center of Saudi Arabia. In this study, the unit of analysis is the networks of relationships among organizations that work with the Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC). The data were obtained from 44 organizations collaborating to implement urban greening projects in Riyadh City and were collected over 17 days from June 15, 2019 to July 2, 2019. The sampling technique used in this study was snowball sampling. The main statistical methods employed for hypothesis examination were social network analysis (SNA) and ordinary least squares (OLS). The key empirical results indicated that there were 12 major organizations most central within the network (i.e., 11 public organizations, and 1 private organization). Also, the findings revealed that among the 12 organizations, the most central organization within the network was the Ministry of Environment, Water, & Agriculture. Further, the empirical findings indicated that bonding relationships among organizations increase the levels of perceived success in the collaboration to implement urban greening projects. The results indicated that network betweenness (bridging) has no statistically significant effect on the perceived success in interorganizational collaboration. The findings revealed that the three categories of collaboration risks, coordination problems, division problems, and defection problems have no statistically significant effects on perceived success in the collaboration to implement urban greening projects. Overall, the hypotheses were partially supported by the results of the analyses. This dissertation builds upon and expands the application of the ICA framework by using it in an international context. It can inform public managers in public organizations in addition to other organizations that work in a variety of areas regarding the implications of collaborative work. The results may encourage organizations to successfully collaborate with other organizations in adopting policies for climate change adaptation such as urban greening to mitigate the effects of future climatic events. Finally, this study indicates its limitations and future research directions.

In cities we generally distinguish between public and private space. This thesis tackles the distinction between public and private property and searches for the urban commons where property is determined by collective action and thus creates a greater spatial justice. A case study analyzes the Urban Garden Project “Trädgård på spåret” in Stockholm and shows how unconventional arrangements can generate a lively place in the urban fabric. The final discussion interprets the concept of urban commons and contemplates its classification within the planning discipline. / I städer skiljer vi generellt mellan offentligt och privat utrymme. Denna avhandlingförsöker att nyansera den enkla distinktionen mellan offentlig och privat mark ochgår på jakt efter de urbana allmänningar (urban commons) vilkas ägande bestämsav kollektivism och som skapar spatiell rättvisa (spatial justice). En fallstudieanalyserar Urban Garden-projektet «Trädgård på Spåret» i Stockholm och visarhur okonventionella arrangemang har gett upphov till en livlig plats, som går långtutöver trädgårdens traditionella gränser. I den avslutande diskussionen tolkar vibegreppet urbana allmänningar och betraktar dess placering i planeringsämnet. / In Städten unterscheiden wir generell zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Raum.Diese Thesis versucht die simple Unterscheidung zwischen öffentlichem undprivatem Grundeigentum aufzubrechen und begibt sich auf die Suche nach der‚urbanen Allmende’ (urban commons) in der Eigentum durch Kollektivismus bestimmtwird und somit räumliche Gerechtigkeit (spatial justice) schafft. Eine Fallstudieanalysiert das urbane Gartenprojekt „Trädgård på spåret“ in Stockholm und zeigtauf wie durch unkonventionelle Regelungen ein lebhafter Ort entstanden ist, dersich in die Stadt verwurzelt hat und weit über die Grenzen des Gärtners hinausgeht.In der abschließenden Diskussion wird der Begriff der urbanen Allmendeinterpretiert und dessen Einordnung in die Planungsdisziplin betrachtet. / Urban Form and Social Behavior

<div> <div> <div> <p>Water is a critical resource for life, and communities are dependent upon reliable access to clean </p> <p>water to maintain stable quality of life. Issues of water contamination threaten this stability, creating uncertainty, threatening public health, and necessitating community response. One emerging water contamination issue involves a family of industrial chemicals called Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). This study uses an integrated multi-theory approach to examine the processes of Resilience and Collective Action within a community experiencing issues of PFAS contamination. Results indicate that the community was generally successful in enacting resilience, however some challenges were encountered in the form of high levels of uncertainty, inaccessibility of technical information, challenges foregrounding productive action, and challenges maximizing transformative potential. Results also indicated the community was general successful with collective action in the immediate aftermath of the issue. The community struggled to maintain collective action over a long period and to transition to high level advocacy. Results demonstrated that existing theoretical frames are limited in their ability to predict effective resilience and collective action in events of long-term water contamination. These limitations are described in detail and the potential for expansion of these theories is discussed. Suggestions to improve future responses to issues of PFAS contamination, as well as suggestions for intervention into the community of focus are offered. </p> </div> </div> </div>

This thesis aims to outline the different dynamics of strike activity and thus understand the basic principles of industrial conflicts in France in the 90s of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. To study this problem we decided to use a dual approach. A quantitative one, which helped us to critically evaluate the statistical resources of the Ministry of Labour and to made first assumptions about decline of strike activity in France. We used as well qualitative approach in order to understand the use of strikes in various conflict situations. We tried, based on several practical examples of protests, to identify the factors and mechanisms explaining the constraints that may prevent representatives of trade unions use strikes as mobilization agents. Last but not least, our study is realized in the context of the ongoing debate in the French academic environment regarding the conversion of the repertoire of collective action. Unlike works that try to apprehend this transformation giving emphasis on the "new" forms of protest, our goal was to answer questions leading to an understanding of the conditions of continuation of the strike as a traditional way of collective struggle.

To what extent do participatory civil society dynamics, rooted in self-assertive social capital, help explain the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011? How do pro-democratic Arab attitudes matter in promoting elite-challenging collective actions? Does Islam support or hinder elite-challenging, self-assertive social capital? To answer these questions, this study systematically examines the variation in self-assertive (emancipative) social capital in Egypt and Jordan from a comparative perspective. By using emancipative social capital theory, this article embarks on an individual-level quantitative analysis derived from the World Values Survey database to explore the empirical nexus between pro-democratic attitudes, elite-challenging actions, and Islamic values in order to partly explain comparatively high-intensive and persistent uprisings in Egypt and relatively low-intensive and less persistent demonstrations in Jordan. The findings offer critical insights in understanding the social capital dimension of the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011 and contribute new clues about empirical interactions between Islamic resurgence and civil society dynamics in the Muslim world.

To what extent do participatory civil society dynamics, rooted in self-assertive social capital, help explain the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011? How do pro-democratic Arab attitudes matter in promoting elite-challenging collective actions? Does Islam support or hinder elite-challenging, self-assertive social capital? To answer these questions, this study systematically examines the variation in self-assertive (emancipative) social capital in Egypt and Jordan from a comparative perspective. By using emancipative social capital theory, this article embarks on an individual-level quantitative analysis derived from the World Values Survey database to explore the empirical nexus between pro-democratic attitudes, elite-challenging actions, and Islamic values in order to partly explain comparatively high-intensive and persistent uprisings in Egypt and relatively low-intensive and less persistent demonstrations in Jordan. The findings offer critical insights in understanding the social capital dimension of the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011 and contribute new clues about empirical interactions between Islamic resurgence and civil society dynamics in the Muslim world.