Objetivos. a) analisar os fatores associados à criação de relações de sinergia entre poder público e sociedade no âmbito do Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, assim como a contribuição desta organização para a gestão dos recursos hídricos na região; e b) contribuir para as discussões sobre novas formas de institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais. Metodologia. A metodologia de pesquisa combina três instrumentais complementares: pesquisa documental, um survey aplicado a membros do Consórcio em uma amostra aleatória, e questionários complementares com atoreschave, utilizando como suporte para a análise a ferramenta organizacional IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development). Resultados. Os resultados explicitam que características relacionadas ao contexto físico e político, às formas das relações e articulações estabelecidas entre os atores, e o estabelecimento de relações interinstitucionais e intersetoriais no contexto de gestão dos recursos hídricos possibilitaram a emergência de sinergia no caso estudado. A experiência do Consórcio PCJ na gestão dos recursos hídricos foi pioneira no Estado e mesmo no País, tendo contribuído para avanços significativos não apenas regionalmente, com nos níveis estadual e nacional. Apesar disso, ainda se observam dificuldades na inclusão de maior heterogeneidade no processo de participação na gestão desses recursos. Considerações. No caso do Consórcio PCJ, falta ainda ampliar o acesso ao diálogo com uma parcela mais abrangente da população, contribuindo de forma mais efetiva para a formação de processos educativos que ampliem a quantidade e qualidade da participação social nos processos de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Abordando as possibilidades de uma nova institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais, o estudo indica a importância da formulação de políticas públicas que apóiem e fomentem: a) o envolvimento de instituições já consolidadas na catalização de processos de articulação entre outras instituições em torno de objetivos comuns; b) o diálogo entre poder público, iniciativa privada e sociedade civil organizada; c) o diálogo entre diferentes escalas na esfera institucional; e d) a constituição de processos pedagógicos que qualifiquem e ampliem a participação da sociedade nos mesmos. / Objectives. a) to analyze the factors related to the creation of state-society relations in the \"Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí\", as well as the contribution of this organization to the management of water resources in that region; b) to contribute to the proposal of new models of institutionality on natural resources management. Methodology. The research methodology combines three complementary instruments: documental research, a random sampling survey of members of the \"Consórcio\", and complementary surveys with key-actors, using as a support to the analysis the IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) organizational tool. Results. Analysis of the data collected shows that characteristics related to the physical and political context, to the peculiarity of the relationships and articulations settled among the actors involved, and the settlement of interinstitutional and intersectorial relationships in the context of water resources management in that region, made the emergency of synergy in the case studied possible. The experience of \"Consórcio PCJ\" in the water resources management was pioneer in the State of São Paulo and even in Brazil, having contributed to significant advances not just regionally, but also at state and national levels. In spite of that, the difficulty of including a broader heterogeneity in the participation process for the management of these resources still remains. Considerations. In the case of \"Consórcio PCJ\", it is mandatory to develop means to expand the dialogue with a broader part of the society, contributing in a more effective way to building up the educational processes that could increase the quantity and quality of social participation in the management of water resources. With regard to the possibility of a new institutionality concerning natural resources management, this study points out the importance of the building of public policies that support and encourage: a) the involvement of already consolidated institutions in catalyzing processes of articulation among other institutions aiming at common goals; b) the dialogue between Public Administration, private initiative and the organized sectors of civil society; c) the dialogue among different scales in the institutional context; and d) the constitution of educational processes that qualify and broaden the participation of the society in them.

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Marine Areas for Responsible Artisanal Fishing (AMPR) have emerged as a new model for co-managing small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies and NGOs. This thesis aims to examine the context for collective action and co-management by small-scale fishers; evaluate the design, implementation, and enforcement of AMPRs; and conduct a linguistic analysis of fisheries legislation. The present work relies on the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with 23 key informants, rapid rural assessments, and legal documents. Findings demonstrate the strong influence of economic factors for sustaining collective action, as well as the importance of certain types of external organizations for community development and co-management. Additionally, significant enforcement gaps and institutional deficiencies were identified in the work of regulating agencies. Legal analysis suggests that mechanisms for government accountability are unavailable and that legal discourse reflects some of the most salient problems in management.

Objetivos. a) analisar os fatores associados à criação de relações de sinergia entre poder público e sociedade no âmbito do Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, assim como a contribuição desta organização para a gestão dos recursos hídricos na região; e b) contribuir para as discussões sobre novas formas de institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais. Metodologia. A metodologia de pesquisa combina três instrumentais complementares: pesquisa documental, um survey aplicado a membros do Consórcio em uma amostra aleatória, e questionários complementares com atoreschave, utilizando como suporte para a análise a ferramenta organizacional IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development). Resultados. Os resultados explicitam que características relacionadas ao contexto físico e político, às formas das relações e articulações estabelecidas entre os atores, e o estabelecimento de relações interinstitucionais e intersetoriais no contexto de gestão dos recursos hídricos possibilitaram a emergência de sinergia no caso estudado. A experiência do Consórcio PCJ na gestão dos recursos hídricos foi pioneira no Estado e mesmo no País, tendo contribuído para avanços significativos não apenas regionalmente, com nos níveis estadual e nacional. Apesar disso, ainda se observam dificuldades na inclusão de maior heterogeneidade no processo de participação na gestão desses recursos. Considerações. No caso do Consórcio PCJ, falta ainda ampliar o acesso ao diálogo com uma parcela mais abrangente da população, contribuindo de forma mais efetiva para a formação de processos educativos que ampliem a quantidade e qualidade da participação social nos processos de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Abordando as possibilidades de uma nova institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais, o estudo indica a importância da formulação de políticas públicas que apóiem e fomentem: a) o envolvimento de instituições já consolidadas na catalização de processos de articulação entre outras instituições em torno de objetivos comuns; b) o diálogo entre poder público, iniciativa privada e sociedade civil organizada; c) o diálogo entre diferentes escalas na esfera institucional; e d) a constituição de processos pedagógicos que qualifiquem e ampliem a participação da sociedade nos mesmos. / Objectives. a) to analyze the factors related to the creation of state-society relations in the \"Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí\", as well as the contribution of this organization to the management of water resources in that region; b) to contribute to the proposal of new models of institutionality on natural resources management. Methodology. The research methodology combines three complementary instruments: documental research, a random sampling survey of members of the \"Consórcio\", and complementary surveys with key-actors, using as a support to the analysis the IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) organizational tool. Results. Analysis of the data collected shows that characteristics related to the physical and political context, to the peculiarity of the relationships and articulations settled among the actors involved, and the settlement of interinstitutional and intersectorial relationships in the context of water resources management in that region, made the emergency of synergy in the case studied possible. The experience of \"Consórcio PCJ\" in the water resources management was pioneer in the State of São Paulo and even in Brazil, having contributed to significant advances not just regionally, but also at state and national levels. In spite of that, the difficulty of including a broader heterogeneity in the participation process for the management of these resources still remains. Considerations. In the case of \"Consórcio PCJ\", it is mandatory to develop means to expand the dialogue with a broader part of the society, contributing in a more effective way to building up the educational processes that could increase the quantity and quality of social participation in the management of water resources. With regard to the possibility of a new institutionality concerning natural resources management, this study points out the importance of the building of public policies that support and encourage: a) the involvement of already consolidated institutions in catalyzing processes of articulation among other institutions aiming at common goals; b) the dialogue between Public Administration, private initiative and the organized sectors of civil society; c) the dialogue among different scales in the institutional context; and d) the constitution of educational processes that qualify and broaden the participation of the society in them.

A growing awareness of the severity of the climate crisis caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has led to an increased effort to find governance strategies to transition society towards sustainable development. One recently adopted strategy is the adoption of local carbon budgets, derived from the so-called global carbon budget, within local governments across Sweden. In this thesis, I explore this happening through a case study of the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden using the concept of governmentality to provide critical analysis of the use of local carbon budgets in an attempt to encourage reflexive governance. By conducting semi-structured interviews with persons involved in the adoption of local carbon budgets in Västra Götaland, I seek to gain a greater understanding of how local carbon budgets impact the way actors seek to govern climate through the adoption of new programs of conduct that seek the reform of the current regime of practices that exist within the county. I explore how such carbon budgets construct the problem of climate change and the need for rapid decarbonization to discover what practices are limited or made possible through such a construction. I find that local carbon budgets are problematizing several areas of municipal and regional governance, conceptually and practically, particularly in the way actors understand climate change and the decarbonization challenge. I argue that a reterritorialization of the climate into local ‘emission spaces’ allows for the quantification and distribution of limited ‘emissions resources’ amongst actors in the county. This territorialization and quantification of a constructed resource contribute to a perception of urgency critical to motivating action to decarbonize. These conditions create a mandate for political action to resolve the constructed problem of scarce ‘emissions resources’ within a municipality or county’s ‘emissions space’ to ensure a ‘fair’ distribution in society. I further suggest that actors adopting local carbon budgets should consider the application of common-pool resource management strategies to move governance beyond an internal carbon budgeting approach.

Drought related problems are a major stress source on the livelihood of communities in several areas of the world. Due to inefficient water resources management people leave their traditional habitat in search for security in larger agglomerations. This creates a big stress on the carrying capacity of urban centers and leaves deserted rural areas incapacitated. Setting Sustainable Development Goals as targets to reach, using Resilience Thinking to provide for resilience, adaptability and transformability, and planning for Integrated Water Resources Management can be a solution to reduce this outmigration. Rajasthan is a state in India where communities have been surviving with very little available water for ages. Contemporaneous implementations in parts of Rajasthan fulfill the framework set for this study. After identifying a promising SES in terms of drought resilience a field investigation was conducted for adequate assessment and model of resilient SES was reverse engineered from the findings. Reading thru this document one can explore the uniqueness of Rajasthan water governance from pasts long gone and to the current date. In the end of the study strategic adaptive planning recommendations can be found for creating a similar SES.

This thesis examines the relationship between the forestry industry and indigenous Sámi peoplein northern Sweden, focusing on institutional mechanisms for resolving land-use conflictsregarding forest logging on reindeer herding lands. Sámi reindeer herding communities andforestry companies have overlapping usage rights, making Swedish forests a common poolresource. Clear-cut forestry is damaging the reindeers’ access to lichen and the long-termsurvival of traditional reindeer herding, creating a need for effective Sámi influence in localforest decision-making. This study analyzes the recently reformed institutional framework forparticipatory planning and consultations, as well as participants’ experiences of Sámi influence.Interviews were conducted with three Sámi RHCs, two Sveaskog employees and one ForestAgency official. The theoretical framework draws from literature on co-management, commonpool resources and free, prior and informed consent to analyze Sámi space for influence. Resultsshow that the changes in regulations and practices have enabled RHCs space to withdrawconsent to specific logging plans under specific conditions, but influence is still limited. TheForest Agency has not consulted RHCs despite the new law, indicating continued difficultiesfor Sámi people to influence logging decisions on a local level. The main contribution of thisstudy is showcasing remaining barriers and positive developments based on original empiricalinterview material.

Relentless overexploitation of natural resources has led to resource scarcity, environmentaldegradation and rising inequalities, straining social-ecological systems to breaking point.Ecosystems providing shared resources often respond non-linearly to resource pressuresbeyond critical thresholds, so-called regime shifts, jeopardizing the stable and just provisionof natural resources. Avoiding these critical thresholds is imperative, as not everyone canadapt to drastic changes in resource availability and distribution. In an unequal world wherecapacities to adapt to crossing critical thresholds vary substantially across individuals, groupsand countries, our understanding of behavioural responses remains limited. This thesisexplores whether and how inequality in adaptive capacities within groups sharing a naturalresource influence both the likelihood of groups crossing a critical threshold and groupdynamics. 160 students from the University of Exeter participated in an online Common-PoolResource (CPR) laboratory experiment comparing inequality and baseline treatments. Whileunequal adaptive capacities did not affect group’s likelihood of crossing the threshold, theynegatively impacted social dynamics and perceptions. Participants with low adaptive capacity(LAC) responded to the threat of the threshold by reducing their harvest significantly whencompared to participants with high adaptive capacity (HAC). Therefore, latent inequalities inthe choice context created real inequalities in resource allocation. Furthermore, HACparticipants lacked identification with the disadvantaged group as evidenced by lowerperceived group efficacy and no reduction in harvest. When the harvest was shared unequally,inequalities were more pronounced in the inequality treatment compared to the baseline.Investigating emotions revealed unexpected findings: Participants did not strongly experienceguilt despite its relevance in prior research, instead, positive emotions, particularlycompassion, were prominent across treatments despite non-cooperative outcomes. Whileresults caution against assuming solidarity of the privileged group solely based on awarenessof unequal impacts, future research might consider fairness, beyond inequalities, tounderstand collective behaviours in unequal contexts. / Inequality and the Biosphere: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in an Unequal World

<p>The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.</p>

À la suite de l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, les états nouvellement formés de l'Asie centrale ont entrepris, à différents niveaux, des réformes de leurs secteurs agraires. Du point de vue de l'utilisation de l'eau d'irrigation, les réformes consistent notamment en des changements aux régimes fonciers et dans la décentralisation de la gestion du système de drainage et d'irrigation. La plupart des institutions qui, durant l'époque soviétique, géraient le système d'irrigation et de drainage ont été abolies. Cela a créé un vide institutionnel et permis le développement d’institutions au niveau local qui puissent être participatives et appartenir aux utilisateurs. Pourtant, le contexte historique et contemporain de la région pose des défis particuliers pouvant nuire à un tel développement. Les associations d'utilisateurs d'eau ou le gouvernement local gèrent l'irrigation et les systèmes de drainage au niveau local. Ces associations représentent souvent des initiatives conduites par les donateurs internationaux. Parallèlement, les institutions informelles et les modes traditionnels de coopération qui ont survécu à l'ère soviétique deviennent importants et quelques institutions créées durant cette ère demeurent toujours pertinentes. Cette recherche consiste à évaluer le rôle d’action collective dans un système de gestion d’irrigation et de drainage dans le bassin versant de la rivière Syr-Darya dans un contexte changeant concernant les droits d’usage de l'eau et de la terre. L'étude cherche à (1) saisir l'importance de l'eau d’irrigation dans les moyens de subsistance des utilisateurs dans la région de recherche; (2) explorer certaines caractéristiques des institutions formelles et informelles à travers lesquelles les fermiers dirigent des systèmes de drainage et d’irrigation; et (3) identifier les institutions qui appuient l'action collective et celles qui entravant son développement. La méthodologie de recherche repose une revue bibliographique et sur un travail de terrain dans la vallée de Ferghana, au Kirghizistan, entre le 30 avril et le 31 juillet 2008. Les résultats de la recherche sont présentés comme une étude de cas. / Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly independent countries of Central Asia undertook reforms of their agrarian sectors with varying degrees of speed and depth. In general, the reforms consisted of changes in the nature of land tenure and in the decentralization of irrigation and drainage management. Through these reforms, former state management institutions were abolished leaving an institutional vacuum that presented an opportunity for the development of local-level management institutions. However, the historical context of the region poses particular challenges that may impede users to capitalize on such opportunities.     Water User’s Associations or the local administration manage irrigation and drainage systems at the local level. Water User Associations represent international donor-driven initiatives to introduce equitable, democratic and participative institutions for irrigation and drainage management. There are indications that those informal institutions and traditional modes of cooperation that survived the Soviet era are gaining importance. This study maps out the various institutions, defined as "rules in use", that farmers employ to manage the irrigation and drainage system in the Ferghana Valley within the context of changing land and water rights. The key objectives of the study are (1) to understand the importance of irrigated water for local livelihoods in the research area; (2) to explore certain characteristics of the formal and informal institutions through which farmers manage irrigation and drainage systems; and (3) to depict ways in which “collective action” in irrigation water management can be strengthened. The methodology consists of a synthesis of existing literature and fieldwork in the Ferghana Valley in Kyrgyzstan, from April 30 until 31 July, 2008. The results of the research are presented as a case study.