Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00971.pdf: 662593 bytes, checksum: 457a86be88dd734ec231748d8b91bd4b (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - FMVZ/USP

The carbohydrates play a vital role in the chemistry of the life processes. As man’s study of these processes, both fundamentally and in applied areas such as medicine, becomes ever more intensive, the limitations of our analytical procedures become ever more serious. While there are innumerable quantitative analytic procedures for the monosaccharides, there is a severe dearth of good micro colorimetric procedures. A particularly useful and widely used micro and semimicro procedure, based upon periodic acid oxidation, was originally introduced by Malaprade in France in 1928. In general, the consumption of the periodic acid in estimated by a back titration procedure involved the liberation of iodine by the excess periodic acid and subsequent estimation of the iodine by titration with thiosulfate. We conceived of the idea of an appropriately chosen reagent that would react with periodic acid to yield a compound that was stable under the working conditions and would have a spectra significantly different from that of the parent compound.

Analisou-se, por meio de espectrofotometria, a liberação de formaldeído de cimentos endodônticos à base de óxido de zinco e eugenol, resinas epóxica e polimetacrilato, hidróxido de cálcio e biocerâmico, estudados em diferentes oportunidades: durante a espatulação; decorrido três vezes o tempo de endurecimento e, por fim, na extração de sua massa endurecida. As amostras foram adquiridas pela coleta do volume da água utilizada em cada período e, determinada a curva de calibração da liberação do formaldeído e análise controle com água, foram submetidas à análise colorimétrica com adição dos reagentes: 5,0 mL de solução tampão, 0,5 mL de solução de parafenilenodiamina e 2,5 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio em balões volumétricos de 50,0 mL mantendo-os em repouso por 20 minutos. Após, foi realizada leitura em espectrofotômetro duplo feixe nos comprimentos de onda 326, 334 e 462 nm. Detectou-se formaldeído em todos os cimentos à base de resina epóxica, no EndoREZ® e no Endomèthasone N, quantificado apenas no Sealer 26 (7.40 mg.L-1) e Endomèthasone N (9.13 mg.L-1) durante a espatulação; no AH Plus® (4.44 mg.L-1) e no Endomèthasone N (18.14 mg.L-1) durante o endurecimento, e somente no Endomèthasone N depois de endurecido (9.43 mg.L- 1). Concluiu-se que, durante a espatulação, todos os cimentos de resina epóxica liberaram formaldeído, com quantificação apenas para o Sealer 26, o Endomèthasone N apresentou a maior quantidade, e o Endorez liberou a substância em quantidade insuficiente para quantificação. Após a espatulação, todos os de resina epóxica liberaram formaldeído, com quantificação no AH Plus e o Endomèthasone N apresentou a maior quantidade da substância, que também foi encontrada no Endorez, sem quantificação. Endurecidos, todos os cimentos de resina epóxica e o Endorez liberaram formaldeído em quantidade insuficiente para quantificação, e o cimento Endomèthasone N liberou a maior quantidade dessa substância. / This study evaluated, by means of spectrophotometry, the release of formaldehyde in zinc oxide, epoxy resins and polymethylmethacrylate, calcium hydroxide and bioceramic based endodontic sealers in different situations: during mixing; after 3 time the setting time and, at extraction of its hardened mass. The samples were acquired by means of collection of the volume of water used in each period and - after determining the calibration curve of formaldehyde release and analyzing the control with water - were submitted to colorimetric analysis with the addition of the following reagents: 5.0mL of buffered solution, 0.5mL of paraphenylenediamine and 2.5mL of hydrogen peroxide to a 50.0mL volumetric flask, which was kept at rest for 20 minutes. Double-beam spectrophotometer readings were performed at 326, 334 and 462nm wavelengths. Formaldehyde was detected in all epoxy resin based sealers, in EndoREZ and in Endomèthasone N, quantified only in Sealer 26 (7.40 mg.L-1) and Endomèthasone N (9.13 mg.L-1) during mixing, and in AH Plus (4.44 mg.L-1) and Endomèthasone N (18.14 mg.L-1) during the setting time, and only in Endomèthasone N after setting (9.43 mg.L-1). It can be concluded that during mixing all epoxy resin based sealers released formaldehyde, with quantification being possible only for Sealer 26, Endomèthasone N showed higher quantities, and Endorez released the substance in insufficient quantity for detection. After mixing, all epoxy resin based sealers released formaldehyde, whereas quantification was possible for AH Plus and Endomèthasone N presented the highest quantity of the substance, that was also found in Endorez, but could not be quantified. When set, all epoxy resin sealers and Endorez released formaldehyde in insufficient quantity for quantification, and Endomèthasone N released the greater amount of this substance.

Analisou-se, por meio de espectrofotometria, a liberação de formaldeído de cimentos endodônticos à base de óxido de zinco e eugenol, resinas epóxica e polimetacrilato, hidróxido de cálcio e biocerâmico, estudados em diferentes oportunidades: durante a espatulação; decorrido três vezes o tempo de endurecimento e, por fim, na extração de sua massa endurecida. As amostras foram adquiridas pela coleta do volume da água utilizada em cada período e, determinada a curva de calibração da liberação do formaldeído e análise controle com água, foram submetidas à análise colorimétrica com adição dos reagentes: 5,0 mL de solução tampão, 0,5 mL de solução de parafenilenodiamina e 2,5 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio em balões volumétricos de 50,0 mL mantendo-os em repouso por 20 minutos. Após, foi realizada leitura em espectrofotômetro duplo feixe nos comprimentos de onda 326, 334 e 462 nm. Detectou-se formaldeído em todos os cimentos à base de resina epóxica, no EndoREZ® e no Endomèthasone N, quantificado apenas no Sealer 26 (7.40 mg.L-1) e Endomèthasone N (9.13 mg.L-1) durante a espatulação; no AH Plus® (4.44 mg.L-1) e no Endomèthasone N (18.14 mg.L-1) durante o endurecimento, e somente no Endomèthasone N depois de endurecido (9.43 mg.L- 1). Concluiu-se que, durante a espatulação, todos os cimentos de resina epóxica liberaram formaldeído, com quantificação apenas para o Sealer 26, o Endomèthasone N apresentou a maior quantidade, e o Endorez liberou a substância em quantidade insuficiente para quantificação. Após a espatulação, todos os de resina epóxica liberaram formaldeído, com quantificação no AH Plus e o Endomèthasone N apresentou a maior quantidade da substância, que também foi encontrada no Endorez, sem quantificação. Endurecidos, todos os cimentos de resina epóxica e o Endorez liberaram formaldeído em quantidade insuficiente para quantificação, e o cimento Endomèthasone N liberou a maior quantidade dessa substância. / This study evaluated, by means of spectrophotometry, the release of formaldehyde in zinc oxide, epoxy resins and polymethylmethacrylate, calcium hydroxide and bioceramic based endodontic sealers in different situations: during mixing; after 3 time the setting time and, at extraction of its hardened mass. The samples were acquired by means of collection of the volume of water used in each period and - after determining the calibration curve of formaldehyde release and analyzing the control with water - were submitted to colorimetric analysis with the addition of the following reagents: 5.0mL of buffered solution, 0.5mL of paraphenylenediamine and 2.5mL of hydrogen peroxide to a 50.0mL volumetric flask, which was kept at rest for 20 minutes. Double-beam spectrophotometer readings were performed at 326, 334 and 462nm wavelengths. Formaldehyde was detected in all epoxy resin based sealers, in EndoREZ and in Endomèthasone N, quantified only in Sealer 26 (7.40 mg.L-1) and Endomèthasone N (9.13 mg.L-1) during mixing, and in AH Plus (4.44 mg.L-1) and Endomèthasone N (18.14 mg.L-1) during the setting time, and only in Endomèthasone N after setting (9.43 mg.L-1). It can be concluded that during mixing all epoxy resin based sealers released formaldehyde, with quantification being possible only for Sealer 26, Endomèthasone N showed higher quantities, and Endorez released the substance in insufficient quantity for detection. After mixing, all epoxy resin based sealers released formaldehyde, whereas quantification was possible for AH Plus and Endomèthasone N presented the highest quantity of the substance, that was also found in Endorez, but could not be quantified. When set, all epoxy resin sealers and Endorez released formaldehyde in insufficient quantity for quantification, and Endomèthasone N released the greater amount of this substance.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar, in-vitro, a alteração de cor da cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio, após o envelhecimento artificial acelerado (EAA), variando-se os seguintes aspectos: processo de confecção (cerâmica monolítica e com infraestrutura coberta por cerâmica de revestimento), espessuras de 1,5 e 2,0mm e substratos de resina e liga metálica, com e sem cimento. Para isso foram confeccionadas 40 pastilhas de cerâmica IPS e.max Press, que foram divididas em 2 grupos (n=20): LT (cerâmica de baixa translucidez na cor A2) e HO (cerâmica de alta opacidade). Neste grupo as pastilhas foram confeccionadas com 0,5mm de espessura e, posteriormente, revestidas com a cerâmica IPS e.max Ceram na cor A2 e com espessuras de 1,0 e 1,5mm. Foram utilizados substratos em resina composta (n=20) e em liga metálica (cobre-alumínio) (n=20). Para a cimentação foi utilizado o cimento de polimerização dual Variolink II, na cor translúcida. A leitura da cor foi realizada em um espectrofotômetro (Minolta CM2600d), equipado com fonte de luz padrão D65 (luz do dia). A cor determinada no aparelho é expressa em coordenadas CIE L* a* b* e os valores correspondentes foram utilizados para calcular o E. Foram feitas as seguintes comparações: discos de cerâmica antes do EAA vs discos de cerâmica cimentadas sobre os substratos antes do EAA; discos de cerâmica cimentadas sobre os substratos antes do EAA vs discos de cerâmica cimentadas sobre os substratos após o EAA; discos de cerâmica antes do EAA vs discos de cerâmica cimentadas sobre os substratos após o EAA; discos de cerâmica antes do EAA vs discos de cerâmica após o EAA. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA) a 3 critérios e (ANOVA) a 2 critérios e testes de Tukey, p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que: 1. os grupos somente de discos de cerâmica vs discos de cerâmica com 1,5 e 2,0mm de espessuras, cimentadas em substratos de resina e liga metálica, antes do EAA. O menor valor encontrado de E (E=3,6) foi com o grupo de discos da cerâmica HOA2 com 2mm de espessura cimentados em substrato de metal, seguido pelo grupo da mesma cerâmica com 1,5mm de espessura cimentada em substrato de resina. O maior valor encontrado (E=10,0) foi com os discos de cerâmica LTA2 com 1,5 e 2mm de espessuras e cimentados em substrato de metal; 2. os grupos com discos de cerâmicas com 1,5 e 2,0mm de espessuras e cimentados em substratos de resina e liga metálica antes do EAA vs o mesmo grupo após EAA. Os grupos de discos com a cerâmica HOA2 com 2mm de espessura cimentados em substrato de metal teve menor alteração de cor (E=1,1) e a maior alteração de cor ocorreu com o grupo da cerâmica LTA2 com 2mm de espessura cimentada em substrato de metal (E=2,1); 3. os grupos somente com discos de cerâmica antes do EAA vs grupos de cerâmicas com discos de 1,5 e 2,0mm de espessuras e cimentados em substratos de resina e liga metálica após o EAA. O menor valor encontrado (E=3,7) foi com a cerâmica HOA2 com revestimento e 2mm de espessura cimentada em substrato de metal. O maior valor encontrado (E=10,0) foi o da cerâmica LTA2 com 1,5 e 2mm de espessuras cimentadas em substrato de metal; 4. os grupos discos de cerâmica, antes e após o processo de EAA O grupo que teve menor alteração de cor foi o da cerâmica HOA2 com 1,5mm (E=0,6). O grupo que teve maior alteração de cor foi o da cerâmica LTA2 com 2mm (E=2,2). Concluiu-se que o EAA causou alteração na cor final das cerâmicas de dissilicato de lítio, levando-se em conta as variáveis pesquisadas. / The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color changing of the lithium disilicate ceramic discs after accelerated artificial aging (AAA) varying the following aspects: manufacturing process (monolithic ceramic and infrastructure with ceramic covering), thickness of the ceramic (1.5 and 2.0 mm) and abutment substrate (composite resin and alloy), with and without cement. Forty ceramic discs were fabricated with ceramic IPS e.max Press and divided into two groups (n = 20): LT (low translucency, shade A2) and HO (high opacity). In the HO group, the discs were fabricated with a thickness of 0.5 mm of the IPS e.max Ceram combined with a thickness of 1 or 1.5mm of veneering ceramic, shade A2. The abutments substrates were fabricated with composite resin (n = 20) and metallic alloy (n = 20). The resin cement used was Variolink II translucent color. Color was measured with a spectrophotometer and expressed in CIE L * a * b * coordinates. Color differences (E) were calculated. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (p <0.05).The results showed that 1.in the groups of ceramic discs vs. ceramic discs with 1.5 and 2.0mm thickness, cemented on resin substrates and metal alloy, before AAA, the lowest value of E (E = 3,6) was obtained for HOA2 ceramic discs with 2mm thickness cemented in metal substrate, followed by ceramic discs with 1.5mm thickness cemented in substrate of resin. The highest value (E = 10.0) was observed for ceramic discs LTA2 with 1.5 and 2mm thickness and cemented in metal substrate; 2. In the groups with ceramic discs with 1.5 and 2.0mm thickness and cemented on resin and metal substrates prior to AAA vs the same group after AAA, the HOA2 ceramic discs with 2mm thickness cemented on a metal substrate had the smallest color change (E = 1,1) and the largest occurred for LTA2 with 2mm thickness and cemented in metallic substrate (E = 2.1); 3. In the groups of ceramic discs before AAA vs groups of ceramic with discs of 1.5 and 2.0mm of thickness and cemented on resin substrates and metal alloy after AAA, the lowest value (E = 3,7) was obtained for HOA2 veneering ceramic 2mm thickness cemented on a metal substrate. The highest value found (E = 10.0) was for LTA2 ceramic with 1.5 and 2mm thickness cemented on a metal substrate; 4. comparing the groups of ceramic discs before and after the AAA process, the lowest color change was obtained for HOA2 ceramic with 1.5mm (E = 0.6) and the greatest color change was fore LTA2 ceramic with 2mm (E = 2.2). It was concluded that the AAA caused alteration in the final color of the lithium disilicate ceramics, taking into account the variables studied.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1938. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-145).

Colorimetric litmus tests such as pH paper have enjoyed wide commercial success due to their inexpensive production and exceptional ease of use. However, expansion of colorimetry to new sensing paradigms is challenging because macroscopic color changes are seldom coupled to arbitrary differences in the physical/chemical properties of a system. In this thesis I present in detail the development of Wetting in Color Technology, focusing primarily on its application as an inexpensive and highly selective colorimetric indicator for organic liquids. The technology exploits chemically-encoded inverse-opal photonic crystals to control the infiltration of fluids to liquid-specific spatial patterns, projecting minute differences in liquids’ wettability to macroscopically distinct, easy-to-visualize structural color patterns. It is shown experimentally and corroborated with theoretical modeling using percolation theory that the high selectivity of wetting, upon-which the sensitivity of the indicator relies, is caused by the highly symmetric structure of our large-area, defect-free \(SiO_2\) inverse-opals. The regular structure also produces a bright iridescent color, which disappears when infiltrated with liquid naturally coupling the optical and fluidic responses. Surface modification protocols are developed, requiring only silanization and selective oxidation, to facilitate the deterministic design of an indicator that differentiates a broad range of liquids. The resulting tunable, built-in horizontal and vertical chemistry gradients allow the wettability threshold to be tailored to specific liquids across a continuous range, and make the readout rely only on countable color differences. As wetting is a generic fluidic phenomenon, Wetting in Color technology could be suitable for applications in authentication or identification of unknown liquids across a broad range of industries. However, the generic nature of the response also ensures chemical non-specificity. It is shown that combinatorial measurements from an array of indicators add a degree of chemical specificity to the platform, which can be further improved by monitoring the drying of the inverse-opal films. While colorimetry is the central focus of this thesis, applications of this platform in encryption, fluidics and nanofabrication are also briefly explored. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

Techniques of colour measurement and colour reproduction are important in a wide range of commercial and social activities in most modern economies. Their study thus constitutes one of the major areas of interest to the CIE. The project described in this thesis began as an outgrowth of studies of new types of light sources and of the colorimetry of colour-TV systems; plus a conviction that modern TV cameras can operate effectively with a wide range of different illuminating spectra. It was soon evident that two important prerequisites for this research were: an understanding of the processes of human colour vision; and a knowledge of the standard, international, colorimetric terminology of the CIE. These topics are discussed fully in the text. Also included is a review of modern gas-discharge lamps, the~y properties, and their applications. Both high-pressure (HID) types and low-pressure (fluorescent-tube) types are considered. Because of the need to measure the colours of surfaces and their TV reproductions as accurately as possible, various forms of colorimeter were examined, leading to the choice of a spectrophotometer system for this work. The design, construction, and evaluation of an original spetrophotometer system (the UND Spectrophotometer) are described fully in the text. Finally, attention is given to the operation of a television system under nonstandard lighting. Twelve different light sources were evaluated as TV ((taking" illuminants, using both subjective and colorimetric methods of assessment. The experimental results tend to confirm that colorimetric methods are unsuited to colour reproduction evaluation, and that subjective methods are more meaningful. A subjective scale of colour reproduction performance was established, and it was found to correlate closely with the CIE general colour rendering index (Ra) for the various test lamps. The work reported herein predates similar experiments with TV lighting by other workers, and it includes a wider range of light sources. In spite of differences in experimental technique, however, there is broad agreement with their general results. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1987.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1994. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-106).