Orientador: Léa Cristina Lucas de Souza / Banca: Gianna Melo Barbirato / Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Resumo: Abordando o caráter interdisciplinar da ergonomia, esta pesquisa propõe a avaliação das influências do ambiente urbano de um bairro residencial da cidade de Bauru-SP, Brasil, sobre a temperatura do ar na escala do pedestre e conseqüentemente do conforto térmico do mesmo. O bairro escolhido para estudo de caso apresenta tendência ao adensamento, heterogeneidade construtiva quanto à verticalidade e complexidade de uso do solo. A metodologia englobou: a observação da área de estudo para identificação das atividades humanas ali realizadas; a classificação das quadras segundo parâmetros formais, de uso e ocupação do solo; registros da temperatura do ar em 10 pontos fixos; avaliação do conforto térmico do pedestre por meio da aplicação de questionários e coleta de dados microclimáticos; e avaliação do ambiente térmico e da sensação térmica do pedestre por meio da interrelação das características do tecido urbano com os dados climáticos da área estudada e a sensação térmica do pedestre. O cruzamento dos dados foi realizado com auxílio do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) Arc View, que gerou mapas temáticos relacionando os atributos climáticos medidos com os padrões de uso do solo. Como resultado, se determinou o comportamento térmico da malha urbana e a sensação térmica experimentada pelo pedestre, sendo possível verificar que o uso do solo urbano interfere tanto na temperatura do ar como conforto térmico do homem. Os resultados obtidos por essa pesquisa poderão servir de base para o planejamento urbano sustentável que proporcione ambientes favoráveis às atividades humanas / Abstract: Addressing the interdisciplinary character of Ergonomics, this research proposes the evaluation of the influences of the urban environment on the air temperature at the pedestrian level in a residential neighborhood of the city of Bauru, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Its thermal comfort is also analyzed. The neighborhood chosen for the case study presents densification tendency, heterogeneous verticality and complexity of land use. The methodology consisted of: field observation of the study area in order to identify the human activities being carried out; classification of urban blocks according to their formal parameters of land use and occupation; records of air temperature at 10 reference points; evaluation of thermal comfort for the pedestrian through the application of questionnaires and microclimatic data collection; evaluation of the thermal environment and pedestrian thermal sensation, by means of the interrelationship of the urban characteristics with the climatic data of the study area and walking thermal sensation. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Arc View was applied to cross-examining the data, generating thematic maps that allowed the comparison of weather attributes and land use patterns. As a result, it was determine the thermal behavior of the urban network and the thermal sensation experienced by the pedestrian, in this way being possible to verify that the use of urban land interferes in both air temperature and thermal comfort of man. The results reached in this research could help on the basis for sustainable urban planning that would provide favorable environments to human activities / Mestre

It is widely recognised that one's ability of adaptation is remarkable and thermal comfort is significantly related to such adaptations. This study proposes an alternative method of predicting adaptive thermal comfort based on the availability of adaptations, in particular behavioural adaptations, which needs quantifications of individual adaptation processes and of interactions between them. The fundamental argument of this method is that exercising an adaptive behaviour leads to an increase in comfort temperature, which is termed adaptive increment in this study. Apart from adaptive increments, this method also determines a baseline thermal comfort temperature (the thermal comfort temperature without adaptations) and a correction factor that considers the factors affecting adaptive behaviours, based on which, the highest operative temperature at which people may still feel thermally comfortable. This may be applied in mixed mode (MM) buildings to achieve a higher air-conditioning (AC) setpoint which may lead to a significant reduction in cooling energy. This method is believed to be flexible in dealing with different environments with various levels of adaptations and likely to be advantageous over the steady-state and adaptive models in predicting thermal comfort temperature of an environment with abundant adaptive opportunities. This study also evaluates ways of promoting the use of adaptive opportunities. It explores how adaptive thermal comfort theories may be used for behaviour modelling and in turn be applied to enhance the energy performances and comfort levels of real buildings. To improve the feasibility of this method key effective adaptive behaviours are studied in detail through lab experiments and field studies. The lab experiment has found the adaptive increment of taking cold water to be 1.5°C which is more significant than the previous literature suggests. When all the studied adaptive behaviours are exercised, the overall adaptive increment is as high as 4.7°C. However, the research has identified some issues associated with the adaptive opportunities studied. These include the existence of constraints on the use of adaptive behaviours, the low availability of some effective adaptive opportunities, the low operation frequency of desk fans and the misuse of windows and AC systems. Despite this, the availability of more adaptive opportunities has been verified to be capable of increasing the highest operative temperature at which people may still feel thermally comfortable: the lab experiment shows that over 80% of the participants can still find it thermally comfortable at an operative temperature of 30°C on the condition that adequate adaptive opportunities are provided; the field study shows that the thermal comfort temperature of occupants increases by at least 1°C when desk fans and cool mats are available. Based on these analyses, it proposes an MM system which encourages occupants to exercise adaptive opportunities and improves both comfort levels and energy efficiency. Building performance simulation results show that the proposed MM system is effective in reducing the reliance on AC systems and promotes effective uses of windows and AC systems. By applying the MM system and the associated passive energy-saving strategies, an office can cut cooling energy by about 90% and the peak cooling load by over 80% during transitional seasons.

Le programme environnemental des Nations Unies indique que les bâtiments utilisent près de 40% de l'énergie,25% de l'eau et 40% des ressources globales. Ils émettent approximativement un tiers des émissions de gaz à effetde serre. Ses chiffres sont en constante augmentation si l'on considère que de plus en plus de notre temps estpassé à l'intérieur des bâtiments, avec une recherche accrue vers davantage de confort dans les espaces de vie.Aujourd'hui, les technologies embarquées et ubiquitaires rendent possible cette amélioration du confort au sein demaisons intelligentes (Smart Homes).Les travaux décrits dans ce mémoire de thèse portent essentiellement sur les approches de gestion intelligente duconfort thermique dans les bâtiments, tout en réduisant également la consommation d'énergie. Le confort thermiqueest un des critères les plus importants à prendre en compte pour améliorer le confort global des utilisateurs.Dans un premier temps, notre démarche scientifique a consisté à percevoir chaque bâtiment comme un systèmecyber-physique, c'est-à-dire un système où des éléments informatiques collaborent pour le contrôle et la commanded'entités physiques. En vue d'améliorer le confort thermique dans les bâtiments résidentiels, nous avons toutd'abord analysé les avantages et les inconvénients de méthodes de contrôle local et de méthodes de contrôleoptimal de gestion du confort. Nous avons ensuite proposé, implémenté et validé une méthode de contrôle hybride.Celle-ci est divisée en deux modules : un module d'optimisation inverse PMV, et un module de contrôle de type PID.Le premier module est utilisé pour déterminer une température intérieure que le module PID devra atteindre en tantque température de consigne. Les expériences menées en simulation montrent que cette technique permetd'améliorer le confort thermique de manière satisfaisante et efficace par rapport à un panel de méthodes proposéesdans la littérature.Dans un second temps, notre attention s'est portée sur l'amélioration du confort et de l'efficacité énergétique au seind'un ensemble de bâtiments géographiquement proches et hétérogènes, c'est-à-dire comprenant des appareilsélectriques contrôlables. Pour modéliser ce large système, nous avons utilisé le concept d'holarchie, qui est unehiérarchie d'agents holoniques (ou holons), des agents pouvant être composés d'autres agents. Nous avons ensuiteproposé, implémenté et évalué une méta-heuristique basée sur l'optimisation particulaire coopérative pour optimiserle scheduling des appareils contrôlables dans l'ensemble des bâtiments. Les résultats des expériences desimulation montrent la pertinence de l'approche pour un système comportant deux niveaux dans la holarchie.Néanmoins une extension de notre approche à des holarchies comportant davantage de niveaux serait tout à faitenvisageable. / With the development of human society, smart homes attract more and more attention from the research fields, since they can offer a great potential for improving indoor comfort and energy efficiency. In this work, firstly great effort is concentrated on the thermal comfort improvement, not only for its dominant influence on indoor comfort, but also the overriding energy consumption in residential buildings spent on it. Thus a cyber-physical system , which adopts a hybrid intelligent control method, to regulate the indoor temperature is designed and implemented. Based on this system, thermal comfort and the energy efficiency can be improved compared with other popular methods. Towards further improving energy efficiency of individual homes and the grid utility, a set of neighbouring smart homes, each comprising a number of controllable devices, and a smart grid adopting demand response are considered. Moreover, an organization centered multi-agent system is employed to model this large-scale complex system. For the reason that selfish and non-coordinated scheduling of the controllable devices for time-varying prices may lead to severe peak rebounds, hence a meta-heuristic algorithm based on cooperative particle swarm optimizationis proposed to optimize schedules of these devices. The experimental results have verified the proposed system and algorithm. In addition, the problems solved and the system designed in this dissertation belong to the two bottom layers of the smart grid holarchy. Based on these research results and the scalability of the holarchy, more complex problems from higher layers of the holarchy can be tackled in future.

This work comprises of a detail study of the impact of building integrated heating (BIH) systems on energy efficiency and thermal comfort. The work has been sponsored by a company called Thermotech AB which supplied the BIH system for twin apartment buildings in Kumla owned by Kumla Bostäder. Comprehensive energy analysis was done using IDA simulation software for the building with normal radiator heating and BIH heating systems. The analysis showed 7.5 % annual savings in favor of the BIH system but since the ground and first floor thermostatic set point was not achieved we are a bit skeptical about the actual savings. Detailed literature study in this regard showed that there was no significant difference in the energy consumption for both of the systems. In the case of thermal comfort there are many citations preferring the integrated heating with features like better comfort, air quality, less noisy system ,flexible room layout and ability to use a sustainable source such as solar power. Simulations for thermal comfort were unable to determine any significant betterment of one system over the other as both were theoretically able to deliver the same comfort. Actual measurements however showed extremely good PPD % values during a hot summer day. Unfortunately a winter measurement could not be taken due to time constraint but is a strong recommendation for further work. A detailed survey was also conducted to gauge the people’s reaction on the system during the past winter. While most of the people were satisfied average PMV of around 0.5, people from lower floors did complain about it being too cold during the winter. Some complained about it being too warm during summer time which is understandable as there no external shades and the ventilation system runs at constant speed. Some people had complains about the air quality and lack of ventilation as well. In conclusion the system’s superior thermal comfort over the conventional radiator circuit cannot be denied but its energy efficiency features may be up for debate. We recommend the system in spite of the additional cost due to the comfort for the occupants and the fact that it utilizes a low temperature source which is much more sustainable and environment friendly then the conventional high temperature sources.

Bakgrund: Det finns ett begränsat utbud av vetenskaplig forskning omrevisorsassistenter, men av tillgänglig forskning framgår att revisorsassistentergenomför en stor del av revisionens granskning. Okunskap om hur revisorsassistenternasjälva upplever sin arbetssituation - handlingsutrymme och comfort - motiverar vårstudie. Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att utforska relationen mellan revisorsassistentersupplevda handlingsutrymme och comfort. Metod: För att uppnå vårt syfte utfördes tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta av dessaintervjuer utfördes med revisorsassistenter och två stycken med före dettarevisorsassistenter som lämnat yrket inom det senaste året. Slutsats: Vi kommer fram till att det framförallt är erfarenhet, personlighet ochstructure/kontroller som påverkar relationen mellan revisorsassistenters upplevdahandlingsutrymme och comfort / Background: The research regarding audit associates is limited, but available researchshows that audit associates perform a great deal of the audit. Our study is motivated bythe lack of research concerning the audit associates own experience of their worksituation, discretion and comfort. Purpose: To explore the relationship between audit associates perceived discretion andcomfort. Method: We performed ten semistructured interviews. Eight of these with auditassociates and two with former audit associates who left the occupation the latest year. Conclusion: We conclude that the main factors that affect the relationship betweenaudit associates perceived discretion and comfort is experience, personality andstructure/controls.

This research studied the relationship between transit users’ travel experience and the built environment bus rapid transit (BRT) stations. The study recorded attributes of the built environment and user perceptions at eight Emerald Express stations between Eugene and Springfield, Oregon as case studies. It found that of the attributes studied, transit users’ satisfactions of pedestrian accessibility had strong correlations with their preference of using EmX over a car. It also found that users perceived stations in built environments with spare street shading and commercial land-uses as less safe, and were also less satisfied with weather protection at stations with low street shading. The study found Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and Predicted Mean Votes (PMV) to mostly identify the same categories of thermal stress. The study developed a rating system to evaluate station performance based on quantitative attributes and suggests short and long term improvements to improve semi-outdoor bus stations.

O tema central desta dissertação é a percepção de conforto como instrumento para traçar diretrizes para o design de calcinhas, que é o principal objetivo deste estudo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma investigação teórico-metodológica acerca do conforto, do produto estudado, a calcinha e da usuária, a mulher. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo traçar diretrizes de projeto de calcinhas com base na percepção de conforto das mulheres de diferentes perfis físicos e psicológicos. Para tanto, foram definidos três objetivos específicos: i) Elaborar uma taxonomia para calcinhas e conceituar os seus elementos; ii) identificar fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas; iii) avaliar estes fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas, de acordo com perfis corporais e psicológicos das mulheres. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi norteado por três pressupostos: i) a percepção de conforto varia de acordo com o perfil psicológico e corporal de cada mulher; ii) diferentes modelos de calcinha se adéquam a diferentes perfis de mulher e produzem percepções diferentes de conforto; e iii) o estudo do conforto envolve as complexas relações entre usuária e o produto, através de estímulos físicos e psicológicos. Com base nos modelos de avaliação da percepção de conforto e risco de Van der Linden (2004), avaliação do conforto no vestuário de Wages (1974) e os métodos de avaliação da percepção de conforto no uso de calcinhas, desenvolvidos em estudo anterior (Giongo, 2010), esta dissertação foi construída e desenvolvida por meio de dois instrumentos: um questionário online, aplicado a 54 estudantes de universidades da Grande Porto Alegre e um questionário físico, aplicado a 347 estudantes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade Feevale. Com base em estudo e elaboração de uma taxonomia das calcinhas e na análise do primeiro questionário, foi possível estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar o comportamento de uso das participantes e, com base nestas informações, traçar as diretrizes de projeto para o design de calcinhas. / The central theme of this dissertation, as well as its main objective, is to set comfort perception as a tool to establish guidelines for panty design. This paper presents a theoretical and methodological research about comfort, as well as the manufactured goods studied, panties, in addition to their consumer, women. The aim was to establish guidelines based on the comfort perception of women from different physical and psychological profiles. Hence, three specific objectives were defined: i) develop a taxonomy for that type of underwear, conceptualizing elements ii) identify factors involved in comfort perception of panties iii) evaluate factors involved in comfort perception of panties, according to physical and psychological profiles. This work was guided by three assumptions: i) comfort perception varies according to the psychological and physical distinctiveness of every woman ii) different models of underwear suit different profiles of women and produce different perceptions of comfort, and iii) the study of comfort involves the complex relationship between consumer and manufactured goods, through physical and psychological stimuli. This dissertation was rooted in the evaluation of risk and comfort perception model of Van der Linden (2004), in the clothing comfort evaluation of Wages (1974) and on the methods of assessment of comfort perception in wearing such panties, developed in a previous study (Giongo , 2010), and it was built and completed through the application of two instruments: an electronic questionnaire, answered by 54 students from universities in Greater Porto Alegre, and a paper questionnaire answered by 347 students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Feevale University. Founded on the study and development of the taxonomy of this kind of underwear, as well as on the analysis of the first questionnaire, it was possible to establish parameters to evaluate consumer behavior of participants and, from that, establish guidelines for panty design.

Resumo: O sombreamento promovido por árvores constitui um dos melhores dispositivos externos para controle e redução dos efeitos da radiação solar. Natural e de baixo custo, este recurso é de extrema utilidade para o conforto térmico dos seres vivos, especialmente em países de clima quente, onde a incidência de radiação solar é alta. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência térmica do sombreamento natural proporcionado por diferentes espécies arbóreas, por meio de medições de varáveis climáticas e de índices de conforto térmico. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Botucatu, SP e foram avaliadas as sombras de nove indivíduos arbóreos, sendo três exemplares da espécie pau-terra-da-areia (Qualea dichotoma (Warm.) Stafl.), três da espécie chico-pires (Pithecolobium incuriale (Vell.) Benth.) e três da espécie copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.). Foram registrados à sombra e a céu aberto os dados de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa, temperatura de ponto de orvalho e temperatura de globo negro e velocidade do vento, durante o verão, ao longo do dia, com leituras horárias entre 8h e 17h. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Os resultados foram avaliados por meio dos índices de conforto térmico ITU, ITGU, CTR, e por meio da avaliação para o dia crítico do período analisado. Concluiu-se que houve diferença estatística entre as espécies estudadas e de maneira geral a espécie copaíba foi a que apresentou um maior índice de redução da carga térmica de radiação, sendo a pau-terra-da-areia a que apresentou uma menor redução / Abstract: The shading promoted by trees constitutes one of the best external devices to control and to reduce the effects of solar radiation. Natural and economical, such resource is extremely useful to the thermal comfort of living creatures, especially in counties with hot weather, where the incidence of solar radiation is high. This work aimed at evaluating the thermal efficiency of the natural shading given by different species of trees through measurements of climatic variables and indexes of thermal comfort. The research was developed in Botucatu County (São Paulo) and the shade of nine trees were evaluated; three of the species pau-terra-da-areia (Qualea dichotoma (Warm.) Stafl.), three of the species chico-pires (Phithecolobium incuriale (Vell.) Benth.) and three of the species copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.). The air temperature and the relative humidity, the dew point temperature, the globe temperature of Vernon, and the wind speed data were taken in the shade during summer, throughout the day with readings between 8 am and 5 pm in the shade and exposed sun. The completely random statistical design was adopted (DIC). The results were evaluated using thermal comfort indexes THI, BGHI, CTR and using evaluation on the critical day for the period analyzed. It was concluded that there was a statistical difference among the species used and, as a whole, the copaiba species was the one which presented the highest index of radiant thermal load reduction and the pau-terra-da-areia, the one which presented the lowest index / Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Coorientador: Iran José Oliveira da Silva / Banca: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Banca: Ana Maria Liner Pereira Lima / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:31:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sorano_ec_me_bauru.pdf: 2118598 bytes, checksum: 1fc65045ccf9deda19d25f73f98368b8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Abordando o caráter interdisciplinar da ergonomia, esta pesquisa propõe a avaliação das influências do ambiente urbano de um bairro residencial da cidade de Bauru-SP, Brasil, sobre a temperatura do ar na escala do pedestre e conseqüentemente do conforto térmico do mesmo. O bairro escolhido para estudo de caso apresenta tendência ao adensamento, heterogeneidade construtiva quanto à verticalidade e complexidade de uso do solo. A metodologia englobou: a observação da área de estudo para identificação das atividades humanas ali realizadas; a classificação das quadras segundo parâmetros formais, de uso e ocupação do solo; registros da temperatura do ar em 10 pontos fixos; avaliação do conforto térmico do pedestre por meio da aplicação de questionários e coleta de dados microclimáticos; e avaliação do ambiente térmico e da sensação térmica do pedestre por meio da interrelação das características do tecido urbano com os dados climáticos da área estudada e a sensação térmica do pedestre. O cruzamento dos dados foi realizado com auxílio do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) Arc View, que gerou mapas temáticos relacionando os atributos climáticos medidos com os padrões de uso do solo. Como resultado, se determinou o comportamento térmico da malha urbana e a sensação térmica experimentada pelo pedestre, sendo possível verificar que o uso do solo urbano interfere tanto na temperatura do ar como conforto térmico do homem. Os resultados obtidos por essa pesquisa poderão servir de base para o planejamento urbano sustentável que proporcione ambientes favoráveis às atividades humanas / Addressing the interdisciplinary character of Ergonomics, this research proposes the evaluation of the influences of the urban environment on the air temperature at the pedestrian level in a residential neighborhood of the city of Bauru, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Its thermal comfort is also analyzed. The neighborhood chosen for the case study presents densification tendency, heterogeneous verticality and complexity of land use. The methodology consisted of: field observation of the study area in order to identify the human activities being carried out; classification of urban blocks according to their formal parameters of land use and occupation; records of air temperature at 10 reference points; evaluation of thermal comfort for the pedestrian through the application of questionnaires and microclimatic data collection; evaluation of the thermal environment and pedestrian thermal sensation, by means of the interrelationship of the urban characteristics with the climatic data of the study area and walking thermal sensation. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Arc View was applied to cross-examining the data, generating thematic maps that allowed the comparison of weather attributes and land use patterns. As a result, it was determine the thermal behavior of the urban network and the thermal sensation experienced by the pedestrian, in this way being possible to verify that the use of urban land interferes in both air temperature and thermal comfort of man. The results reached in this research could help on the basis for sustainable urban planning that would provide favorable environments to human activities

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pizarro_pr_me_bauru.pdf: 1212315 bytes, checksum: e5103941a3f3bcedb9066a9df016206a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O desempenho do usuário em um ambiente está diretamente ligado às condições de conforto e estética oferecidas por aquele ambiente, inserindo-se no contexto dos estudos ergonômicos. Considerando-se espaços escolares, estas relações do usuário com o ambiente têm um caráter ainda mais importante, por refletir-se no próprio processo de aprendizado. É sob este aspecto que esta pesquisa se concentra, procurando estabelecer, qualificar e posteriormente quantificar variáveis que indiquem níveis de conforto ambiental para usuários de edificações escolares. É considerada a cidade de Bauru como área de estudo e dentro da linha ergonômica, visa estudar dois parâmetros de conforto ambiental especificamente: conforto térmico e conforto luminoso. Três escolas municipais são selecionadas e analisadas, definindo variáveis que abrangem três aspectos: pessoal, climático e constutivo. É feito um modelo de previsão de índice de satisfação térmica do usuário e de grau de iluminância de sala de aula. As importâncias relativas de cada variável são definidas através de testes de sensibilidade, valendo-se de redes neurais artificiais como ferramenta de modelação. / The performance of users in an environment is directly related to the conditions of comfort and aesthetics offered by that environment, and it is part of the ergonomic studies field. Considering school environments, this relationship of the user with the environment is even more important, due to its influence in the learning process. This is the subject of this research, which establishes, qualifies and quantifies the variables that show the levels of environmental comfort for school users. The case study is the city of Bauru, and from the ergonomic point of view, two parameters of the environmental comfort are considered: thermal comfort and lighting comfort. Three public schools of the municipality are selected and analyzed for the determination of variables that incoude three aspects: personal, climatic and constructive. A prediction model is developed in order to simulate the level of user's satisfaction. The relative importance of each variable is determined by sensitivity tests using artificial neural network modeling tools.