研究起點在於觀察到八○年代二現象之相近發生。其一，台灣學界漸興對中產階級之討論；其二，台灣雜誌工業較以往殊異發展。西方理論中對中產階級定義及其諸多問題莫衷一是，本文以如下方式討論階級：由生產關係的二元位置，至Wright加入三項資財，再至Bourdieu在實踐的經濟將社會空間中類似或接近位置的行動者視為相同階級的行為；相對地，中產階級的定義從據生產方式中的矛盾位置，而在多維度空間下場域、習癖、資本之不同位於不同位置。以此而觀八○年代雜誌工業之發展則具意義。此時已非教育之普及使印刷媒體有突破性的發展，而是特定消費型態及社會趨勢使印刷媒體受益，如八○年代財經、政論、女性雜誌的興起，九○年代國際中文版雜誌紛紛搶灘。其中，作者選定1981年創刊之《天下》雜誌為研究對象，其正為中產階級文化善意彰顯之例。在台灣，《天下》在象徵意義上常被標舉如社會良知，此卻易使人忽略其作為一份商品的存在；但《天下》不只是商品而已。在資本主義商業機制中，必須維持並擴充其自身的再生產；促使讀者消費《天下》，藉由對讀者的召喚以獲回應，對象為：以專技知識換取生產位置的中產階級為主，在其自薦廣告中，以時間壓力升遷壓力頻頻催促、完全繫於文化資本之有無，而《天下》正提供八○年代的管理與經濟學知識，對於企圖將文化資本轉化為組織科層升遷或經濟資本者，《天下》即為所需；就此而言，《天下》所傳散的正是生產力再生產的知識。

<p>The question this essay sets out to answer is what role God plays in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, in the book “Of a Christian Common-wealth”, in relationship to humans as moral beings. The question is relevant as the religious aspects of Hobbes’s thinking cannot be ignored, although Hobbes most likely had rather secular and sceptical philosophical views. In order to answer the research question Leviathan’s “Of a Christian Common-wealth” will be compared and contrasted with two contextual works: the canonical theological document of the Anglican Church, the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571), and Presbyterian-Anglican document the Westminster Confession (1648). Also, recent scholarly works on Hobbes and more general reference works will be employed and discussed. Hobbes’s views provide a seemingly unsolvable paradox. On the one hand, God is either portrayed, or becomes by consequence of his sceptical and secular state thinking, a distant God in relationship to moral humans in “Of a Christian Common-wealth”. Also, the freedom humans seem to have in making their own moral decisions, whether based on natural and divine, or positive laws, appears to obscure God’s almightiness. On the other hand, when placing Hobbes in context, Hobbes appears to have espoused Calvinist views, with beliefs in predestination and that God is the cause of everything. Rather paradoxically it not unlikely that Hobbes espoused both the views that appear to obscure the role of God, and his more Calvinistic views.</p>

The question this essay sets out to answer is what role God plays in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, in the book “Of a Christian Common-wealth”, in relationship to humans as moral beings. The question is relevant as the religious aspects of Hobbes’s thinking cannot be ignored, although Hobbes most likely had rather secular and sceptical philosophical views. In order to answer the research question Leviathan’s “Of a Christian Common-wealth” will be compared and contrasted with two contextual works: the canonical theological document of the Anglican Church, the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571), and Presbyterian-Anglican document the Westminster Confession (1648). Also, recent scholarly works on Hobbes and more general reference works will be employed and discussed. Hobbes’s views provide a seemingly unsolvable paradox. On the one hand, God is either portrayed, or becomes by consequence of his sceptical and secular state thinking, a distant God in relationship to moral humans in “Of a Christian Common-wealth”. Also, the freedom humans seem to have in making their own moral decisions, whether based on natural and divine, or positive laws, appears to obscure God’s almightiness. On the other hand, when placing Hobbes in context, Hobbes appears to have espoused Calvinist views, with beliefs in predestination and that God is the cause of everything. Rather paradoxically it not unlikely that Hobbes espoused both the views that appear to obscure the role of God, and his more Calvinistic views.

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

許多研究證實企業落實企業社會責任（CSR），有助增進與利害關係人關係。然而，不同利害關係人對不同面向之CSR的態度因重視程度高低而有差異，若企業能以特定利害關係人所注重之CSR面向進行溝通，溝通效果將事半功倍。「天下企業公民獎」是國內CSR獎項的先行者，透過將CSR分為「公司治理」、「企業承諾」、「社會參與」與「環境保護」，邀請專家學者對參獎企業進行各構面的評比。此獎深耕台灣，許多企業視此獎為自身CSR的年度總體檢。 本研究以民眾角度，探討天下企業公民獎四大構面是否為衡量CSR的顯著指標，及各構面之衡量題項是否能真實反應該構面意涵。其次，探討四大構面在消費者心中的相對重要性，並進行跨產業比較：探討是否因產業不同，使民眾對四大構面的重要性排序發生改變。最後透過重要性－績效分析法，找出各產業之代表企業（玉山金控、華碩電腦與中華電信）在民眾心中仍可加強的CSR構面。本研究之有效網路問卷共344份（金融業115份、製造業117份、服務業112份），透過LISREL進行二階驗證式因素分析。研究結果歸納如下： 一、四大構面皆為衡量企業社會責任的顯著指標。 二、「環境保護」、「社會參與」、「公司治理」之題項皆為衡量構面的顯著指標。「企業承諾」構面下則有兩題項對該構面的解釋能力不足。 三、民眾對於企業社會責任之四大構面的重要性排序為「企業承諾」＞「公司治理」＞「環境保護」＞「社會參與」。 四、「企業承諾」在民眾心中屬於相對重要性高的構面。若企業透過企業承諾構面的CSR作為與民眾溝通，推測能夠有達到較佳的溝通效果。 五、對於三間代表企業而言，「企業承諾」皆為民眾較重視的構面，但玉山金控與華碩電腦在民眾心中的表現績效偏低，建議可列為優先改善重點。 六、企業的「社會參與」績效佳，但民眾認為重要性低，故可將資源重分配。 / Companies nowadays face an ever more difficult environment and more demanding stakeholders. This means corporate social responsibility has become a new area offering opportunity for reducing risks and developing new competitive advantages. Previous research has shown that corporate social responsibility helps companies better communicate with stakeholders and increase brand value as well as reputation. “CommonWealth Magazine Corporate Citizen Award” is the pioneer in domestic corporate social responsibility awards. Its corporate social responsibility (CSR) framework takes four dimensions into account, including Corporate Governance, Corporate Commitment, Community Involvement, and Environmental Protection. Annually, experts and scholars are invited to grade on these four dimensions, and awards are given out to the top 100 corporate citizens. The award is in its 11th consecutive year. With its long tradition and reputation, many companies regard this award as the annual examination for their corporate social responsibility practices. From the customers’ perspective, this study examines whether the four dimensions given by CommonWealth Magazine Corporate Citizen Award can be significant indicators for corporate social responsibility, and whether the measuring questions truly reflect each dimension. Next, it moves on to examine the relative importance for consumers of the four dimensions, including cross-industry comparison. By including the financial industry, the manufacturing industry and the service industry, it examines whether people would rank the four dimensions in a different order according to different industries. Finally, by applying Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), it analyses the dimensions for three representative corporations in each industry (E. Sun Financial Holdings Company, ASUSTEK Computer Inc, and Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.) Based on these findings, suggestions for improvement are made. With 344 valid online questionnaires (115 in the financial industry, 117 in the manufacturing industry, 112 in the service industy) and using second-order CFA in LISREL, the research findings are summarized as below: 1. All four dimensions are significant indicators for measuring corporate social responsibility. 2. The measuring questions for “Environmental Protection”, “Social Involvement” and “Corporate Governance” dimensions are all significant indicators for their respective dimensions. However, two measuring questions in “Corporate Commitment” do not provide sufficient explanation of this dimension. 3. People rank in the order of importance the four dimensions of corporate social responsibility as follows: Corporate Commitment, Corporate Governance, Environmental Protection, and Community Involvement. 4. In the cross-industry comparison, “Corporate Commitment” ranks the most or second most important dimension for consumers. Companies are advised to communicate with consumers through activities in this dimension. 5. Consumers place great value on “Corporate Commitment”, while E. Sun Financial Holdings Company and ASUSTEK Computer Inc perform poorly in this dimension. Suggestions are given as to better prioritize the practice of this dimension. 6. “Community Involvement” shows high performance, while consumers actually do not place that much importance on it. Thus, it is recommended that resources should be reorganized.