Residential co-ownership - common areas Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the legal regulation of residential co-ownership contained in the Civil Code, with an emphasis on the common areas of an immovable thing. The aim of the thesis was to focus and discuss some issues of residential co-ownership, which are not completely clarified and cause interpretation difficulties. As the institute of residential co-ownership is relatively new and constantly evolving, there is indeed a wide range of topics that could be discussed. Therefore, due to the breadth of the topic, the thesis focuses on issues related to common areas. The subject of the thesis is also to shed some light on important changes adopted by the Act No. 163/2020 Coll. The diploma thesis itself is divided into five chapters. The first chapter offers a historical development of the institute of residential co-ownership together with an introduction to general theoretical concepts on which residential co-ownership may be based. The second chapter then describes the institute of residential co-ownership in the Civil Code in general, but above all it defines the basic legal concepts on which the regulation of residential co-ownership is based. In particular, it is a matter of defining the unit and the method of its creation, although this is limited...

El proyecto de tesis presentado consiste en el diseño de un colegio público situado en el distrito limeño de San Juan de Miraflores, en el cual se busca estudiar el espacio pedagógico e identificar de qué manera las cualidades arquitectónicas y composiciones espaciales influencian en el aprendizaje del alumno. Asimismo, se busca analizar cómo el enfatizar el ámbito deportivo de un colegio puede beneficiar distintos aspectos del mismo y de qué modo se puede integrar el proyecto a la comunidad. En este sentido, se toma como referencia otros proyectos en los que, el emplear, por ejemplo, los métodos Montessori o Reggio Emilia, implica una configuración espacial particular y una relación con el entorno natural diseñada para el alumno. Para ello, se busca desplegar un ámbito lúdico-experimental en ambientes educativos constituidos en espacios “experimentales”, cuya versatilidad espacial, proximidad a la naturaleza y, por tanto, interacción con el exterior, faciliten que el alumno experimente y aprenda más independiente y creativamente. Por otro lado, para imponer espacios deportivos que beneficien directamente al colegio, el ámbito deportivo pretende manifestarse en una arquitectura representativa e infraestructura de dicha índole, las cuales, además de posibilitar la realización de distintos deportes y actividades, establezcan espacios donde se generen actividades pedagógicas. Por último, para lograr integrar el proyecto a la comunidad, se busca extender, selectivamente, el uso de espacios comunes o deportivos hacia los usuarios ajenos al proyecto sin perjudicar su funcionamiento. / The presented thesis project consists in the design of a public school located in the district of San Juan de Miraflores, in Lima, which seeks to study the pedagogical space and identify how architectural qualities and spatial compositions can influence in the learning of the student. Furthermore, the aim is to analyze in which way emphasizing sports environment of a school can benefit different aspects of it and how the project can be integrated into the community. In this sense, other projects are taken as reference in which, the engaging of, for example, the Montessori or Reggio Emilia methods, implie a particular spatial configuration and interconnection with the natural environment designed for the student. In order to achieve this, the intend is to deploy ludic-experimental aspects in educational environments composed in "experimental" spaces, in which the spatial versatility, the proximity to nature and, therefore, the interaction with the outside, encourages the student to experiment and learn more independently and creatively. On the other hand, as a means to impose sports facilities that directly benefit the school, the sport component aims to manifest itself as a representative architecture and infrastructure of this kind, which, in addition to enable the realization of different sports and activities, it establishes spaces where pedagogical activities are developed. Finally, in order to integrate the project into the community, it is sought to broaden, selectively, the use of common and/or sport areas towards potential users outside the project without altering its operation. / Tesis

O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) representa um marco na trajetória dos programas nacionais de habitação, dado o volume de investimentos e a quantidade de unidades habitacionais produzidas. Em contraponto a isso, pesquisas têm apontado problemas em relação ao que se tem produzido através do programa, incluindo o não atendimento das necessidades dos usuários, principalmente no que se refere aos espaços comuns. A pesquisa teve como propósito a analisar de que forma ocorre a percepção de valor com relação às áreas comuns de empreendimentos construídos pelo PMCMV. A partir disso, procurou-se fazer um levantamento da percepção de valor de usuários, bem como de alguns agentes envolvidos com a produção habitacional (técnicos CAIXA e Prefeitura), para ser possível, assim, identificar oportunidades de melhoria para o programa. Procedeu-se com um Estudo de Caso, feito em empreendimentos destinados às famílias de baixa renda (Faixa 1/FAR) beneficiadas pelo programa, no Município de São Leopoldo. Os conceitos e abordagens utilizados para a análise provêm, principalmente, da área de marketing. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas. A primeira teve o intuito de buscar o entendimento sobre o contexto e definir o problema de pesquisa, através de um aprofundamento de conhecimentos consolidados sobre o assunto, e coleta inicial de dados. Na segunda etapa, foi elaborada a configuração dos métodos de avaliação, com um planejamento da coleta de dados. Na terceira etapa, foi feita a coleta e análise inicial dos dados, nos empreendimentos selecionados para a pesquisa. Na quarta etapa, houve a análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos, com a representação gráfica desses resultados. Também se buscou confrontar os resultados com a literatura, incluindo autores com trabalhos sobre o espaço urbano, além de discutir os resultados com técnicos considerados como “possíveis tomadores de decisão”. Uma contribuição do trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas que permitissem a explicitação da percepção do valor (de usuários e de técnicos) desde os níveis mais concretos para os mais abstratos, considerando, entre outros, fatores psicológicos e subjetivos, como os valores pessoais que afetam a percepção. Outra contribuição foi a discussão sobre a interferência da gestão no uso dos espaços comuns de empreendimentos realizados pelo programa, sendo um componente importante para a percepção de valor. Além disso, foi possível identificar que a análise sobre a solução de problemas constatados extrapola o escopo do estudo, envolvendo, entre outras questões, as de gestão e políticas públicas. / The Government Program MCMV (so called Minha Casa Minha Vida or My House my Life) represents a landmark in the trajectories of Brazilian housing government programs due to both the large scale of funding e the high numbers of yielded housing unit. Conversely, studies have been pointing to problems to what has been produced through this program, including the lack of fulfillment of the needs of people contemplated by the program, mainly when one considers the common spaces. The current study aimed an analysis of the perception of value in associated with value on common areas of undertakings carried out by the PMCMV. From this point on, a tentative was made to survey the perception of value not only from the point of view of the beneficiaries of the program but also from that of some agents involved in the housing production (technical people from the Bank (CAIXA) dealing with the housing funds and City Hall technical people). This was done as part of a strategy to pin point opportunities to improve the program. The strategy of Case Study was used during a field study done in undertakings construct in the São Leopoldo municipality and destined for housing low income families (spectrum 1/FAR) which were contemplated by the program. The concepts and approaches utilized in the analysis came mainly from the marketing area. The study was divided in 4 phases. The aim of the first phase was to seek an understanding of the context and to define the core of the research; this was done by gaining insight in the consolidated knowledge available on the subject, and through a preliminary data collection. In the second phase, a configuration the methods of evaluation was carried out along with a planning on data collection. In the third phase, the harvest of data was completed and a preliminary analysis of the date was done. In the fourth phase, the harvest the analysis and interpretation of the collected data was completed and a graphic representation of these results was done. I was also sought to compare the results obtained in this study with those in the literature, including publication on urban space. Additionally the results of the current study were discussed were discussed with technical people considered as “probable decision makers”. One contribution of this work was the use of techniques that would allow conveying the meaning of perception of value (by beneficiaries of the program and technical people) from de more concrete levels up to the most abstract, considering, among other, psychological and subjective factors such as personal values that affect people’s perception. Another contribution of the study was the discussion about to what extent the management interferes in the use of common spaces of the undertakings done by the program, this being and important component for the perception of value. It was additionally possible to identify that the analysis about solution of the detected problems is beyond the scope of this study and involves, among others, matter management and public policies.

O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) representa um marco na trajetória dos programas nacionais de habitação, dado o volume de investimentos e a quantidade de unidades habitacionais produzidas. Em contraponto a isso, pesquisas têm apontado problemas em relação ao que se tem produzido através do programa, incluindo o não atendimento das necessidades dos usuários, principalmente no que se refere aos espaços comuns. A pesquisa teve como propósito a analisar de que forma ocorre a percepção de valor com relação às áreas comuns de empreendimentos construídos pelo PMCMV. A partir disso, procurou-se fazer um levantamento da percepção de valor de usuários, bem como de alguns agentes envolvidos com a produção habitacional (técnicos CAIXA e Prefeitura), para ser possível, assim, identificar oportunidades de melhoria para o programa. Procedeu-se com um Estudo de Caso, feito em empreendimentos destinados às famílias de baixa renda (Faixa 1/FAR) beneficiadas pelo programa, no Município de São Leopoldo. Os conceitos e abordagens utilizados para a análise provêm, principalmente, da área de marketing. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas. A primeira teve o intuito de buscar o entendimento sobre o contexto e definir o problema de pesquisa, através de um aprofundamento de conhecimentos consolidados sobre o assunto, e coleta inicial de dados. Na segunda etapa, foi elaborada a configuração dos métodos de avaliação, com um planejamento da coleta de dados. Na terceira etapa, foi feita a coleta e análise inicial dos dados, nos empreendimentos selecionados para a pesquisa. Na quarta etapa, houve a análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos, com a representação gráfica desses resultados. Também se buscou confrontar os resultados com a literatura, incluindo autores com trabalhos sobre o espaço urbano, além de discutir os resultados com técnicos considerados como “possíveis tomadores de decisão”. Uma contribuição do trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas que permitissem a explicitação da percepção do valor (de usuários e de técnicos) desde os níveis mais concretos para os mais abstratos, considerando, entre outros, fatores psicológicos e subjetivos, como os valores pessoais que afetam a percepção. Outra contribuição foi a discussão sobre a interferência da gestão no uso dos espaços comuns de empreendimentos realizados pelo programa, sendo um componente importante para a percepção de valor. Além disso, foi possível identificar que a análise sobre a solução de problemas constatados extrapola o escopo do estudo, envolvendo, entre outras questões, as de gestão e políticas públicas. / The Government Program MCMV (so called Minha Casa Minha Vida or My House my Life) represents a landmark in the trajectories of Brazilian housing government programs due to both the large scale of funding e the high numbers of yielded housing unit. Conversely, studies have been pointing to problems to what has been produced through this program, including the lack of fulfillment of the needs of people contemplated by the program, mainly when one considers the common spaces. The current study aimed an analysis of the perception of value in associated with value on common areas of undertakings carried out by the PMCMV. From this point on, a tentative was made to survey the perception of value not only from the point of view of the beneficiaries of the program but also from that of some agents involved in the housing production (technical people from the Bank (CAIXA) dealing with the housing funds and City Hall technical people). This was done as part of a strategy to pin point opportunities to improve the program. The strategy of Case Study was used during a field study done in undertakings construct in the São Leopoldo municipality and destined for housing low income families (spectrum 1/FAR) which were contemplated by the program. The concepts and approaches utilized in the analysis came mainly from the marketing area. The study was divided in 4 phases. The aim of the first phase was to seek an understanding of the context and to define the core of the research; this was done by gaining insight in the consolidated knowledge available on the subject, and through a preliminary data collection. In the second phase, a configuration the methods of evaluation was carried out along with a planning on data collection. In the third phase, the harvest of data was completed and a preliminary analysis of the date was done. In the fourth phase, the harvest the analysis and interpretation of the collected data was completed and a graphic representation of these results was done. I was also sought to compare the results obtained in this study with those in the literature, including publication on urban space. Additionally the results of the current study were discussed were discussed with technical people considered as “probable decision makers”. One contribution of this work was the use of techniques that would allow conveying the meaning of perception of value (by beneficiaries of the program and technical people) from de more concrete levels up to the most abstract, considering, among other, psychological and subjective factors such as personal values that affect people’s perception. Another contribution of the study was the discussion about to what extent the management interferes in the use of common spaces of the undertakings done by the program, this being and important component for the perception of value. It was additionally possible to identify that the analysis about solution of the detected problems is beyond the scope of this study and involves, among others, matter management and public policies.

O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) representa um marco na trajetória dos programas nacionais de habitação, dado o volume de investimentos e a quantidade de unidades habitacionais produzidas. Em contraponto a isso, pesquisas têm apontado problemas em relação ao que se tem produzido através do programa, incluindo o não atendimento das necessidades dos usuários, principalmente no que se refere aos espaços comuns. A pesquisa teve como propósito a analisar de que forma ocorre a percepção de valor com relação às áreas comuns de empreendimentos construídos pelo PMCMV. A partir disso, procurou-se fazer um levantamento da percepção de valor de usuários, bem como de alguns agentes envolvidos com a produção habitacional (técnicos CAIXA e Prefeitura), para ser possível, assim, identificar oportunidades de melhoria para o programa. Procedeu-se com um Estudo de Caso, feito em empreendimentos destinados às famílias de baixa renda (Faixa 1/FAR) beneficiadas pelo programa, no Município de São Leopoldo. Os conceitos e abordagens utilizados para a análise provêm, principalmente, da área de marketing. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas. A primeira teve o intuito de buscar o entendimento sobre o contexto e definir o problema de pesquisa, através de um aprofundamento de conhecimentos consolidados sobre o assunto, e coleta inicial de dados. Na segunda etapa, foi elaborada a configuração dos métodos de avaliação, com um planejamento da coleta de dados. Na terceira etapa, foi feita a coleta e análise inicial dos dados, nos empreendimentos selecionados para a pesquisa. Na quarta etapa, houve a análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos, com a representação gráfica desses resultados. Também se buscou confrontar os resultados com a literatura, incluindo autores com trabalhos sobre o espaço urbano, além de discutir os resultados com técnicos considerados como “possíveis tomadores de decisão”. Uma contribuição do trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas que permitissem a explicitação da percepção do valor (de usuários e de técnicos) desde os níveis mais concretos para os mais abstratos, considerando, entre outros, fatores psicológicos e subjetivos, como os valores pessoais que afetam a percepção. Outra contribuição foi a discussão sobre a interferência da gestão no uso dos espaços comuns de empreendimentos realizados pelo programa, sendo um componente importante para a percepção de valor. Além disso, foi possível identificar que a análise sobre a solução de problemas constatados extrapola o escopo do estudo, envolvendo, entre outras questões, as de gestão e políticas públicas. / The Government Program MCMV (so called Minha Casa Minha Vida or My House my Life) represents a landmark in the trajectories of Brazilian housing government programs due to both the large scale of funding e the high numbers of yielded housing unit. Conversely, studies have been pointing to problems to what has been produced through this program, including the lack of fulfillment of the needs of people contemplated by the program, mainly when one considers the common spaces. The current study aimed an analysis of the perception of value in associated with value on common areas of undertakings carried out by the PMCMV. From this point on, a tentative was made to survey the perception of value not only from the point of view of the beneficiaries of the program but also from that of some agents involved in the housing production (technical people from the Bank (CAIXA) dealing with the housing funds and City Hall technical people). This was done as part of a strategy to pin point opportunities to improve the program. The strategy of Case Study was used during a field study done in undertakings construct in the São Leopoldo municipality and destined for housing low income families (spectrum 1/FAR) which were contemplated by the program. The concepts and approaches utilized in the analysis came mainly from the marketing area. The study was divided in 4 phases. The aim of the first phase was to seek an understanding of the context and to define the core of the research; this was done by gaining insight in the consolidated knowledge available on the subject, and through a preliminary data collection. In the second phase, a configuration the methods of evaluation was carried out along with a planning on data collection. In the third phase, the harvest of data was completed and a preliminary analysis of the date was done. In the fourth phase, the harvest the analysis and interpretation of the collected data was completed and a graphic representation of these results was done. I was also sought to compare the results obtained in this study with those in the literature, including publication on urban space. Additionally the results of the current study were discussed were discussed with technical people considered as “probable decision makers”. One contribution of this work was the use of techniques that would allow conveying the meaning of perception of value (by beneficiaries of the program and technical people) from de more concrete levels up to the most abstract, considering, among other, psychological and subjective factors such as personal values that affect people’s perception. Another contribution of the study was the discussion about to what extent the management interferes in the use of common spaces of the undertakings done by the program, this being and important component for the perception of value. It was additionally possible to identify that the analysis about solution of the detected problems is beyond the scope of this study and involves, among others, matter management and public policies.

El proyecto que se presenta a continuación es una Residencia Universitaria ubicada en Monterrico, una zona del distrito de Santiago de Surco que se ha convertido en un polo educacional en los últimos años debido a la aparición de nuevas universidades y al crecimiento de las ya existentes. Como consecuencia de este hecho, ha incrementado de igual forma la necesidad de residencias para los estudiantes de dichas instituciones. Sin embargo, al igual que en el resto de la ciudad, esta demanda no está siendo atendida de manera óptima. En la ciudad de Lima no existen edificios propiamente diseñados para albergar las necesidades específicas de los estudiantes universitarios. Es así como surge la concepción de este proyecto, como una propuesta de solución al problema de inexistencia de residencias universitarias que cuenten con un diseño adecuado para el desenvolvimiento de sus usuarios. Además, se plantea que el edificio cuente con un zócalo comercial que complemente a la residencia como programa arquitectónico, uso de suelo y, al mismo tiempo, que actúe como un factor que refuerce la rentabilidad del proyecto. Como énfasis arquitectónico, el proyecto propone crear espacios que cumplan de manera óptima con las actividades de descanso, estudio, recreación e interacción de los estudiantes. Además, busca generar una relación espacial que tenga como espacio vinculador a las áreas comunes de la residencia. Es decir, que las áreas donde se reúnen e interactúan los estudiantes residentes, sean el núcleo que vitalice el proyecto. / The project presented below is a Residence Hall located in Monterrico, an area of ​​the Santiago de Surco district that has become an educational hub in recent years due to the emergence of new universities and the expansion of existing ones. As a consequence of this fact, the need for residencies for the students of these institutions has also increased. However, as in the rest of the city, this demand is not being optimally met. In the city of Lima, there are no buildings properly designed to house the specific needs of university students. The conception of this project arises as a proposed solution to the problem of absence of university residences that have a suitable design for the development of its users. In addition, it is planned for the building to include commercial premises on the first floor that complement the residence as an architectural program, land use and, at the same time, acts as a factor that reinforces the profitability of the project. As an architectural emphasis, the project suggests to create spaces that optimally comply with the rest, study, recreation and interaction activities of the students. In addition, it intends to generate a spatial relationship with common areas of the residence acting as a linking space. In other words, that areas where resident students meet and interact become the heart that vitalizes the project. / Tesis

Les Miracles de Nostre Dame sont constitués de deux livres de miracles encadrés de plusieurs cycles de chansons de dévotion. Ils sont l’œuvre de Gautier de Coinci, un moine poète nommé supérieur du couvent de Vic-sur-Aisne en 1214. En tant que moine, Gautier de Coinci s'adonne à la lectio divina, une méditation des textes bibliques qui est une mise en œuvre des arts de la mémoire désignés sous le terme de memoria. Cette pratique nous interroge, dans une première partie, sur l'influence de ces arts de la mémoire dans les Miracles de Nostre Dame et les chansons de dévotion qui alternent avec les récits.La compositio médiévale est perçue comme l'appropriation et la valorisation d'une œuvre antérieure. En tant que poète et musicien, Gautier de Coinci fait ainsi appel à des chansons de trouvères contemporains, et plus particulièrement à Blondel de Nesle. Ce travail veut approfondir la question de savoir en quoi ces œuvres empruntées peuvent être appréhendées comme des formes particulières d'auctoritas. Cette seconde partie de l'étude a pour but d'examiner, par une analyse des liens intertextuels et intervocaux, la manière dont le compositeur des Miracles de Nostre Dame s'approprie les chansons de Blondel de Nesle.En tant qu'abbé, enfin, Gautier de Coinci compose une œuvre de dévotion dont la conversion intérieure et l'édification sont le but ultime. Cette dernière partie, prenant en compte la double approche mémorielle et intervocale du répertoire de la chanson de dévotion, montrera que le chant, dans sa composition et dans son interprétation, est une mise en pratique nécessaire de cette conversion intérieure. / The Miracles de Nostre Dame forms 2 books of miracles framed with several cycles of songs of devotion. They were written by Gautier de Coinci, a monk and a poet called Father Superior of Vic-Sur-Aisne monastery in 1214. As a monk, Gautier de Coinci devoted himself to the Lectio Divina which was a meditation on biblical texts and a demonstration of the memory arts known under the name of memoria. The first part of our study leads us to the analysis of the influence of these arts of the memory on the Miracles de Nostre Dame and on the songs of devotion which alternate with the narratives.The medieval compositio is seen as the appropriation and valorization of a former work. As a poet and a musician, Gautier de Coinci calls for songs of troubadours which are contemporary to him, particularly Blondel de Nesle. Our study aims at explaining why these works could be seen as specific forms of auctoritas. This second part develops the way the composer of the Miracles de Nostre Dame uses Blondel’s songs thanks to the analysis of the intertextual and intervocal links.Finally, as a monk, Gautier de Coinci creates a work of devotion the inner conversion and improvement of which, represent the ultimate goal. Our last part is a summary of the memorial and intervocal approach of the songs of devotion. It deals with the way singing is a significant application of the inner conversion thanks to its composition and performance.

Le droit de la copropriété est devenu, comme le soulignait Monsieur le Professeur Ch. ATIAS, « un maquis inextricable, un dédale complexe où l’on se perd d’autant plus aisément que l’harmonisation des dispositions est souvent délicate ». La loi relative à la solidarité et au renouvellement urbains (SRU), la loi pour l’Accès au Logement et un Urbanisme Rénové (ALUR) auxquelles sont venus s’ajouter la loi pour la croissance, l'activité et l'égalité des chances économiques, la loi relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte, les décrets relatifs aux conditions d'exercice des activités relatives à certaines opérations portant sur les immeubles et les fonds de commerce ainsi que le décret relatif aux procédures judiciaires applicables aux copropriétés en difficulté, n’ont pas amélioré la situation dans laquelle se trouve le syndic de copropriété. Outre les questions de droit transitoire il s’agit surtout des difficultés inchangées à déterminer le statut du syndic, la nature des fonctions qui en découlent et la responsabilité qui en résulte, compte tenu des modifications considérables apportées par ces réformes. Nous proposons donc, à travers cette étude, d'envisager l'évolution de la fonction du syndic de copropriété, et du syndicat qu’il représente, afin d'identifier les difficultés soulevées par les nombreuses réformes pour, enfin, s'interroger sur la pertinence du système mis en place par le législateur. / The condominium legislation rules have become – as Professor Ch. ATIAS declares - « an inextricable bush, a very complex tangle where you may easily get lost as the harmonization of legal measures is often delicate ». The law relating to Urban Solidarity and Renewal (i.e. SRU law), the law relating to Housing Access and Renovated Urban Planning (i.e. ALUR law) to which was added the law for growth, activity and equality of economic opportunity, plus the law for energy transition to green growth, plus the decrees relating to the conditions of implementing activities concerning operations about buildings and commercial properties as well as the decree relating to legal procedures concerning co-ownerships having difficulties, did not improve the situation in which the co-ownership management stands. Apart from matters about transitional law, it mainly refers to unchanged difficulties to define the statute of management agent, the nature of the functions and responsibilities that follow considering the numerous modifications brought by those reforms. Thus, by this study, we suggest to consider the evolution of the function of condominium manager and the nature of the condominium it represents in order to identify the difficulties brought up by the too many reforms and finally question about the relevance of the system implemented by the legislator.