Yes / Medical Research Council

No / The College of Radiographers has called for ‘Red Dot’ schemes to evolve and has recommended the development of radiographer commenting. The implementation of a radiographer comment scheme assumes that radiographers previously participating in ‘red dot’ schemes have been accurately recognising radiographic abnormalities and are, therefore, able to comment upon, and describe, such radiographic appearances. Research evidence to support such an assumption is sparse. This study compares the ability of radiographers attending a short course on musculoskeletal trauma to ‘red dot’ and comment on A&E radiographic appearances. Methods: This study adopted a pre-test, post-test approach. One hundred and twenty one radiographers attending a short course on musculoskeletal trauma (Bradford Red Dot Course) were invited to undertake an assessment of their ability to recognise (‘red dot’) and describe (comment upon) radiographic abnormalities at the start and end of the short course. Results: One hundred and fifteen radiographers (n = 115/121; 95.0%) completed both the pre- and post-training assessments. Post-training mean scores per case improved on average by 9.8% [p = 0.012; 95% CI: 2.4, 17.1] for ‘red dots’ and 12.7% [p = 0.007; 95% CI: 3.8, 21.5] for commenting. However, the difference between mean ‘red dot’ and commenting scores remained similar with mean radiographer comment scores being 13.7% less than mean ‘red dot’ scores pre-training and 10.8% less post-training. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the accuracy of radiographer comments was significantly reduced when compared to the accuracy of ‘red dots’ for the same radiographic images. The clinical significance of these findings for departments wanting to move from a ‘red dot’ system to a radiographer commenting scheme is that without appropriate training and audit, the quality of service and assistance to the A&E department could be significantly reduced.

by Gu Gang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-142). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.v / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Grammaticality and Acceptability --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- The X-bar Theory --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- C-command --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Barrier --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- Government --- p.12 / Chapter 2.6 --- The Binding Theory --- p.13 / Chapter 2.7 --- Indexation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Lexical Words --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Trace --- p.19 / Chapter 2.7.2.1 --- The ECP --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7.2.2 --- The Overt Trace --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- PRO --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- pro --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Summary --- p.29 / Chapter 2.8 --- The General Control --- p.30 / Chapter 2.9 --- Summary --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- THE CLASSIFICATION OF TOPIC STRUCTURES --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Definition --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Topicalized Topics and Left-Dislocalized Topics --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Pure Topics and Contrastive Topics --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Topic PP --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Covert Passive Structures --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOME APPROACHES ON THE GENERATION OF THE TOPIC STRUCTURE --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- Ross (1967) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chomsky (1977) --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3 --- Brunson (1992) --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Huang (1984, 1987，1989, 1991)" --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Xu (1985,1986, 1994)" --- p.64 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- The BASE-GENERATION APPROACH --- p.67 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Identification of the Gap in the Comment --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Subjacency Effect or Control Failure? --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- Free Empty Categories --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Base-Generated Variable --- p.82 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.84 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- THE TOPIC PP --- p.85 / Chapter 6.1 --- Disconstituents --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Order Among PPs --- p.87 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- English --- p.87 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chinese --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Temporal Adjuncts --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Locative Adjuncts --- p.94 / Chapter 6.2.2.3 --- Relative Position of the Parallel Adjuncts --- p.96 / Chapter 6.3 --- Topic PPs and Disconstituents --- p.98 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Topic PPs and V-bar Disconstituents --- p.98 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Topic PPs and Subject --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- AS for Topics and Disconstituents --- p.105 / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- THE RESUMPTIVE PRONOUN IN THE COMMENT --- p.109 / Chapter 7.1 --- A Controversy --- p.109 / Chapter 7.2 --- Traces and Resumptive Pronouns --- p.111 / Chapter 7.3 --- The Binding Constraint --- p.115 / Chapter 7.4 --- The Complex NP --- p.117 / Chapter 7.5 --- Why Overt? --- p.119 / Chapter 7.6 --- Summary --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.130 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.135

No description available.

Redovisning av leasing har diskuterats under många år. Den nuvarande standarden, IAS 17, har kritiserat på grund av att många företag har möjlighet att klassificera sina leasingavtal som operationella för att slippa redovisa leasingen som en tillgång eller skuld i balansräkningen. IASB och FASB jobbar gemensamt för att ändra standarden för leasingredovisning och de engagerar olika grupper av intressenter genom att de skickar in comment letters. Det första förslaget för ändringar av standarden var Exposure Draft 2010/9. Förslaget fick så många kommentarer att det resulterade i ett reviderat förslag som kom ut i maj 2013 och heter Exposure Draft 2013/6. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka attityder från olika grupper (akademiker, upprättare, användare, redovisningsprofession, nationella reglerare och andra internationella intresseorganisationer) i Europa till det nya förslaget i Exposure Draft 2013/6 - Leasing, angående frågorna som handlar om leasingredovisning hos leasingtagare och klassifikation av leasing. Tycker de olika grupperna att det nya förslaget besvarar problemen, angående klassifikation och redovisning av leasing, som finns i den nuvarande internationella redovisningsstandarden (IAS 17) eller skapar det bara nya problem? Vi har också undersökt i vilken utsträckning dessa grupper deltar med kommentarer i comment letters. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där vi analyserade och tolkade kommentarer och attityder i comment letters till det nya förslaget. I den teoretiska referensramen tas upp hur forskningen bedrivs för att ta fram nya standarder, hur och i vilken grad de olika grupperna är involverade i detta genom deltagande i comment letters och den kritik som riktats mot det nya förslaget angående klassifikation och redovisning. Resultatet av studien baserades på 151 comment letters skickade till IASB/FASB. Analysen har gjorts genom att använda analysmodellen i avsnitt 3.9 och det empiriska resultatet har kopplats till den teoretiska referensramen. Resultatet visade att det inte finns några akademiker från Europa som deltagit i comment letters. Den grupp som har kommenterat comment letters i störst utsträckning har visat sig vara upprättare och detta går i linje med vad tidigare forskning visat. Majoriteten inom samtliga grupper håller inte med om det nya förslaget. Attityden mot förslaget är negativ både när det gäller redovisning hos leasingtagare och klassifikation. / Discussion on the accounting treatment of leases has been going on for many years. The current standard, IAS 17 has criticized because many companies are able to classify their leases as operational leasing agreements in order not to reflect assets and liabilities on the balance sheets. IASB and FASB working together to amend the standard for lease accounting and they involve various groups of stakeholders and individuals by submitting comment letters. The first proposal for the amendment of the standard was Exposure Draft 2010/9. The proposal received so many comments which resulted a revised proposal that came out in May 2013 and called Exposure Draft 2013/6. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of different groups (academics, preparers, users, the accounting profession, national regulators and other international organizations) in Europe to the new proposal of Exposure Draft 2013/6 -Leasing, regarding questions relating to lease accounting in lessee and classification. Do they think that the new proposal solve the problems concerning classification and financial statements of leasing, which is found in the current international accounting standard (IAS 17) or just create new problems. We have also investigated in which extend these groups participated with comments in the comment letters. The study is a qualitative survey where we analyzed and interpreted the comments and attitudes in the comment letters to the new proposal. In the theoretical frame addressed how research is conducted to develop new standards, how and to what extent the different groups involved in this by participating in the comment letters and the criticism leveled against the new proposal concerning classification and accounting. The results of the study are based on 151 comment letters sent to the IASB/FASB. The analysis has been made by using the analysis model in section 3.9 and the empirical results have been applied to the theoretical frame of reference. Analysis showed that there are no academics who participated in the comment letters. The group that has commented most on the comment letters have proved to be the pre-parers and this is in line with what previous research has shown. The majority of all groups do not agree with the new proposal. The attitude to the proposal is negative in terms of accounting in lessee and classification.

This thesis investigates the syntax-discourse interface in adult, end state second language (L2) acquisition. Specifically, it examines topic constructions in Spanish and English, namely Clitic Left Dislocation (CLLD) and Contrastive Left Dislocation (CLD), which exhibit both syntactic and discourse level properties. In both cases, topics occur at the left periphery of clauses and reintroduce a subset of a known set previously mentioned in discourse. Sensitivity to specificity is available in Spanish but not in English. The interpretation of the topicalized element as either generic or specific depends on the presence or absence of the clitic. Data from a bidirectional study are reported in order to investigate the issue of L1 transfer as well as the question of whether acquiring a new property is easier than losing a property. / Three current theories of acquisition are examined, namely, the Full Transfer/Full Access model (FT/FA), Failed Functional Features Hypothesis/Representational Deficit Hypothesis (FFFH/RDH), and Optionality theory. The theories are considered with respect to their predictions about L2 ultimate attainment and the syntax-discourse interface. / Participants were 15 end state speakers of L2 Spanish/L1 English and 15 end state speakers of L2 English/L1 Spanish were tested. Three tasks were administered for each study (Sentence Completion Task, oral Sentence Selection Task, and oral Acceptability Task) targeting topic constructions and associated interpretive properties in the respective target languages. Results for the L2 Spanish study indicate that while the syntactic properties of CLLD were acquired, the interpretive properties of specificity were fossilized (i.e. clitic was overgeneralized). Results for the L2 English study also showed that the syntactic properties were acquired but the specificity distinction of the L1 was transferred into the L2. Results demonstrate that problems with specificity occur in both directions as predicted by the theory of Optionality. In both cases, the optionality found at the interpretive level was L1-based. Namely, non-target L1 forms co-existed with the L2 forms.

Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009. / Some dictionaries are presented in such a way that their target users could not easily retrieve the required semantic information with special reference to Xitsonga/English Dikixinari/Dictionary (2005). Semantic information in the dictionary is presented unsystematically. In some cases extra-linguistic information in the form of contextual guidance is presented, which is regarded as secondary information in the place of semantic information (which is primary). The study evaluates this dictionary in terms of the primary of semantic comments in Xitsonga/English Dictionary. The study finds that translation equivalents are not arranged systematically in the microstructure. The research concludes that extra-linguistic information in a form of contextual guidance must be systematical used in the microstructure of Xitsonga/English Dikixinary/Dictionary (2005) so that dictionary users could be able to retrieve systematic information that could help them to speak the target language in a communicative functional way. This as a result will lead to communicative success. / Not listed

No description available.

No description available.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is a difference between the respondent groups preparers and non-preparers position in IASBs question if a reversal of previously impaired goodwill should be prohibited. The background is an exposure draft sent out by the IASB and we examine the answers, in form of comment letters, sent in by the respondents to reach our purpose. Our method is positivistic in the sense that we study already existing theories when we create our hypothesis which gives our assumption about how the result of the respondent’s answers will be. Our data, which we have collected from the comment letters, is qualitative secondary data. When we draw our conclusions we’re using both empirics and logics, this method characterises the hypothetic-deductive method.</p><p>The theory we studied to reach our hypothesis mainly consisted of positive accounting theory, the agency theory and utility maximising theory. But we also studied existing laws, accounting standards and the special nature of goodwill as an asset to create a better understanding of how the different respondent groups would answer the question.</p><p>The result of our research showed us that more non-preparers than preparers supported IASBs proposition, but the difference between the groups was not large enough to generalize our result and we could not statistically establish any relation with help from our Chi2 test. The result that preparers to a large extent agreed with IASB is interesting because it doesn’t correspond with the theories about positive accounting theory, agency theory and the theory about utilising individuals that we have studied. From the result a few questions arise. Could it be that preparers aren’t as utilising as the theory says? Another theory that could answer this question is the stewardship theory.</p><p>Our conclusion after studying and analysing our theory and research results is that there in fact is a difference between the respondent groups preparers and non-preparers attitude towards IASBs proposal, even if the difference is smaller than we first thought.</p>