This thesis is concerned with the user experience of crowds, incorporating issues of comfort, satisfaction, safety and performance within a given crowd situation. Factors that influence the organisation and monitoring of crowd events will be considered. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed that crowd safety, pedestrian flow modeling, public order policing and hooliganism prevention, has received the greatest attention with previous research on crowds. Whereas crowd performance, comfort and satisfaction has received less attention, particularly within spectator events (sporting and music for example). Original research undertaken for this doctoral thesis involved a series of studies: user focus groups, stakeholder interviews, and observational research within event security and organisation. Following on from these investigations, the findings have been integrated with a tool to assist crowd organisers and deliverers during the planning of crowd events, and accompanying user feedback interviews following use of the tool. The overarching aim of the research within this thesis was to explore the complex issues that contribute to the user experience of being in a crowd, and how this might be improved. The crowd user focus groups revealed differences in factors affecting crowd satisfaction, varying according to age and user expectations. Greater differences existed between crowd users, than across crowd situations, highlighting the importance of identifying expected crowd members when planning individual events. Additionally, venue design, organisation, safety and security concerns were found to highly affect crowd satisfaction, irrespective of group differences or crowd situations, showing the importance of these issues when considering crowd satisfaction for all crowd events, for any crowd members. Stakeholder interviews examining crowds from another perspective suggested that overall safety was a high priority due to legal obligations, in order to protect venue reputation. Whereas, comfort and satisfaction received less attention within the organisation of crowd events due to budget considerations, and a lack of concern as to the importance of such issues. Moreover, communication and management systems were sometimes inadequate to ensure compliance with internal procedures. In addition a lack of usable guidance was seen to be available to those responsible for organising crowd situations. Eleven themes were summarised from the data, placed in order of frequency of references to the issues: health and safety, public order, communication, physical environment, public relations, crowd movement, event capacity, facilities, satisfaction, comfort, and crowd characteristics. Results were in line with the weighting of the issues within the literature, with health and safety receiving the most attention, and comfort and satisfaction less attention. These results were used to form the basis of observational checklists for event observations across various crowd situations. Event observations took two forms: observing the role of public and private security, and observing crowd events from the user perspective. Observations within public and private security identified seven general themes: communication, anticipating crowd reaction, information, storage, training, role confusion, financial considerations and professionalism. Findings questioned the clarity of the differing roles of public and private security, and understanding of these differences. Also the increasing use of private over public security within crowd event security, and the differing levels of training and experience within public and private security were identified. Event observations identified fifteen common themes drawn from the data analysis: communication, public order, comfort, facilities, queuing systems, transportation, crowd movement, design, satisfaction, health and safety, public relations, event capacity, time constraints, encumbrances, and cultural differences. Key issues included the layout of the event venue together with the movement and monitoring of crowd users, as well as the availability of facilities in order to reduce competition between crowd users, together with possible links to maintaining public order and reducing anti-social behaviour during crowd events. Findings from the focus groups, interviews, and observations were then combined (to enhance the robustness of the findings), and developed into the Crowd Satisfaction Assessment Tool (CSAT) prototype, a practical tool for event organisers to use during the planning of crowd events. In order to assess proof of concept of the CSAT, potential users (event organisers) were recruited to use the CSAT during the planning of an event they were involved in organising. Semi-structured feedback interviews were then undertaken, to gain insight into the content, usefulness, and usability of the CSAT. Separately human factors researchers were recruited to review the CSAT, providing feedback on the layout and usability of the tool. Feedback interviews suggested the CSAT was a useful concept, aiding communication, and providing organisers with a systematic and methodical structure for planning ahead, prioritising ideas, and highlighting areas of concern. The CSAT was described as being clear and easy to follow, with clear aims, and clear instructions for completion, and was felt to aid communication between the various stakeholders involved in the organisation and management of an event, allowing information to be recorded, stored and shared between stakeholders, with the aim of preventing the loss of crucial information. The thesis concludes with a summary model of the factors that influence crowd satisfaction within crowd events of various descriptions. Key elements of this are the anticipation, facilities, and planning considered before an event, influences and monitoring during an event and reflection after an event. The relevance and impact of this research is to assist the planning of crowd events, with the overall aim of improving participant satisfaction during crowd events. From a business perspective the issue is important with competition between events, the desire to encourage return to events, and to increase profit for organisers. From an ergonomics perspective, there is the imperative of improving the performance of crowd organisers and the experience of crowd users.

This thesis describes the influence of thermal mass on the space conditioning energy consumption and indoor comfort conditions of multi-storey buildings with concrete, steel and timber structural systems. The buildings studied were medium sized educational and commercial buildings. When calculating a building’s life-cycle energy consumption, the construction materials have a direct effect on not only the building’s embodied energy but also on the space conditioning energy. The latter depends, amongst other things, on the thermal characteristics of the building’s materials; thermal mass can also be an influence on comfort conditions in the building. A modelling comparison has been undertaken between three very similar medium-sized buildings, each designed using structural systems made primarily of timber, concrete and steel. The post-tensioned timber version of the building is a modelled representation of a real three-storey educational building that has been constructed recently in Nelson, New Zealand. The concrete- and steel-structured versions have been designed on paper to conform to the required structural codes and meet, as closely as possible, the same performance, internal space layout and external façade features as the real timber-structured building. Each of these three structurally-different buildings has been modelled with two different thermal envelopes (code-compliant and New Zealand best-practice) using a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system with heating only (educational scheme) and heating and cooling (commercial scheme). The commercial system (with cooling) was applied only to the buildings with the best-practice thermal envelope. The analysis of each of these nine different construction and usage categories includes the modelling of operational energy use with an emphasis on HVAC energy consumption, and the assessment of indoor comfort conditions using predicted mean vote (PMV). From an operational energy use perspective, the modelling comparison between the different cases has shown that, within each category (code-compliant, low-energy and low-energy-commercial), the principal structural material has only a small effect on overall performance. The most significant differences are in the building with the best-practice thermal envelope with the commercial HVAC system, were the concrete building has slightly lower HVAC energy consumption, being 3 and 4% lower than in the steel and timber buildings respectively The assessment of indoor comfort conditions during occupied periods through using PMV for each of the three categories shows that the timber structure consistently exhibited longer periods in the over-warm comfort zone, but this was much less pronounced in south-facing spaces. To examine the reasons for the less acceptable PMV in the timber-structure versions, an analysis of indoor timber and concrete surface temperatures was carried out in both buildings. It was found that, particularly in north-facing spaces, there were large diurnal swings in the temperatures of timber surfaces exposed to solar radiation. These swings were much less in the case of concrete surfaces so the environment was perceived to be more comfortable under such conditions because of the reduced influence of higher mean radiant temperatures. To moderate this potential downside of solar-exposed internal timber surfaces, better results are achieved if, when timber is used for thermal mass, the timber is not exposed to direct solar radiation, for example locating it in the ceilings or on the south side of the building. Two other approaches to combating the potential overheating problem in the timber-structured buildings were analysed in an illustrative mode; addition of external louvres to reduce direct solar gains at critical times of day and year; and use of phase change material (PCM) linings to act as light-mass energy buffers. Although external louvres increase comfort conditions significantly by reducing the periods of an overly warm environment, they produce an increase in heating energy consumption through reducing beneficial solar gains. The use of PCM linings shows little benefit to overall indoor comfort conditions for the building of this case-study.

Title: Comparison of thermal comfort of sleeping bag according to EN 13537 Objectives: Objectives of the proposed work was to measure the temperature inside the sleeping bag during sleeping. Then to compare it with the information given on the labels of sleeping bags. Methods: This work has a experimental character. In our work we have used methods of experiment and field study. These methods were used to sample 7 sleeping bags from various manufacturers. Results: The information reported by manufacturers always do not correspond to real use of sleeping bags. EN 13537 has primarily orientation character. For the choice of sleeping bags we do not recommend to follow according only to the EN 13537. It is necessary to follow other parameters of sleeping bags (type and weight of insulation material and construction of chambers). Keywords: sleeping bag, EN 13537, thermal comfort

With the significant improvement in IoT technology and smart devices, data collection and distributed computation have led a foundation for Mobile crowd-sensing (MCS). MCS utilizes the capabilities of embedded sensors in smart devices for gathering data. MCS benefits both data provider (participant/user), and data requester, i.e. data providers via incentives/rewards, data requesters by delivering required data. Apart from the benefits gained through acquiring data, confronting challenges such as participant privacy, data trustworthiness, malicious attacks (from illegitimate users) need to be addressed to build robust and reliable data solicitation. In addition to that, it is necessary to consider user motivation and user preference, comfort during its engagement in crowd-sensing. User preferences/constraints can be due to privacy concerns in terms of location, the sensitivity of data or energy usage and many more. With this in mind, the main contributions of the thesis can be listed as follows. 1) We design user selective trustworthy data acquisition frameworks. We introduce a variety of user selection criteria to form participant communities based on participants reliability and income. To evaluate the trustworthiness of our selective reputation-based data acquisition, we consider malicious users in the environment and calculate the total rewards given to malicious users. Simulations results show that community formation based on the acquired income of participants ended up with a substantial loss to the cloud platform as well as participants. Contrary to that, reputation-based community formation has shown nearly equal platform utility (profit), negligible loss of user utility compared to benchmark Non-selective data acquisition with 7% malicious probability. 2) Moreover, we attempt to enable users to modify (allow/deny access to) their builtin sensor set according to their comfort levels. We formulate three comfort levels high (only allow access to sensors that would not directly reveal personal identity such as accelerometer, light sensor, etc.), moderate (obstruct access to sensitive data, e.g. camera), zero comfort (allow access to all users). We introduce Static modification, where users pre-arrange their sensor set before the start of data collection. Our feasibility study shows that pre-arrangement of the sensor set favours user comfort, user utility at the cost of loss in platform utility and performs better than selective reputation-based recruitment for the considered settings. 3) We apply Adaptive sensor modification on top of pre-arrangement of sensor set through which participants are authorized to re-arrange their sensor availability based on reliability scores. Simulation results show that the Adaptive comfort-aware approach performed better than static in terms of platform utility and achieved comparatively better user comfort with reasonable loss in user utility.

Como o tempo e o clima influenciam o homem e a sociedade são alvos de estudo desde que Hipócrates, 400 a.C., escreveu \"Ares, águas e lugares\". A partir do século XX, desenvolveram-se índices de conforto térmico (CT) que, apesar de apresentarem limitações, mostraram-se capazes de quantificar essas interações através de uma aplicação maleável e acessível. Observa-se que apesar de parte dos estudos biometeorológicos abordarem as mudanças climáticas, poucos tratam da projeção de índices para cenários futuros. Assim, o objetivo geral desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento climatológico do Índice de Desconforto (ID), Temperatura Resultante (TR) e Temperatura Resultante com o vento (TRv) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e projetá-los para o futuro, através das simulações do modelo regional climático (MCR) RegCM3, para os anos de 1960 a 1990, 2010 a 2040 e 2070 a 2100. O MCR foi forçado pelo Modelo de Circulação Geral da Atmosfera (MCGA) ECHAM5, de acordo com o cenário de emissões A1B, estabelecido pelo Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC). Assim, é realizada uma avaliação dos meses de maior desconforto na RMSP com base nos dados da estação meteorológica do IAG através dos quantis. Maior foco é dado nos quantis superiores e inferiores (QS e QI) que representam as situações de maior desconforto e exercem influência em populações vulneráveis, como a dos idosos. A Raíz Quadrada do Erro Médio elevado ao Quadrado (RMSE) e o Erro Médio (EM, viés) das séries de dados, simuladas e observadas, demonstram uma subestimativa da temperatura para todo o ano, por parte do modelo. Já o RMSE e EM, da umidade relativa e vento, variam de acordo com a época do ano, possuindo períodos de maior e menor precisão. A título comparativo, também foram obtidos o RMSE e EM dos índices de conforto térmico simulados e observados. No período de 1960-1990, ID passa de 17,4°C para 20,1°C em 2070-2100, representando um aumento de 2,8°C; enquanto que TRv vai de 11,8°C para 14,7°C no mesmo período, tendo aumento de 2,9°C. Nota-se que o aumento de ID ocorre de forma gradativa com o passar dos anos, diferentemente de TRv, que aumenta de forma significativa a partir de 2070. Observa-se também que as médias diárias de ID e TRv tendem a se distribuir em quantis intermediários e superiores, indicando que ao longo dos anos, a RMSP tende a ter noites e tardes mais quentes, traduzindo em invernos menos desconfortáveis (em relação ao frio) e verões mais desconfortáveis (em relação ao calor). Os resultados obtidos corroboram IPCC (2007b), que também aponta para uma redução dos dias frios em regiões de médias e baixas latitudes, associado a um aumento na ocorrência de ondas de calor, de forma a oferecer grandes riscos à populações vulneráveis. / How weather and climate influence man and society, are main targets since Hippocrates wrote \"Airs, waters and places\", 400 BC. Thermal comfort indices, in development since the twentieth century, are able to quantify these interactions by flexible and accessible applications, despite their own limitations. Although part of the biometeorological studies address climate change, only few deals with future scenarios. Therefore, the main objective is to evaluate the climatological behavior of thermal comfort indices, such as the Discomfort Index (ID), Resultant Temperature (TR) and the Resultant Temperature with the wind (TRv) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Climatological behavior is analyzed for three time slices (1960 to 1990, 2010 to 2040 and 2070 to 2100) through the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM3. The RCM is forced by General Circulation Model (GCM) ECHAM5, according to the A1B emissions scenario, established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). More attention is given to the superior and inferior quantiles (QS and QI) representing the situations of greater thermal discomfort because of their influence on vulnerable populations such as elderly people. An initial assessment about the months of greatest discomfort in MRSP was made based on data from the meteorological station of IAG. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Error (EM, related to bias) of the time series from observed and simulated data show a models underestimation of the temperature throughout the year. The RMSE and EM for relative humidity and wind vary with the season containing periods of higher and lower accuracy. The RMSE and EM for simulated and observed indices were obtained as well due to comparison reasons. In 1960-1990 period, ID presents an average of 17.4°C and in 2070-2100, an average of 20.1°C, representing an increasing of 2.8°C; meanwhile TRv goes from 11.8°C to 14.7°C over the same period, an increasing of 2.9°C. It is show that ID is increased gradually over the years, unlike TRV, which significantly increases from 2070. It is also observed that daily means of ID and TRv in future tends to be distributed in middle and upper quantiles, indicating that the MRSP tends to have nights and afternoons that will be warmer over the years, translating into less uncomfortable winters (cold related) and more uncomfortable summers (heat related). The results corroborate IPCC (2007b) which also points to a reduction of cold days in regions of middle and low latitudes, associated with an increased occurrence of heat waves providing great risks to vulnerable populations.

This interdisciplinary PhD-by-practice examines how people construct comfort within their interior spaces through the study of objects, structures, membranes, situations and circumstances between clothes and the building skin. (In)tangible efficiencies of comfort and movement are problematised in this research. It provides new insights into the desire-lines of comfort, which are the habitual routines and interactions that individual’s practice to control their everyday energy use. The audience for this research includes academics, professionals, and those interested in how objects and circumstances influence physical, physiological and psychological interior comfort. The research methods that were applied included novel experimental interior design techniques of data gathering, demonstrated in the GYRO, AMNIOTIC SAC and COSY workshops. Co-researcher responses were generated in text, image and three-dimensional form. These immersive workshops examined specific interior sites, including: the conceptualisation of a product based structure that utilised gyroscopic principles; the prenatal spatial interior of the amniotic sac membranes were studied to posit how this space of origin influences our lifelong comfort desires. In addition, a range of lifecycle scenarios were created to facilitate the understanding of comfort through various objects and circumstances e.g. a cot, pram, loftbed, train, wheelchair, lounge, ambulance, and coffin. Analysis of the data evidenced representations and patterns of comfort desire-lines. Relationships with animate and inanimate objects were identified, connecting with differing dependent and autonomous comfort aspirations. The outcomes of this research can aid investigations into energy use, relocating efficiency discourses from the building skin to interior interstitial space.

Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-26T11:34:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Síntese de xerogel para fins de conforto térmico em placas cerâmicas.pdf: 3988842 bytes, checksum: 321e3abf353287e58a51e951e02f702a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-26T11:35:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Síntese de xerogel para fins de conforto térmico em placas cerâmicas.pdf: 3988842 bytes, checksum: 321e3abf353287e58a51e951e02f702a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T11:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Síntese de xerogel para fins de conforto térmico em placas cerâmicas.pdf: 3988842 bytes, checksum: 321e3abf353287e58a51e951e02f702a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-29 / A sintese de um material xerogel foi feita através do método sol-gel de síntese por reações de hidrólise e condensação utilizando tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) e trimetilclorosilano (TMCS) como materiais precursores em uma solução hidroalcoólica contendo etanol e água bidestilada. Hexametil-bis-siloxano, trimetilmetoxi- siloxano e trietoxi-trimetil-bis-siloxano foram identificados como os principais componentes na mistura sintetizada do material xerogel. Estes materiais quando inseridos a 8% (p/p) em uma Argila Vermelha extraída da região centro-oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul providência um aumento na resistência térmica de placas cerâmica em escala reduzida. Medidas de condutividade térmica foram feitas através do método do fio quente paralelo (DIN-EN-993-15) e mostraram uma redução de cerca de metade da condutividade térmica de 0,6549 W/mK (placas cerâmicas em escala reduzida contendo somente Argila Vermelha) para 0,2850 W/mK (placas cerâmicas em escala reduzida contendo 8% de uma mistura de xerogéis). Este fato é atribuído ao aumento no número de vazios na estrutura das placas cerâmicas pela presença de 8% (p/p) da mistura de xerogéis sintetizados conforme revelam os dados diminuição da densidade de 1,75±0,02 g/cm³ para 1,72±0,02 g/cm³. / The production of the xerogel material was made through the sol-gel synthesis method by the hydrolysis and condensation reactions using the tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) and trimethylchlorosilane as the precursors materials in a hydroalcoholic solution containing ethanol and bi-distilled water. Hexamethyl-bis-siloxane, trimethylmethoxy- siloxane and Triethoxy-trimethyl-bis-siloxane were identified as main components presents in the mixture of synthetized xerogel material. These materials when inserted at 8% (w/w) in a red clay extracted near to west-south region of Rio Grande do Sul state from Brazil provides an increase in thermal resistance on ceramic plates in reduced scale. Measurements of thermal conductivity was made by parallel hot wire method (DIN-EN-993-15) shows a reduction by around half of thermal conductivity from 0,5354 W/mK (ceramic plates in reduced scale containing only red clay) for 0,2850 W/mK (ceramic plates in reduced scale containing 8% of mixture of xerogel). This feature was attributed to increases on voids number on ceramic plates structure by presence of 8% (w/w) of the mixture of xerogels synthetized according revel the decreases of density from 1,75±0,02 g/cm³ to 1,72±0,02 g/cm³.

The nature and quality of the built learning environment affect occupants' comfort, wellbeing and performance. Within the broad range of studies of the physical indoor environment reported in the literature, there are several which have focused on the effects of these environmental conditions on the comfort and physical health of students and teachers, while the main consideration in others is the organizational health of the school. The parameters, which are measured often concern the state and condition of the physical environment. Categories of building features, which appear to influence comfort, health and wellbeing, include thermal sensation, acoustics, lighting, air quality, classroom equipment, learning resources and other aspects of the teachers' workspace. Those components of the physical of indoor environment, which are considered to most strongly affect occupants' comfort, wellbeing and performance, are subject to sets of standards. The aim of this study is to elucidate the association between the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of educational buildings and teachers' performance. Following a comprehensive review of the literature on the effects of IEQ on teachers' comfort, wellbeing and performance, a case study was conducted in which physical measurements were made of a range of indoor environmental variables in the classrooms of a technical college in Saudi Arabia, during lessons. At the same time, the teachers of those classes were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to investigate the quality of the indoor environment and explore teacher performance. An artificial neural network was then used to create an assessment model in order to test the hypothesis that the quality of the indoor physical environment in educational buildings is related to teacher performance and to predict future data. This research makes both academic and practical contributions to the study of the relationship between IEQ and teachers' performance. The findings of this research will be used as a primary knowledge resource for future researches and to identify initial IEQ parameters and tools for further in-depth studies. In practical terms, it offers standards to help designers to consider the importance of IEQ and its impact on building users.

A questão ambiental e de higiene no trabalho é cada vez mais reconhecida e cobrada pela sociedade civil e pelos órgãos do governo em todas as suas instâncias. Alguns dos pátios de estocagem de minérios, que hoje estão a céu aberto, poderão precisar no futuro serem fechados para atender às normas ambientais cada vez mais rígidas, cobradas pela sociedade através dos órgãos ambientais de controle, que almejam que pátios de armazenamento tenham estanqueidade similar aos silos ou que haja um sistema de contenção de poeira e material particulado eficiente. Uma das saídas viáveis para esta questão é a estocagem do minério em galpões confinados, que demandam um custo de implantação mais elevado mas, que por outro lado, têm um baixo custo operacional. Nos pátios que possuírem fechamento, a iluminação passa a ser uma questão primordial, uma vez que proverá condições de funcionamento à produção, principalmente em caso de trabalho ininterrupto durante 24h. Desta forma, passam a ser consideradas, não somente as questões de segurança, como também de uma iluminação que estimule a produtividade através de um nível maior de iluminância, maior contraste, menor ofuscamento e seja confortável para as tarefas que serão realizadas no ambiente. Em áreas nas quais o material particulado é altamente combustível, tais como pátios de carvão mineral, uma iluminação adequada e segura é questão fundamental, pois se mal projetada, pode ser ignitora de incêndios, explosões e trágicos desastres acometendo trabalhadores e o ambiente de trabalho. Este trabalho é composto por uma extensiva revisão bibliográfica. A primeira parte apresenta os conceitos de iluminação; a segunda trata da higiene e segurança no trabalho, com ênfase no agente físico iluminação. A terceira parte comenta as normas nacionais e internacionais relacionadas à iluminação e analisa às suas solicitações. A quarta parte versa sobre áreas classificadas e atmosferas explosivas, procurando discriminar em linhas simples o que são áreas classificadas, quais os critérios envolvidos, os riscos de ignição de poeiras mais comuns e normas relacionadas a estas áreas. Na quinta parte comenta-se sobre a iluminação de galpões em áreas industriais, relacionando os critérios a serem utilizados para um projeto adequado. Na sexta parte o trabalho cita equipamentos de iluminação, lâmpadas e luminárias com aplicação industrial disponíveis no mercado. Por fim, apresenta-se de um estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa do interior de São Paulo que possui pátios para estocagem de carvão em pó, analisando-se os resultados através de dados obtidos no local e da medição dos níveis de iluminância, efetuada em horários alternados. Tais dados foram comparados às normas e recomendações de boas práticas para concluir sobre a adequação da iluminação do galpão e alternativas para solução dos problemas encontrados foram propostas. A conclusão a que se chega é que é possível contribuir para uma melhora significativa nas instalações que provêm iluminação em galpões de minérios, padronizando-as, fazendo uma manutenção adequada, substituindo equipamentos obsoletos e observando-se as normas, visando o aumento de produtividade, segurança e conforto dos trabalhadores. Estas ações implicam ainda em economia e um menor consumo de energia, cooperando com a sustentabilidade ambiental e atendendo a requisitos da família das normas NBR ISSO 14.000. / Environmental questions, occupational health and safety management are each time, more recognized and required by civil society and public agencies in all levels. Some of the ore stores that are opened today will need in the future to be closed to comply with stronger environmental regulations, required by society through controlling environmental agencies. Those agencies require the stores to be air tight or to have an efficient system of dust and particulate airbone. One feasible possibility for this question is the storage of the ore in closed sheds, which demand a higher cost of implementation, but on the other hand, it has a low cost of operation. In closed stores, the lighting is very important, since it provides necessary conditions for the workers productivity, particularly in the case of a continuous twenty four hour working day. Also, in addition to safety management, there are questions which should be considered, namely, an adjusted illumination that stimulates productivity, throughout higher illuminance, higher contrast, less glare and at the same time is comfortable for the tasks that will be carried through that environment. In environments in which the particulate material is highly combustible, such as coal stores, an adequate and safety illumination is an elementary question and if badly designed, can cause fires, explosions and tragic disasters that can injure people and destroy the working area. This work was composed by reference to an extensive bibliographical revision. The first part is a review of lighting concepts; the second refers to health and safety matters, security in the work place and also reference to the lighting. The third part highlights the national and international rules for lighting and analyzes it\'s requests. The fourth part deal with hazardous areas and explosive atmospheres, and explains in simple terms what are classified areas, which are the criteria involved, the risks of common different types of dusts and related regulations. The fifth part explains about lighting of industrial stores, with related criteria used in an adequate lighting design standard. In the sixth part it outlines the selection of lighting fixtures, light bulbs and lighting ancillaries used for industrial applications available in the market. A case in a company in the state of São Paulo, that possesses storage facilities of coal dust was carried out. The results were analyzed through data collected throughout the store and the measurement of the illumination realized at different times of the day. Such data was compared to rules, regulations and best practices in order to decide on lighting adequacy of the store and alternatives to solve the encountered problems were proposed. The conclusion is that it is possible to contribute to a significant improvement in the installations that provide illumination in the ore stores by, standardizing them, providing adequate maintenance, substituting obsolete equipment and observing rules and regulations. These measures increases the productivity, security and comfort of the workers. This action also results in cost savings, less energy consumption and ensures cooperation with environmental sustainability and complies with the requirements of NBR ISO 14.000 series.

A discussão do bem-estar de matrizes suínas gestantes é um tema em destaque em função do uso de gaiolas individuais. Assim, é urgente a geração de conhecimentos voltados ao alojamento coletivo. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar aspectos produtivos, comportamentais, fisiológicos e bioclimáticos resultantes do uso de cama na fase de gestação suína, em diferentes sistemas de alojamento. O experimento foi realizado no Município de Itu/SP, entre os meses de janeiro e setembro de 2010, durante 2 ciclos de gestação (experimentos 1 e 2). Em cada ciclo foram alojadas 216 porcas gestantes em quatro tratamentos de forma a avaliar: tipo de alojamento (combinado - GB ou coletivo B) e tipo de piso (cama de maravalha - CC ou concreto - SC). No capítulo 3 foram avaliadas características físicas do ambiente e indicadores fisiológicos de conforto térmico. No capítulo 4 foram avaliados os padrões comportamentais nos tratamentos, bem como resultados reprodutivos. Foram verificadas piores condições microclimáticas em cama (P<0,05), com aumento da temperatura e entalpia específica do ar (1,14 ºC e 2,37 kJ/kg ar seco, respectivamente). No experimento 2, ocorreu interação (P<0,05) entre horário e presença de cama, de forma que somente nos horários da manhã e meio dia a presença de cama implicou em aumento da temperatura e entalpia específica do ar. No experimento 1, a temperatura do piso na área suja apresentou-se maior em cama, com um aumento de 2,61 ºC (P<0,05). O mesmo ocorreu no experimento 2, no entanto, com interação entre temperatura do piso na área suja e horário. Em geral, a temperatura do piso na área limpa apresentou-se maior nos sistemas SC. No experimento 1 a temperatura retal não diferiu significativamente (P>0,05), diferentemente do experimento 2 no qual foi observado aumento significativo na presença cama. Em ambos os experimentos, a temperatura da pele e frequência respiratória apresentaram-se maiores em cama. Fêmeas mantidas em cama tiveram maiores frequências na postura em pé (20,9 e 31,4% para GBSC e GBCC e 20,6 e 39,2% para BSC e BCC, respectivamente). Foram encontradas evidências de que a cama diminui a ocorrência de estereotipias orais e lesões corporais. Os modelos desenvolvidos mostraram que a maioria das variáveis reprodutivas não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. O uso de cama alterou negativamente aspectos bioclimáticos do sistema, expresso na maior entalpia específica do ar, com as variáveis fisiológicas indicando maior estresse por calor. Por outro lado, a avaliação comportamental e de lesões indicou vantagens relacionadas ao uso de cama. A similaridade dos resultados produtivos obtidos mostra que o uso de cama e o alojamento em grupo durante toda a gestação devem ser considerados, no entanto, devem ser estudadas formas de climatização do ambiente produtivo para permitir bemestar térmico, associado a outros quesitos do bem-estar animal. / The increased concern about animal welfare in the world is evident. In this area, the housing system of gestating sows is especially significant due to the use of individual cages. Thus, the generation of knowledge of group housing is urgent. Information on the use of bedding for these animals in the Brazilian climate is scarce. The purpose of this research was to evaluate productive, behavioral, physiological and bioclimatic aspects resulting from the use of bedding in the gestation period of sows, in different housing systems. The experiments were conducted in Itu, state of São Paulo, between January and September 2010, during two gestation periods (experiments 1 and 2). In each period 216 gestating sows were housed in four treatments, in order to evaluate the type of housing CP or P (cage and pen - CP or en - P) and the type of floor WB or NB (wood shaving bedding/with bedding WB or concrete/no bedding - NB). In Chapter 3 we analyzed the physical characteristics of the environment and the physiological indicators of thermal comfort. In chapter 4 we evaluated the behavioral patterns in the treatments, as well as the reproductive results. Worse microclimatic conditions were observed in the bedding (P<0.05), with increase in temperature and in specific enthalpy of air (1.14 ºC and 2.37 kJ/kg dry air, respectively). In experiment 2 there was interaction (P<0.05) between the time and the presence of bedding. Only in the morning and at noon the presence of bedding caused increase in temperature and in specific enthalpy of air. In experiment 1, the floor temperature in the dirty area was higher with the use of bedding, with an increase of 2.61 ºC (P<0.05). The same occurred in experiment 2, but there was interaction between floor temperature in the dirty area and the time. In general, the floor temperature in the clean area was higher in the NB systems. In experiment 1, the rectal temperature did not differ significantly in the treatments (P<0.05), whereas experiment 2 showed higher rectal temperature in the presence of bedding. In both experiments, skin temperature and respiratory rate were higher in the bedding. Sows kept in the bedding system had higher rates of standing posture (20.9 and 31.4% for CPNB and CPWB and 20.6 and 39.2% for PNB and PWB, respectively). We found evidence that the bedding decreases the occurrence of oral stereotypies and lesions. The models developed showed that most reproductive variables were not affected by the treatments. The use of bedding caused negative alterations in thermodynamic aspects of the system higher specific enthalpy, with physiological variables indicating thermal stress. On the other hand, the evaluation of behavior and lesions indicated advantages related to the use of bedding. The similarity of the productive results obtained shows that the use of bedding and the group housing during all gestation period should be considered as viable practices. However, it is necessary to study climatization forms in the productive environment, in order to provide thermal comfort, in association with other requisites for animal welfare.