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A proposta desta dissertação é apresentar um estudo sobre a relação entre o agrônomo polonês Ceslau Biezanko, imigrante que chegou ao Brasil na década de 1930, e os colonos poloneses da atual cidade de Guarani das Missões, que, segundo as fontes, teriam sido incentivados por Biezanko a cultivar soja, muito antes do “boom” deste produto no Rio Grande do Sul. As relações entre o cientista e os colonos, mediadas por párocos poloneses, se inserem num quadro em que atuam relações étnicas e projetos de modernização agrícola e industrial, os quais não deixaram de encontrar resistências. As fontes utilizadas na pesquisa são bem diversificadas: entrevistas, documentos pessoais, dados oficiais e produção intelectual, e os aportes teóricos são também diversos, destacando-se a noção de redes sociais e liderança étnica. / The proposal for this master thesis it’s to present a study about the relation between the polish agronomist Czesław Biezanko, an inmigrant arrived in Brazil by the 1930s, and the polish colonists from actual town of Guarani das Missões, that according to the sources, have been encouraged by Biezanko to grow soybeans, long before the product’s “boom” in Rio Grande do Sul. The relations between the scientist and the colonists, mediated by polish parish priests, are inserted in a frame where it actes ethnic relations and agricultural and industrial modernization projects, which it don’t let to encounter resistances. The research used sources are very diversified: interviews, private documents, official data and intellectual production, and the theoric contribution are as well diverse, highlightening the notion of social networks and ethnic leadership.

This thesis came into being as the result of a question innocently posed to me three years ago: Why do some towns in the Eastern Cape have German names? This thesis is not so much an answer to that question (which is answered in the following paragraphs) as an attempt to answer the questions that followed: Were the Germans really as benevolent and hard-working as much of the most readily available literature implies? Why did the military settlers leave and the peasant farmer settlers remain? What was the nature of relationships between the German settlers and other groups in the area? How did the German settlers see themselves? The existing literature provides the historic details, more or less, but not the context and explanations I sought. As such, I set out to find them and document them myself, addressing three main questions: 1. What was the (changing) nature of the German settlers' day-to-day lives between 1857 and 1919? 2. How was a German identity maintained/constructed within the German communities of the Eastern Cape between 1857 and 1919? 3. How did the Germans interact with other groups in the area? In answering these questions, I have also provided the necessary background as to why these settlers chose to come to South Africa, and why some of them left. I have limited this study to the period between 1857 and 1919 so as to include the First World War and its immediate aftermath, a time when enmity between Great Britain and Germany would have made life difficult for German descendants in the Union of South Africa. Introduction, p. 7.

A proposta desta dissertação é apresentar um estudo sobre a relação entre o agrônomo polonês Ceslau Biezanko, imigrante que chegou ao Brasil na década de 1930, e os colonos poloneses da atual cidade de Guarani das Missões, que, segundo as fontes, teriam sido incentivados por Biezanko a cultivar soja, muito antes do “boom” deste produto no Rio Grande do Sul. As relações entre o cientista e os colonos, mediadas por párocos poloneses, se inserem num quadro em que atuam relações étnicas e projetos de modernização agrícola e industrial, os quais não deixaram de encontrar resistências. As fontes utilizadas na pesquisa são bem diversificadas: entrevistas, documentos pessoais, dados oficiais e produção intelectual, e os aportes teóricos são também diversos, destacando-se a noção de redes sociais e liderança étnica. / The proposal for this master thesis it’s to present a study about the relation between the polish agronomist Czesław Biezanko, an inmigrant arrived in Brazil by the 1930s, and the polish colonists from actual town of Guarani das Missões, that according to the sources, have been encouraged by Biezanko to grow soybeans, long before the product’s “boom” in Rio Grande do Sul. The relations between the scientist and the colonists, mediated by polish parish priests, are inserted in a frame where it actes ethnic relations and agricultural and industrial modernization projects, which it don’t let to encounter resistances. The research used sources are very diversified: interviews, private documents, official data and intellectual production, and the theoric contribution are as well diverse, highlightening the notion of social networks and ethnic leadership.

A proposta desta dissertação é apresentar um estudo sobre a relação entre o agrônomo polonês Ceslau Biezanko, imigrante que chegou ao Brasil na década de 1930, e os colonos poloneses da atual cidade de Guarani das Missões, que, segundo as fontes, teriam sido incentivados por Biezanko a cultivar soja, muito antes do “boom” deste produto no Rio Grande do Sul. As relações entre o cientista e os colonos, mediadas por párocos poloneses, se inserem num quadro em que atuam relações étnicas e projetos de modernização agrícola e industrial, os quais não deixaram de encontrar resistências. As fontes utilizadas na pesquisa são bem diversificadas: entrevistas, documentos pessoais, dados oficiais e produção intelectual, e os aportes teóricos são também diversos, destacando-se a noção de redes sociais e liderança étnica. / The proposal for this master thesis it’s to present a study about the relation between the polish agronomist Czesław Biezanko, an inmigrant arrived in Brazil by the 1930s, and the polish colonists from actual town of Guarani das Missões, that according to the sources, have been encouraged by Biezanko to grow soybeans, long before the product’s “boom” in Rio Grande do Sul. The relations between the scientist and the colonists, mediated by polish parish priests, are inserted in a frame where it actes ethnic relations and agricultural and industrial modernization projects, which it don’t let to encounter resistances. The research used sources are very diversified: interviews, private documents, official data and intellectual production, and the theoric contribution are as well diverse, highlightening the notion of social networks and ethnic leadership.

Este artículo explica la forma como las estrategias productivas familiares de los colonos agricultores y las percepciones que los agricultores tienen sobre el bosque influyen en el ritmo de deforestación. Este tipo de enfoque, basado en el análisis de procesos endógenos, procura contextualizar y entender cómo los agricultores funcionan dentro de un contexto de «transición forestal», resultado de significativos cambios económicos, expansión del mercado y desarrollo de la infraestructura vial. Nuestro argumento central es que las indicadas estrategias de los agricultores en el cantón de Tena, en relación con el ritmo de deforestación en sus fincas, se construyen como resultado de la combinación de un conjunto de procesos económicos de sobrevivencia a corto y mediano plazo y desde los cuales se elaboran percepciones mentales o culturales sobre el bosque. Tales procesos endógenos no son únicamente respuestas a contextos externos sino que también se derivan de ciclos demográficos y dinámicas de acumulación que ocurren dentro de las familias de los productores. / This article explains how the family productive strategies of farmer settlers and their perceptions of the forest influence the rate of deforestation. This particular approach, based on the analysis of endogenous processes, seeks to contextualize and understand how farmers operate within a context of «forest transition», as a result of significant economic changes, market expansion and road infrastructuredevelopment. Our central argument is that the farmers’ strategies in Tena, in relation to the rate of deforestation on their farms, are a result of the combination of a set of economic processes of survival in the short and medium term and of their mental or cultural perceptions of the forest. Such endogenous processes arenot only responses to external contexts but are also derived from demographic cycles and accumulation dynamics that occur within the families of producers.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-85).

Le phytomanagement est un mode de gestion de sites et sols pollués émergent qui inclut la valorisation de la biomasse produite. Pour alimenter les retours d’expérience en conditions réelles et sur le long terme, deux essais de phytomanagement de 1 ha chacun (sites A et B) ont été mis en place à Fresnes-sur-Escaut (Hauts-de-France) en 2011/2012 sur un terrain de gestion de sédiments de curage contaminés par des éléments potentiellement toxiques ou EPT (Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn). Dans ce contexte, les travaux de thèse réalisés sur ces sites avaient pour objectifs d’étudier : (1) la dynamique et la performance des espèces végétales sélectionnées (Deschampsia cespitosa, peupliers Skado et I-214, saule Tordis et Inger), des plantes colonisatrices et envahissantes, (2) l’effet des amendements (inoculum de champignons mycorhiziens, amendement minéral basique) sur la mobilité des EPT dans le sol, sur l’accumulation des EPT dans les parties aériennes des plantes et impact sur la diversité microbienne des sols et des racines ligneuses.L’efficacité de l’espèce herbacée D. cespitosa pour le phytomanagement du site B a été démontrée. Tolérante aux conditions du site, cette plante a présenté de faibles concentrations en Cd, Cu et Pb dans ses parties aériennes et a formé un couvert dense et pérenne. La végétalisation du site A par des plantes colonisatrices était hétérogène avec une dominance de l’espèce Urtica dioïca.Sur les parcelles amendées et non amendées, les concentrations mesurées chez U. dioïca étaient plus élevées en Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn comparées aux mêmes plantes issues de sols non contaminés. Selon les calculs préliminaires de risques basés sur les concentrations mesurées dans les plantes herbacées enrichies en Cd et Zn, les risques liés à leur ingestion par les herbivores se sont avérés négligeables.Concernant les saules et les peupliers dédiés à la production d’énergie, de fortes concentrations en Cd et en Zn ont été mesurées dans les feuilles quels que soient les amendements. Ces feuilles peuvent représenter un risque pour les herbivores. Contrairement aux peupliers très tolérants aux conditions du milieu, une réduction de la croissance et du taux de survie des saules a été mesurée sur les parcelles amendées et non amendées en présence de D. cespitosa, liée à une forte compétition souterraine avec D. cespitosa. L’utilisation de tests écotoxicologiques a permis d’identifier d’autres facteurs dont la phytotoxicité du sol. Par ailleurs, aucun effet des amendements biologiques et chimiques n’a été observé sur la mobilité et la spéciation des EPT après 4 ou 5 années de phytomanagement. Leur effet sur le transfert des EPT était très variable en fonction des espèces, des niveaux de pollution et du temps. L’étude des communautés microbiennes dans les racines ligneuses a révélé un impact de la végétation herbacée et de la pollution mais aucun effet lié aux amendements n’a été observé. / Phytomanagement is an emerging approach that includes plant biomass valorization for the management of polluted soils and sites. To evaluate the long-term performance of this strategy at field scale, two phytomanaged sites of 1 ha each (sites A and B) were implanted in Fresnes-sur-Escaut (Hauts-de-France) in 2011/2012 at a dredged-sediment disposal site contaminated with potentially toxic elements or PTE (Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn). The thesis work is based on the study of the two sites with the following objectives: (1) study the dynamics of selected plants (Deschampsia cespitosa, Skado and I-214 poplars, Tordis and Inger willows), colonizing plants and invaders, (2) study the efficiency of amendments (mycorrhizal fungi inoculum, basic mineral amendment) on sediment PTE mobility, on aerial plant parts PTE accumulation and on the microbial diversity in soils and tree roots.The efficiency of the grass D. cespitosa for phytomanagement at the site B has been highlighted. The plant was tolerant to the site conditions, had low concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in shoots and formed a dense and perennial plant cover. At the site A, the herbaceous plant cover formed by plant colonists was heterogenous with a dominance of the species Urtica dioïca.In amended and non-amended plots, U. dioïca showed higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn than the same plants from uncontaminated soils. According to risk calculations based on Cd and Zn concentrations, there was no risk related to the ingestion of these herbaceous plants by herbivorous animals. Concerning poplars and willows dedicated to energy production, high Cd and Zn concentrations were found in their leaves regardless of the amendments. These leaves may pose a risk for herbivorous animals. Unlike poplars which were very tolerant to the site conditions, willows showed a reduction of growth and survival rate in the amended and non-amended plots sown with D. cespitosa, because of belowground competition with D. cespitosa. Ecotoxicological tests revealed that soil phytotoxicity was also responsible of the willow growth reduction. Besides, the biological and chemical amendments had no significant effect on PTE mobility and speciation in soils after 4 or 5 years of phytomanagement. Their effects on PTE transfers in plants varied depending on the species, levels of pollution and time. The study of microbial communities in tree roots revealed that the herbaceous cover and soil pollution had a significant impact on microbial composition whereas the amendments did not affect the microbial communities.

“Skeletal Testimony: Bony Biopolitics in the Early Atlantic” argues that colonial descriptions of Indigenous remains throughout the Atlantic World compose two archives: textual representations and physical remains. Because these remains explicitly demonstrate a relationship between embodied life and writing, they enable analysis of how settler writers depicted them and how Indigenous communities care for them. Emphasizing these moments through what I term “skeletal testimony,” I ask the question: what care resulted in the appearance of these remains, and how does this recognition change how we read these texts? Examining reports, histories, natural histories, speeches, poems, and engravings from New England through Suriname, I establish how colonial authors used formalized conventions of natural history empiricism and firsthand narration to represent Indigenous remains as collectible bones, often citing and reproducing one another’s work throughout the eighteenth-century Anglophone colonies. These descriptions figure remains as arising naturally and spontaneously from the landscape, enabling colonists to claim land and histories as they erase living Indigenous persons from these spaces. However, without pointed and prolonged physical care, many of these remains would have disappeared. By identifying the tension between this physical preservation and textual descriptions, I contend that these remains always attest to communities and carework, constituting a structural grounding to colonial texts, even as they attempt to obscure such relations. This emphasis in turn facilitates “narrative repatriation,” in which these narratives can be formally and thematically returned from colonial texts to ongoing histories of Indigenous life, a process most clearly demonstrated by formal reworkings and textual citations by Indigenous writers like William Apess. Because this reclaiming does not require political or historical recognition by colonial persons (a contrast to physical repatriation), narrative repatriation thus serves as a creative process of returning and belonging. Ultimately, “Skeletal Testimony” reckons with erasures—real and supposed—of colonial archives, providing a model for navigating settler colonial texts across the Atlantic World. I recalibrate how we do “early American literary studies” by insisting that we must always think about texts and bodies together, mobilizing this relationship to contribute to interdisciplinary conversations about how to respect Indigenous relations between the living and the dead.

In this thesis, I characterise the Roman republican diaspora in the western Mediterranean, on the basis of the various activities which prompted the migration of individuals from Italy. The intention of my discussion is to examine the connection between republican imperialism and the generally obscure individuals who were the actual participants in empire. This is partly a response to Brunt's Italian Manpower, in so far as Brunt's minimalist calculation of the population of the diaspora discouraged subsequent research on the subject. To accomplish this, I have relied principally on the available literary references as the foundation of a thematic analysis of the diaspora, considering migration of those in the military or associated with it, as well as those involved in various categories of commercial activity. The settlement of former soldiers was frequently connected with the re-organisation of overseas communities by Roman generals. Commercial activity was examined with reference to a general model for trade in the late republic, which emphasises the role of agents acting on behalf of wealthier individuals in Italy. I also considered more general characteristics of the diaspora. Firstly, I have proposed a maximum population for the diaspora at the end of the republic of 170,000. Secondly, I have proposed that communities of the diaspora were organising themselves into conventus by the 70s BC. Finally, I have suggested that the social and economic networks of the diaspora can be modelled in terms of a network of bilateral connections between communities, though with particularly strong connections to Rome.