abstract: Global industrialization and urbanization have led to increased levels of air pollution. The costs to society have come in the form of environmental damage, healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and premature mortality. Measuring pollutants is an important task for identifying its sources, warning individuals about dangerous exposure levels, and providing epidemiologists with data to link pollutants with diseases. Current methods for monitoring air pollution are inadequate though. They rely on expensive, complex instrumentation at limited fixed monitoring sites that do not capture the true spatial and temporal variation. Furthermore, the fixed outdoor monitoring sites cannot warn individuals about indoor air quality or exposure to chemicals at worksites. Recent advances in manufacturing and computing technology have allowed new classes of low-cost miniature gas sensor to emerge as possible alternatives. For these to be successful however, there must be innovations in the sensors themselves that improve reliability, operation, and their stability and selectivity in real environments. Three novel gas sensor solutions are presented. The first is the development of a wearable personal exposure monitor using all commercially available components, including two metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors. The device monitors known asthma triggers: ozone, total volatile organic compounds, temperature, humidity, and activity level. Primary focus is placed on the ozone sensor, which requires special circuits, heating algorithm, and calibration to remove temperature and humidity interferences. Eight devices are tested in multiple field tests. The second is the creation of a new compact optoelectronic gas sensing platform using colorimetric microdroplets printed on the surface of a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imager. The nonvolatile liquid microdroplets provide a homogeneous, uniform environment that is ideal for colorimetric reactions and lensless optical measurements. To demonstrate one type of possible indicating system gaseous ammonia is detected by complexation with Cu(II). The third project continues work on the CMOS imager optoelectronic platform and develops a more robust sensing system utilizing hydrophobic aerogel particles. Ammonia is detected colorimetrically by its reaction with a molecular dye, with additives and surface treatments enhancing uniformity of the printed films. Future work presented at the end describes a new biological particle sensing system using the CMOS imager. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2020

During the last years many mobile health applications have emerged on the market. Most of these collect and compiles physical data that can be followed over time. Now the next generation of health care applications are on their way. With an increasing capacity and high quality sensors, smartphones have the potential to be used as diagnostic tools. Calmark Sweden AB is a company that has developed a smartphone based diagnostic platform for analysis of colorimetric assays integrated on a disposable plastic chip. Their first product, the hilda Neo system is a Point of care test (POCT) for semi quantitative measurement of the biomarker Lac- tate dehydrogenase (LDH). The system consists of a disposable colorimetric LDH test with inte- grated chemical assay, a separate light-box for controlled light conditions and a smartphone appli- cation for image acquisition and test analysis. The purpose of this Master Thesis project was to develop and evaluate a method for smartphone based semi quantitative colorimetric analysis of the hilda Neo LDH test that would work without the light-box in different light settings. The method was to be implementable as an iPhone applica- tion and should be able do correctly determine LDH activity in the four LDH ranges; 0-300, 300- 600, 600-900 and >900 units per litre (U/L). Also, the computed LDH levels among cards run with the same sample were not to have a standard deviation higher than 50 U/L. Two methods based on continuous measurements of the colour stimuli given from the assay site were developed. In both methods, measurements were made by using the iPhone camera for taking an image series following the colour development of the assay over time. The image series was then processed in MATLAB and the LDH level was computed in two different ways. None of the two proposed methods did reach the stated objectives. Neither of the methods gave the correct LDH interval in all evaluation cards and the computed LDH levels had a larger standard deviation then aimed for. However the results indicate that the variation in light settings is not the only factor for the unreached objectives. It is believed that with further studies of the colour proper- ties of the hilda Neo assay and with the continuing development of smartphone technology, it is possible to find a method for smartphone-based colorimetric analysis without having to control the light setting. / Under de senaste åren har många hälso-applikationer introducerats på marknaden. De flesta samlar och sammanställer hälso-data som sedan kan följas över tiden. Nu är en ny generation av hälso- applikationer på ingång. Med ökande kapacitet och högkvalitativa sensorer har våra smartphones potential att användas för medicinsk diagnostik. Calmark Sweden AB är ett företag som har utvecklat en smartphone-baserad diagnostisk plattform för analys av kolorimetriska tester i form av plastkort för engångsbruk. Deras första produkt hilda Neo är ett patientnära test för semikvantitativ mätning av biomarkören Lactatdehydrogenas (LDH). Systemet består av det kolorimetriska engångstestet för mätning av LDH, en separat ljus-box för kontrollerade ljusförhållanden och en smartphone applikation för bildtagning och test analys. Målet med detta masterexamensarbete var att utveckla och utvärdera en metod för smartphone- baserad semikvantitativ kolorimetrisk analys av hilda Neo testet som fungerar utan ljus-box i olika ljussättningar. Metoden skulle vara implementerbar som en iPhone applikation och skulle kunna bestämma LDH aktivitet inom fyra intervall; 0-300, 300-600, 600-900 och >900 enheter per liter (U/L). De beräknade LDH nivåerna för kort körda med samma prov skulle inte heller ha en standardavvikelse över 50 U/L. Två metoder baserade på kontinuerlig mätning av provets färgutveckling togs fram. För båda metoderna användes iPhone kameran för att ta en bildserie som följde testets färgutveckling över tiden. Bildserien behandlades sedan i MATLAB och ett LDH värde beräknades med de två olika metoderna. Ingen av de två föreslagna metoderna uppnådde de uppsatta målen. Ingen av metoderna gav rätt LDH intervall för alla kort som användes för utvärdering och de beräknade LDH nivåerna hade en för hög standard avvikelse. Dock indikerade resultaten på att variationer i ljussättningen inte var den enda faktorn som bidrog till de ouppnådda målen. Författaren tror att med fortsatt studerande av hilda Neo testets färgegenskaper och med den fortlöpande utvecklingen av smartphone tekniken, kommer det att vara möjligt att hitta en metod för smartphone-baserad kolorimetrisk analys utan kontrollerad ljussättning.

[pt] Modelos orientados a metas tornaram-se ferramentas importantes para a Engenharia de Requisitos Não Funcionais (RNF). Porém, o tratamento de RNFs é uma tarefa não trivial, visto que esta classe de requisitos abrange as características de qualidade de um sistema. Isso implica que, ao lidar com requisitos subjetivos, precisamos nos concentrar em mecanismos que possam enriquecer a semântica de sua representação. É o caso da atribuição e propagação de rótulos na análise de modelos orientados a metas. A definição de rótulos nos modelos de metas, realizada pelos métodos de análises qualitativos existentes, tem baixa granularidade e muitas vezes falha em refletir o potencial informativo que esse tipo de artefato pode oferecer. Esse é o caso do NFR Framework. A propagação no modelo ocorre de baixo para cima (bottom-up) e o entendimento sobre o grau de satisfação de uma meta torna-se difícil. Este trabalho explora uma lógica para aumentar o poder informativo dos rótulos atribuídos as metas flexíveis, utilizando conceitos de colorimetria em modelos do tipo SIG (Softgoal Interdependency Graph). Investigamos como o uso de cores mitiga o desafio de aumentar a granularidade da análise dos modelos de metas, melhorando assim o entendimento sobre o grau de satisfação a contento definido para os RNFs analisados. / [en] Goal-oriented models have become important tools for the analysis of non-functional requirements (NFRs). However, the treatment of NFRs is a non-trivial task, considering that this class of requirements covers quality characteristics. This implies that when dealing with subjective requirements, we need to focus on mechanisms that can enrich the semantics of their representation. This is the case of assigning and propagating labels in the evaluation of goal-oriented models. The definition of labels in the goal models, carried out by the existing qualitative analysis methods, has low granularity and often fails to reflect the information potential that this type of artifact may offer. This is the case of the NFR Framework. Propagation in the model is bottom-up and understanding the degree of goal satisficing becomes difficult. This paper explores a rationale to increase the informative power of the labels assigned to the goals, using the concepts of colorimetry in the SIG (Softgoal Interdependency Graph). We discuss how color mitigates the challenge of increasing the granularity of goal models analysis, thus improving the evaluation of these models.

High-throughput experimentation (HTE) is a form of accelerated testing which allows for many hundreds or thousands of experiments to be conducted in parallel or in rapid sequence. Recent advances in chemical reaction miniaturization have enabled HTE application toward chemical reaction exploration, and the resultant datasets present exciting opportunities for the incorporation of machine learning (ML) with organic chemistry to expedite reaction optimization and discovery. Disclosed herein is a modular HTE chemistry reaction platform with rapid and inexpensive data acquisition capabilities for training ML algorithms on organic chemistry. Comprising almost entirely off-the-shelf components and algorithms which will be made open-source, this platform facilitates data democratization through distributed generation. Underpinning this workflow is an innovative titration-based analysis method for semi-automated and quantitative conversion data acquisition at a rate of under fifteen seconds per sample. Requisite to this platform’s success are solutions to solid and liquid reagent distribution, reaction incubation, and fast, quantitative reaction analysis which is demonstrated in a proof-of-concept screening of the SNAr reaction toward the synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). It is hoped this platform lowers the barrier for entry to HTE for chemists through its modularity, approachability, and low operating costs. / 2024-06-16T00:00:00Z

Peanuts are grown around the world and in United States where most peanuts are consumed after roasting. Peanuts are roasted to a specified color on L*a*b* scale as it is correlated with quality and acceptability. Two batches of Virginia type peanuts were acquired, one normal and other a high oleic variety. A surface response model using the Box-Behnken design was developed for Behmor 2000AB and GeneCafe coffee roasters, for normal and high oleic peanuts respectively with sample size, roast time and power/temperature as dependent variables and L* as a response variable. The model for Behmor was not significant (p>0.05 and R2 =0.87) but with effect contribution of roast time while the GeneCafe model was significant (p<0.05 and R2=0.98) with multiple first and second order effect contributions from temperature and roast time. Each model was validated and Behmor was found to be more consistent and predictable compared to GeneCafe. Both varieties of peanuts were roasted on each roaster and tested for volatile analysis using SPME GC/MS with high variation observed within samples which may be caused by uneven roasting. The volatile results showed similar trends for seventeen compounds between normal and high oleic samples. The Behmor roaster was more effective at predictable roasting for 50 to 100 g sample and more validation is needed on GeneCafe to improve its model. The results can help with quality testing of new varieties of Virginia type peanuts quickly without relying on large sample size typically used in other lab scale studies. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Peanuts are grown around the world and in United States where most of it is consumed as a confection. They are roasted to a specified color on scale as it is correlated with quality and optimization. We wanted to develop a method of small-scale peanut roasting that allows peanut breeders to roast and evaluate quality of small samples of peanuts. We used an optimization method to test two different coffee roasters for peanut roasting (Behmor and GeneCafe roasters), with normal and high oleic peanuts. Behmor was more sensitive to changes in roast time while GeneCafe was more sensitive to temperature, roast time and combined effects. The models were validated on each machine and Behmor was found to be more consistent and predictable compared to GeneCafe. Peanuts were roasted on each roaster and tested for aroma compounds. The aroma compounds were similar between normal and high oleic samples. The Behmor roaster was more effective at predictable roasting of peanuts with sample size ranging from 50 to 100 g. Our results allow us to predictably roast very small lots of peanuts to support determination of flavor quality for peanut breeding research.

An electrochromic (EC) material is able to change colour under the influence of an electric potential. The development of energy efficient smart windows for architectural applications is at present the subject of intense research for both economic and environmental reasons. Thus there is now a considerable research effort to develop smart windows with natural colour switching properties, i.e. shades of grey. In this regard, a promising metal oxide with a brown-black anodic colouring state is NiO or hydrated nickel oxide (also called nickel hydroxide , Ni(OH)2). The present work outlines the preparation and optimisation of EC nickel oxide-based ceramic precursor films onto various conducting substrates towards smart window applications. The literature review chapter outlines the different methods used for generating ceramic materials, a review of electrochromism and history of nickel oxide-based EC materials are also provided. Thins films have been deposited by an electrochemical cathodic deposition and by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) technique. For hydrated NiO films prepared by electrochemical cathodic deposition, various deposition factors at small-scale area (30 x 7 mm) have been investigated in order to optimise the films properties towards EC applications. With deposition on fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F, FTO) on glass, use of nickel nitrate (0.01 mol dm-3) solution at an applied current of -0.2 mA (-0.1 mA cm-2) for 800 s was optimal for preparing uniform deposits with a porous interconnecting flake-like structure, which is generally regarded as favourable for the intercalation/deintercalation of hydroxide ions during redox cycling. The as-deposited hydrated NiO films showed excellent transmittance modulation (Δ%T = 83.2 at 432 nm), with average colouration efficiency (CE) of 29.6 cm2 C-1 and low response times. However, after 50 voltammetric cycles, the cycle life was found to fade by 17.2% from charge measurements, and 28.8 % from in-situ transmittance spectra measurements. In an attempt to prepare films with improved durability, AACVD has been used for the first time in the preparation of thin-film EC nickel(II) oxide (NiO). The as-deposited films were confirmed to be cubic NiO from analysis of powder X-ray diffraction data, with an optical band gap that decreased from 3.61 to 3.48 eV with an increase in film thickness (in the range 330 820 nm). The EC properties of the films were investigated as a function of film thickness, following 50, 100 and 500 conditioning oxidative voltammetric cycles in aqueous KOH (0.1 mol dm-3). Light modulation of the films increased with the number of conditioning cycles. EC response times were < 10 s and generally longer for the colouration than the bleaching process. The films showed excellent stability when tested for up to 10000 colour/bleach cycles. Using a calculation method based on the integration of experimental spectral power distributions derived from in-situ visible region spectra over the CIE 1931 colour-matching functions, the colour stimuli of the NiO-based films, and the changes that take place on reversibly switching between the bleached and coloured forms have been calculated. Films prepared by both deposition techniques gave positive a* and b* values to produce orange. However, in combination with low L* values, the films were perceived as brown-grey. Hydrated NiO prepared via electrochemical cathodic deposition suffers from two well-known limitations; firstly, it shows catalytic properties towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is a process very close to the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox process. Secondly, hydrated NiO shows poor cycling durability in alkaline solution. The co-deposition of single or bimetallic additives is an effective way to overcome these problems. Electrochemical studies revealed that the combination of cobalt (10%) with lanthanum (5%) was found to be the optimal composition for preparing hydrated NiO films with improved film durability. Finally, the emphasis of this work was on scale-up of deposition. Therefore, optimised deposition conditions from small scale (3.0 x 0.7 cm) have been used to successfully deposit films on two different sized large-area (10 x 7.5 and 30 x 30 cm) conducting substrates.

La coloration d'un béton, matériau faiblement chromatique, est obtenue soit par introduction de pigments dans son volume, soit par application d'un revêtement coloré sur sa surface. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à une voie de coloration alternative innovante, qui consiste à introduire les pigments dans l'agent de décoffrage afin qu'ils soient transférés durablement vers la surface du béton frais au moment où celui-ci est coulé dans le coffrage. Cette méthode s'apparente beaucoup à la technique de peinture à fresque, qui a largement fait ses preuves en terme de durabilité. Dans un premier temps, l'étude de fresques sur chaux et sur ciment anciennes, ainsi que de reconstitutions, a permis d'identifier les principaux paramètres qui régissent le dépôt des pigments et leur adhésion durable au support : compatibilité du liant avec l'eau capillaire de l'enduit, granulométrie des pigments,cisaillement du pinceau à la surface de la fresque. Dans un second temps, la transposition de ces paramètres au cas du béton a conduit à l'identification de solutions satisfaisantes en terme de transfert et de durabilité de la couleur, mais aussi d'état de surface du béton (rugosité, porosité, homogénéité) : remplacement de l'huile de décoffrage par des tensioactifs non ioniques de faible viscosité et emploi de pigments correctement dispersés dans l'agent décoffrant. Finalement, l'étude des interfaces béton- agent décoffrant - coffrage a montré que le transfert durable des pigments repose sur un double mécanisme de démouillage de l'agent décoffrant par le béton en écoulement et de mélange des deux phases au niveau du front de la coulée, qui aboutit à la formation d'une inter phase pigments - béton de plusieurs dizaines de micromètres d'épaisseur. La profondeur de pénétration des pigments sous la surface a pu être quantifiée grâce à la combinaison d'observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et d'analyses en spectroscopie de rétrodiffusion Rutherford. La durabilité de la coloration a été évaluée par des mesures colorimétriques dans l'espace CIELab. / Concrete is an achromatic material that can be coloured through two main techniques: introduction of pigments in the bulk of the material, or application of a coloured layered on the hardened surface. This work focuses on an innovating alternative technique: the pigments are mixed with the demoulding agent, so that they can be transferred to the fresh concrete while it is poured into the mould. This method is ver y similar to the long-lasting fresco painting technique. The first par t of this work was dedicated to the study of ancient frescoes on lime or cement, in order to identify the main parameters responsible for the transfer and durable adhesion of the pigments to the plaster : compatibility between the binder and the capillar y water of the plaster, grain size of the pigments and shear stress between the brush and the plaster surface. In the second par t, these parameters were transposed to the case of concrete, which lead to satisfactor y solutions in terms of colour transfer and durability as well as surface proper ties of the concrete: the demoulding oil was replaced by low-viscosity non-ionic surfactants and the pigments were chosen to be finely dispersed in the demoulding solution. The last part consisted of a study of the mould - demoulding agent - concrete system and showed that the pigments are transferred to the concrete through the dewetting of the demoulding agent by the flowing concrete and the mixing of the two phases. This mechanism leads to the formation of a pigments - concrete interphase with a thickness of several tens micrometers. The depth of the pigments was quantified through a combination of scanning electron microscopy and Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy. The durability of the colour was evaluated by colour measurements in the CIELab colorimetric space.

A quantificação colorimétrica da pele do rosto humano apresenta uma grande dispersão de valores. Esta dispersão varia de acordo com o espaço de cor (HSV ou YCbCr) adotado para a análise e quanto menor a dispersão mais adequado é o espaço ao reconhecimento facial. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a distribuição estatística da colorimetria de imagens de rostos digitalizadas. A análise poderá dizer se as coordenadas de cor, tais como saturação, matiz e valor podem auxiliar em técnicas de reconhecimento de faces. Como resultado da análise, espera-se concluir qual dos sistemas de coordenadas de cor (HSV ou YCbCr) é o mais adequado à aplicações em reconhecimento facial. Os resultados obtidos serão apresentados com fundamentação no design da informação. O grande número de amostras fotográficas disponíveis para análise (530) e o correto equilíbrio de iluminação, contraste e temperatura de cor constituem o principal diferencial desse trabalho. / The colorimetric quantification of the human face skin presents a large dispersion of values. This dispersion varies according to the color space (YCbCr or HSV) adopted for the analysis. The smaller the dispersion the more appropriate is a certain color space for face recognition methods. The objective of this paper is to analyze the colorimetric statistical distribution of digital face images. The analysis will show how color coordinates (such as hue, saturation and brightness), can help with facial recognition techniques. The result of this analysis will tell which color space (HSV or YCbCr) is more adequate to be used in face recognition systems. The results obtained will be presented in accordance with the fundamentals of information design. The large number of photographic samples available for analysis (530) and the right balance of lighting, contrast and color temperature are the main differential of this work.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o avanço nos estudos de parâmetros e procedimentos objetivos para avaliação estética de superfícies de concreto aparente e de materiais para preenchimento de lacunas neste material, de forma a atender requisitos especificados em projetos de conservação de edifícios modernos. Como objeto de estudo foi escolhido o Edifício Vilanova Artigas, sede da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, obra arquitetônica que apresenta as características que motivaram o assunto abordado. Pautada pelas diretrizes de conservação do patrimônio construído defendidas por entidades como o Conselho Internacional de Monumentos e Sítios, a reparação dos danos dessas superfícies deve manter a unidade estética da obra, reconhecida por sua cor, textura e forma. O trabalho experimental possibilitou a comparação entre as superfícies do concreto original e de amostras de argamassas cimentícias, elaboradas com diferentes traços, pigmentos, aditivos e proteção superficial. As avaliações de aparência se basearam em métodos comparativos de dados colorimétricos no sistema CIE L*a*b* e por método perceptual com base em escala tonal. As investigações de textura foram feitas com materiais aplicados sobre as superfícies das argamassas frescas e as de geometria por estudo analítico para reparos nas empenas do edifício estudado. / This work intends to contribute to the advancement in the study of objective parameters and procedures for aesthetic evaluation of apparent concrete surfaces and materials to fill gaps in this material, in order to meet the requirements specified in conservation projects of modern buildings. The object of study was the Vilanova Artigas Building, headquarters of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, an architectural work that presents the characteristics that motivated the subject. Guided by the guidelines of conservation of the built heritage defended by entities like International Council of Monuments and Sites, the repair of the damages of these surfaces must maintain the aesthetic unity of the work, recognized by its color, texture and shape. The surfaces of the original concrete and samples of cement mortars, elaborated with different mix design, pigments, additives and surface protection were evaluated. The appearance evaluations were based on comparative methods of colorimetric data in the CIE system L * a * b * and by perceptual method based on tonal scale. The texture investigations were made with materials applied on the surfaces of the fresh mortars and those of geometry by analytical study for the conservation of the studied building.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent le développement de nouveaux outils d'analyse multiparamétrique de type biopuce ou puce électrochimique, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental. Le premier axe de recherche a pour objectif le diagnostic, par la détection de panels d'anticorps marqueurs d'un état pathologique dans le sérum de patients. Dans cette optique, deux systèmes d'immunotests ont été développés, permettant la détection multiparamétrique d'anticorps spécifiques grâce à l'analyse automatisée et haut-débit d'échantillons de sérum. Cette approche s'est basée sur la capture des anticorps cibles par des sondes antigéniques immobilisées selon une matrice de plots sur des membranes constituant les fonds de puits de micro-plaques. La détection des interactions est effectuée par colorimétrie à l'aide d'un marqueur enzymatique. Ces outils ont permis l'analyse de 96 échantillons en moins de trois heures, et ont été mis au point pour deux applications. La première consiste en le diagnostic d'allergies, et la seconde s'intéresse au diagnostic du cancer. La seconde partie des travaux est appliquée au contrôle environnemental par surveillance de l'eau. Des pesticides, toxines et explosifs ont été définis comme composés cibles du test multiparamétrique. Afin de les intégrer dans une matrice de plots, des conjugués sondes ont été synthétisés à partir de ces haptènes. Après criblage et optimisation des conjugués en fonction de leur réactivité et réactivité-croisée avec les anticorps spécifiques, l'outil développé a démontré ses performances analytiques en termes de sensibilité et de sélectivité pour la détection des cibles. Un autre capteur pour la surveillance de l'eau a été développé dans le cadre du projet Européen BONAS. Ce test électrochimique vise à détecter des précurseurs d'explosifs utilisés dans la préparation de systèmes explosifs improvisés, pour la localisation de fabriques de bombes artisanales. La puce mise au point consiste en un réseau d'électrodes sérigraphiées, modifiées par électrodépôt de différents métaux / The work reported in this thesis focuses on the development of new multiplex analytical devices on biochip or electrode microarray format, dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The objective of the first research axis is diagnosis, thanks to the detection in patients’ serum of a panel of antibodies, biomarkers of a pathological state. For that purpose, two immunotests have been developed, enabling the multiparametric detection of specific antibodies by automated and high-throughput analysis of serum samples. This approach is based on the antibodies capture by antigens probes immobilized in a matrix of spots on a membrane surface composing the wells bottom of a micro-titer plate. Enzyme-labeled antibodies have been used, providing a colorimetric detection. This device enabled the achievement of the analysis of 96 samples in less than three hours and has been applied to different applications. The first one consists of allergy diagnosis, and the second focuses on cancer diagnosis. The second part of this work is applied to environmental monitoring, through water analysis. Different types of pollutants have been defined as targets: pesticides, toxins and explosives. In order to integrate them in a matrix of probes, different conjugates have been synthesized with these haptens. After screening and optimization of the conjugates through their reactivity and cross-reactivity with the specific antibodies, the developed device demonstrated his analytical performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, for the European Project BONAS, a last sensor based on water analysis has also been developed. This electrochemical microarray aims to detect explosives precursors, used in improvised explosive devices, for the localization of hidden bomb factory. The chip was designed as a screen-printed electrode network, which was modified by different metals electrodeposition