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Yes / Resistance spot welding of aluminum (Al5754) to magnesium (AZ31B) alloys results in the formation of a variety of solidification microstructures and intermetallic compounds that may affect the in-service performance of the weld. This study evaluates the relationship between the welding parameters and the properties of the weld nugget that is formed, and clarifies the morphological and microstructural evolutions within the weld regions during the low-current “small-scale” resistance spot welding of Al5754 to AZ31B. The investigations included a combination of microstructural characterization and thermodynamic analysis of the weld region. The results show that the welding time and clamping force parameters have significant effects on the properties of the nugget formed. The optimal welding parameters were found to be 300 ms welding time and 800 N clamping force. Weld nuggets formed with lower welding time and clamping force were undersized and contained extensive porosity. Meanwhile, a clamping force above 800 N caused gross deformation of the test samples and the expulsion of the molten metal during the welding process. The most significant microstructural changes occurred at the weld/base metal interfaces due to the formation of Al17Mg12 and MgAl2O4 intermetallic compounds as well as significant compositional variation across the weld pool. The thermal gradient across the weld pool facilitated the formation of several microstructural transitions between equiaxed and columnar dendrites.

Melt convection and solid phase movement play an important role in solidification processes, which significantly influence the formation of grain structures and solute segregations. In general, the melt convection and grain movement are a result of buoyancy forces. The densities within melt are different due to the variation of temperature and concentration, leading to thermally and solutally driven melt convection. Similarly, the density differences between the grains and the bulk melt cause the grain movement, leading to solid sedimentation or grain floating, as the case may be. Free, unattached solid grains are produced by partial remelting and fragmentation of dendrites, by mechanical disturbances such as stirring or vibration and by heterogeneous nucleation of grains in solidification of grain-refined alloys. In this way, movement of solid crystals during solidification can be ascertained in the following two cases. In the first case, during columnar solidification of non-grain-refined alloys, solid movement is possible in the form of dendrite fragments detached from the columnar stalks by the process of remelting and fragmentation. Movement of grains during columnar solidification gives rise to altogether different microstructure from columnar to equiaxed. In the second case, during equiaxed solidification of grain-refined alloys, the movement of solid crystals is possible in the form of equiaxed dendrite crystals nucleated due to presence of grain refiners. The rate and manner by which the free solids settle (or float) will influence macrosegregation in metal castings. Control of the solidification process is possible through an understanding of the solid movement and its effect on macrosegregation and microstructure. With this viewpoint, the overall objective of the present thesis is to study, experimentally and numerically, the phenomenon of solid phase movement during solidification. Through this study, deeper insights of the role of solid phase movement in solidification are developed which can be used for possible control of quality in castings. Both columnar and equiaxed solidification are considered. Models for transport phenomena associated with columnar solidification with solid phase movement are rarely found in the literature, because of inherent difficulty associated with consideration of microscopic features such as remelting and fragmentation. To tackle this problem, solidification modules for remelting and fragmentation are developed first, followed by integration of these molecules in a macroscopic solidification model. A Rayleigh number based fragmentation criterion is developed for detachment of dendrite fragments from the developing mushy zone, which determines the conditions favorable for fragmentation of dendrites. The criterion developed is a function of net concentration difference, liquid fraction, permeability, growth rate of mushy layer, and thermophysical properties of the material. The effect of various solidification parameters on fragmentation is highlighted. The integrated continuum model developed is applied to stimulate the solidification of aqua-ammonia system in a side-cooled rectangular cavity. The numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with those of experiments reported in literature. A gentle ramp of the mushy zone due to settling of solid crystals, as also noticed in experimental literature, is observed towards the bottom of the cavity. The influence of various modeling parameters on solid phase movement and resulting macrosegregation is investigated through a parametric study. Movement of grains during columnar solidification gives rise to altogether different microstructure and sometimes may initiate a morphological transition of the microstructure from columnar to equiaxed if the number and size of equiaxed grains ahead of the columnar front become sufficient to arrest the columnar growth. The generalised model developed, considering solid phase movement during columnar solidification is used to predict columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) based on a prescribed cooling rate criterion. It is found that presence of convection significantly affects the solidification behaviour. Moreover, the movement of dendrite fragments and their accumulation at the columnar front further trigger the occurrence of CET. Cooling configuration, too significantly affects the nature of CET. In unidirectional solidification cases, the locations of CET are found to be in a plane parallel to the chill face. However, for the case of the non-unidirectional solidification (as in side-cooled cavity), the locations of CET need not be in a plane parallel to the chill face. In contrast to fixed columnar solidification, equiaxed solidification is poorly understood; in particular, the phenomena associated with solid crystal movement. Movement of unattached solid crystals, formed due to heterogeneous nucleation on grain-refiners, is induced by the convective currents as well as by buoyancy effects, causing the solid to sediment or to float, depending on density of solid compared to that of the bulk melt. While moving in the bulk melt these crystals can also remelt or grow. A series of casting experiments with AI-based alloys are performed to investigate the role and influence of movement of solid crystals on macrosegregation and microstructure evolution during equiaxed solidification. Controlled experiments are designed for studying, separately, settling and floatation of equiaxed crystals for different cooling conditions and configurations. Further, these experiments are carried out in convective and non-convective cases to understand the effect of convection on solid phase movement. Temperature measurements are performed at various locations in the mould during the experiments. After the cavity is solidified, microstructural and chemical analyses of the experimental samples are carried out, several notable features are observed in temperature histories, macrosegregation pattern, and microstructures due to settling/flotation phenomenon of solid crystals. It is found that the flow behavior of solid grains has a profound influence on the progress of solidification (in terms of grain size distribution and fraction eutectic) and macrosegregation distribution. In some cases, the induced flow due to solid phase movement can cause a flow reversal. The observations and quantitative data obtained from experiments, with the help of detailed solidification conditions provided, can be used for future validations of models for equiaxed solidification. Subsequently, numerical studies are carried out, using a modified version of the macroscopic model developed for columnar solidification with motion of solid crystals, to predict the transport phenomena during equiaxed solidification. The model is applied to simulate the solidification processes corresponding to each of the experimental cases performed in this study. For a better understanding of the phenomenon of movement of solid crystals, the following two special cases of solidification are also presented: 1) without movement of solid crystals and 2) movement of solid crystals without any relative velocity between solid and liquid phases. The numerical predictions showing nature of flow field and progress of solidification are substantiated by the experimental data for the thermal analysis, qualitative microstructural Images and quantitative microstructural analysis. It is concluded, with the help of various experiments and simulations, that movement of solid crystals influences the casting quality appreciably, in terms of macrosegregation and microstructures. It is expected that the improved understanding of the role and influence of solid phase movement during solidification processes (both columnar and equiaxed) obtained through this thesis will be useful for possible control of quality of as-cast products.

Les coulées industrielles permettent de distinguer deux types de structures : colonnaires et équiaxes. La mise en place de ces structures a des conséquences importantes sur les autres hétérogénéités, particulièrement les macroségrégations chimiques. Le code SOLID, développé à l’Institut Jean Lamour, permet de décrire de manière couplée la convection naturelle du liquide ainsi que la germination, la croissance et le transport des grains équiaxes. Le travail présenté a pour but de proposer une modélisation de l’apparition et de la croissance des structures colonnaires couplées à celles des grains équiaxes, permettant ainsi de prédire la Transition Colonnaire-Equiaxe (TCE) et Equiaxe-Colonnaire (ECT). La particularité du modèle est de considérer la croissance couplée des structures uniquement au niveau des pointes primaires colonnaires car c’est à cet endroit que les gradients de soluté sont les plus importants. Après validation, le modèle est appliqué à des cas de coulées industrielles de lingots d’acier et comparé à des mesures expérimentales. Il en ressort en premier lieu que sans la modélisation du mouvement des grains équiaxes, les morphologies et les ségrégations de carbone prédites ne correspondent pas à l’expérience. Par la suite, on montre que les résultats obtenus dépendent fortement du scénario d’apparition des grains équiaxes. Une germination hétérogène volumique des grains équiaxes ne permet pas de prédire la TCE expérimentale. En revanche, la fragmentation des grains, associée à un critère pour le début de la fragmentation, prédit une TCE et des ségrégations en carbone en accord avec l’expérience. On montre alors que la masselotte des lingots peut ainsi être une source importante de grains / It is possible to distinguish two main types of structures in castings: columnar and equiaxed. The dynamic set up of these structures has a strong impact on other heterogeneities, especially the chemical macrosegregations. Developed at the Institut Jean Lamour, SOLID is a numerical code that accounts for natural convection as well as the germination, growth and transport of equiaxed grains. The purpose of this work is to model the appearance and the growth of the columnar structures coupled with the description of the equiaxed grains. The model can therefore predicts the Columnar-to-Equiaxed (CET) and Equiaxed-to Columnar (ECT) Transitions. The main characteristic of the model is to consider the coupled growth of both structures only in the zone near the tips of the primary columnar dendrites. It is indeed there that the strongest solute gradients are located. The model is verified by comparing it to experiments and other models of the literature. The model is then applied to the case of industrial steel ingots and compared to experimental measurements. The first result is that without taking into account the movement of the equiaxed grain the results for equiaxed grain morphology and for macrosegregation do not agree with the measurements. Next, we find that the phenomenon considered for equiaxed grain formation is decisive for the CET prediction. When heterogeneous volumic nucleation is considered, we were not able to predict the CET correctly. However, when fragmentation at the columnar front is considered – along with a criterion for the onset of fragmentation – the results agree quite well with the experiments. It is also shown that the hot-top of ingots is consequently an important source of equiaxed grains

Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai mis au point et validé une voie de synthèse inédite donnant accès à une nouvelle famille de chromophores oligo-péri-naphtyléniques. Notre approche repose sur le couplage de deux briques facilement synthétisables (l’une centrale, l’autre terminale), puis sur une réaction de cyclodéshydrogénation multiple en milieu fortement basique. Aisément fonctionnalisés ensuite par estérification à leurs extrémités, ces colorants présentent un comportement cristallin liquide. Nous avons ainsi réussi à élaborer des cristaux liquides colonnaires absorbant fortement les grandes longueurs d’onde de la lumière visible tout en présentant leur mésophase à température ambiante. / During this thesis, I worked out and validated a novel synthetic route to a new series of oligo-peri-naphthylenic chromophores. Our approach is based on the assembling of two easily accessible building blocks – one central, the other terminal – via a coupling reaction followed by a multiple cyclodehydrogenation in a strongly basic medium. Smoothly further functionalised by esterification at each end, these dyes display a liquid-crystalline behaviour. We succeeded in elaborating columnar liquid crystals that strongly absorb the long wavelengths of the visible light while displaying their mesophase at room temperature.

We take the electron deficient heterocyclic hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) as our central core and readily synthesized by the condensation of hexaketo- cyclohexane with the respective 1,2-bis-alk-oxy-4,5-diaminobenzene. We use the polarised optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study the mesophase range.These mesophases are identified as columnar phases by diffraction (XRD).

The dibenzo[a,c]phenazine dimers with the branched alkoxy chain of disc were synthesized simplely. We now show on the synthesis of this series of compounds which were found to exhibit mesomorphism as determined by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These materials showed polymeso- morphism and glass formation. In our investigations, we also observed that the effects of branched chains on dibenzo[a,c]phenazine enhanced columnar liquid crystal phase stability indeed.

Discotic liquid crystals (DLC) have been reported with a large number of discoid cores to improve the degree of intermolecular ordering because the liquid crystals own to self-assembly into columnar stacking and self¡Vhealing ability. In my research, a series of disc-like £k-conjugated molecules based on aromatic rigid cores have been newly synthesized. I focus on the hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) and dibenzo-[a,c]- phenazine as aromatic cores, changing different side chains to control the mesomorphic behavior and their supermolecular assembly.

In this work the interactions between neighboring superconducting thin film and ferromagnetic structures, i.e. superconductor-ferromagnet hybrid systems, were studied. A type-II superconducting thin film (Pb82Bi12), was deposited in close proximity to various ferromagnetic structures. These magnetic structures include: (i) alternating iron-brass shims of 275 mu m period, (ii) an array of 4 mu m wide Co stripes with smaller period (9 mu m), (iii) a square array of 50nm diameter, high aspect ratio (5-7) Ni rods with 250nm period. Measurements of critical transport current (IC), resistance (RH(T)) and second critical field (HC2) are reported. A variety of novel effects (enhancement of (IC) and (HC2), matching field effect, field compensation effect, and large hysteresis) are also reported. Using measurements on thin superconducting films atop a Co stripe array with a 9 mu m period, a superconductor-ferromagnet hybrid device (a mechanical superconducting persistent switch) is proposed. In addition, scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM) and other imaging techniques were used to characterize the magnetic properties of the systems mentioned. The SHPM was also used to acquire B-H and M-H curves. An additional sharp magnetic needle and electromagnetic coil assembly intended for micromanipulation of small magnetic particles and individual cells was also characterized.