一、研究目的： 本研究的目的，是探究國內青少年，是否會因為家庭傳播形態的不同，而在政治人物 知識、政治事件知識、和政治興趣方面，也有所差異。而在審視「家庭傳播形態」和 青少年「政治知識」、「政治興趣」之間的關聯性時，有幾個變項，如「就讀高中、 高職或五專」、「就讀公立或私立學校」、「學業成績」、「性別」等，筆者認為也 不妨一併考慮，因此本研究也將這幾個變項納入統計。 二、研究文獻： 本章分兩章，第一節敘述「家庭傳播形態」。研究的由來、過程和內容。第二節引述 五篇國內外相關研究的重要論文。茲將其中較重要的兩篇論文概述如後： （一）美國威斯康辛大學大傳研究中心的傳播大師－菲（CHAFFEE） 如麥克里德（MC LEOD），在一九七三年，研究生活在四種類型的家庭傳播形態下的青少年，是否在政 治知識、政治興趣、政治參與程度上也有所差異？結果發現，多元型家庭的子女，政 治知識程度最高，政治興趣最濃厚，政治參與程度也較高。 （二）國內政治大學聞研究所吳建國在民國七十年，研究國中生是否會因為家庭傳播 形態不同，而在政治知識、興趣和接觸傳播媒體的頻率，是否也有不同，結果發現， 概念取向（多元、一致型）家庭的子女，政治知識較豐富，政治與趣較濃厚，也較常 接觸大眾傳播媒介。 三、研究方法： （一）研究對象：本研究的研究對象是全台灣一百一十六所公私立高中、高職、五專 的青少年，最後得到的有效問卷是四千八百一十份。 （二）研究問卷：本研究問卷主要分自變項「家庭傳播形態量表」、和應變項「政治 人物知識」、「政治事件知識」、「政治興趣」幾個部份。其中「家庭傳播形態量表 」是依據查菲和麥克里德等人所設計的量表為本，再依國情和國人說話的語氣，修飾 而成。至於「政治知識」方面，則依據國內較引人注意的新聞事件為題。 四、研究發現摘要： 結果發現：受訪的青少年，的確會因為家庭傳播形態的不同，而在政治人物知識、政 治事件知識和政治興趣方面，也呈現差異，以上均符合本研究假設。不過納入前述幾 個變項之後，本研究假設僅獲得部份支持。

傳播研究過去一直偏重於效果的研究，因此常將傳播行為本身當作自變項，而以效果 為依變項，尋找在受界身上產生的認知、態度或行為的改變，而在把傳播行為本身當 作依變項的研究上。卻相當的缺乏。由於這種傳播研究的不均衡現象，很容易的就會 高估了傳播的效果，因此，將傳播行為當作依變項，而去尋求影響它的因素，可以使 得我們對傳播效果有便深入的認識。 過去研究傳播行為，除了使用性別、年齡、智商、社經地位為其預測變項之外，學者 們也一致認為，社會關係可能是最值得去探討的範疇，而在這一方面的研究，卻以查 菲等人（CHAFFEE ET AL.）的“家庭傳播形態”（FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERN） 研究最為著名，他們把家庭傳播形態，分為“多元型”、“放任型”、“一致型”、 “保護型”四種，在他們的研究中，以及其它後續的研究中，都顯示這四種傳播類型 ，與青少年的傳播行為具有關聯性。 本研究即藉著問卷法，收集台北地區青少年家庭傳播型態與其傳播行為之資料，據以 驗證兩者的關聯。 經資料回收，加以統計分析後發現，家庭傳播型態影響青少年傳播行為的假設，得到 了部份的支持，換句話說，不同家庭傳播形態的青少年，在若干的傳播行為上的表現 ，確實有所不同。這些不同，主要出現在以下幾方面：媒介使用量、媒介內容偏好、 以及媒介使用動機。 由於本研究發現家庭傳播型態不同，則青少年的傳播行為也會有所不同。因此，若是 為人父母者試著去調整親子溝通的方式，可能可以使得他們的子女，表現出一些父母 比較期盼看見的傳播行為。因此，這項研究的結果，對為人父母者，特別具有意義。

The major aims of the present study have been to investigate the predictive role of communication patterns and sexual satisfaction on relationship satisfaction / and to investigate the moderating role of sexual satisfaction on this relationship for married individuals both with and without children and for cohabiting individuals. In order to evaluate these, the Communication Pattern Questionnaire (CPQ), the Golombok-Rust Sexual Satisfaction Inventory (GRISS), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and Demographic Information Form were administered to 74 married individuals with children, 68 married individuals without children, and 66 cohabiting individuals. To examine relationship statuses differences on communication patterns, sexual and relationship satisfaction, analysis of variance was performed. The results showed that relationship statuses do not differ on these variables. After controlling for the effects of age and duration of relationship, the main and interaction effects of communication patterns and sexual satisfaction on relationship satisfaction were assessed with a hierarchical regression analysis. The results revealed that a lower level of destructive communication, a higher level of constructive communication, and sexual satisfaction were separately associated with greater relationship satisfaction for all relationship status. However, emotional-logical communication was positively associated with relationship satisfaction only among married individuals with children and that aggressive communication was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction among married individuals without children and cohabiting individuals. Moreover, the interaction effect was found that sexual satisfaction moderated the effect of destructive communication on relationship satisfaction only among married individuals without children. Results are discussed with reference to related literature together with implications and the limitations of the study.

The complexity in the world is continuously increasing. Teams are faced with imperfect information in uncertain, dynamic, and time critical environments as they strive to make the right decisions, not just as individuals, but as a team. In this joint activity the members choreograph their actions and synchronize their behavior through the use of communication. Communication is the predominant form of interaction within teams – it is not only a window into team cognition – it is an externalized cognitive process at a team level (Letsky, Warner, Fiore & Smith, 2008). In an earlier study, non-professional participants were trained in teams of three to become high-performing within the C3Fire microworld (Baroutsi, Berggren, Nählinder and Johansson, 2013). In this microworld the team members are faced with the dynamic decision problem of fighting a forest fire. They have interdependent roles, requiring them to coordinate and strategize on a team level, making C3Fire a suitable platform for investigating dynamic decision making in teams. These six trained teams were compared to six untrained teams in a final experiment through a variety of measures, showing that the trained teams differed significantly in terms of both performance and in other important team aspects (Baroutsi, Berggren, Johansson, Nählinder, Granlund, Turcotte, & Tremblay, 2014; Berggren, Baroutsi, Johansson, Turcotte, & Tremblay, 2014; Berggren, Johansson, Baroutsi, & Dahlbäck, 2014; Berggren, Johansson, Svensson, Baroutsi, & Dahlbäck, 2014; Baroutsi, Berggren, Johansson, manuscript). These differences were thought to have an impact on the communication shared among the team members. Hence, the purpose of the present report was to investigate how the communication pattern was affected by these differences. The communication was analyzed using a coding scheme that categorized the content of the teams’ utterances. No difference was found in terms of communication frequency between the two types of teams. However, the trained and untrained teams did differ in communication content. The trained teams communicated more frequently about the context and the situation, while the untrained teams communicated more about the activities of the team. This can be interpreted as a deficiency in common ground, directability, and interpredictability (Klein, Feltovich & Bradshaw, 2005) among the untrained teams. Also, the communication content explained 88.3 % of the variance in performance. / I en värld av ständigt ökande komplexitet, som karaktäriseras av ofullständig information och dynamiska, tidskritiska miljöer, strävar människor efter att fatta rätt beslut – inte som individer – utan även som ett team. I denna gemensamma aktivitet behöver medlemmarna synkronisera sina handlingar, vilket utförs med hjälp av kommunikation. Kommunikationen är den dominerande formen av interaktion inom ett team, och är även en externalisering av teamets kognitiva processer (Letsky, Warner, Fiore & Smith, 2008). I en tidigare studie har oerfarna deltagare tränats i team om tre, för att bli högpresterande inom mikrovärlden C3Fire (Baroutsi, Berggren, Nählinder och Johansson, 2013). I denna mikrovärld står teammedlemmarna inför ett dynamiskt beslutsproblem - att bekämpa en skogsbrand. Rollerna i teamet är ömsesidigt beroende av varandra, vilket kräver att de samordnar och lägger upp strategier på en teamnivå för att på ett framgångsrikt sätt kunna lösa uppgiften. Dessa sex tränade team jämfördes sedan med sex otränade team i ett experiment. Flera mått användes för att bedöma teamen (CARS, DATMA, Shared Priorities, m.fl.), vilket visade att de tränade teamen skilde sig både avseende prestation, men även inom andra viktiga teamaspekter (Baroutsi, Berggren, Johansson, Nählinder, Granlund, Turcotte, & Tremblay, 2014; Berggren, Baroutsi, Johansson, Turcotte, & Tremblay, 2014; Berggren, Johansson, Baroutsi, & Dahlbäck, 2014; Berggren, Johansson, Svensson, Baroutsi, & Dahlbäck, 2014; Baroutsi, Berggren, Johansson, manuskript). Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur kommunikationsmönstret påverkas av dessa skillnader. Kommunikationen analyserades med hjälp av ett kodningsschema där innehållet i teamens uttalanden kategoriseras. De två olika typerna av team uppvisade ingen skillnad i antalet uttalanden, men skillnader fanns för olika kommunikationskategorier. De tränade teamen kommunicerade oftare angående sammanhanget och situationen, medan de otränade teamen oftare kommunicerade om de aktiviteter som pågick. Detta kan tolkas som en brist i den gemensamma förståelsen, styrbarheten och förutsägbarheten mellan teamets medlemmar (Klein, Feltovich & Bradshaw, 2005) hos de otränade teamen. Kommunikationsinnehållet förklarade 88,3 % av variationen i prestationen. / The Swedish Armed Forces research and development (R&D) project AVALO

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This study examines through autoethnographic inquiry my research journey in the world of childhood cancer. The unfolding research experience eventually led to the focus of this investigation which is exploring stories of coping with childhood cancer in a support group for parents. Using the principles of ethnographic epistemology this study explores the stories of eight parents whose children were diagnosed with cancer and who decided to join the support group for parents called, TOUCH. An overview of the existing body of knowledge on childhood cancer and the family is presented as well as the value of a social support group in parenting a child with cancer. The need of a conceptual shift in order to understand the problem of parenting a child with cancer is propagated. The stories of eight parents within the setting of a social support group are presented. Through the principles of the qualitative method of ethnography the story of the child's cancer is described by means of emerging themes. The coping mechanisms used to cope in this world of uncertainty and ambiguity, follows. Finally the contribution of the support group is discussed in terms of my relationship with the group member, the group members' communication pattern and what was perceived to be helpful to the group member. The eight stories discussed all follow the same pattern. Four hypotheses emerged from the eight stories described and are presented in the final chapter. The strengths and limitations of the study are discussed as well as recommendations for future research. / Psychology / D. Lit. et Phil. (Psychology)

This study examines through autoethnographic inquiry my research journey in the world of childhood cancer. The unfolding research experience eventually led to the focus of this investigation which is exploring stories of coping with childhood cancer in a support group for parents. Using the principles of ethnographic epistemology this study explores the stories of eight parents whose children were diagnosed with cancer and who decided to join the support group for parents called, TOUCH. An overview of the existing body of knowledge on childhood cancer and the family is presented as well as the value of a social support group in parenting a child with cancer. The need of a conceptual shift in order to understand the problem of parenting a child with cancer is propagated. The stories of eight parents within the setting of a social support group are presented. Through the principles of the qualitative method of ethnography the story of the child's cancer is described by means of emerging themes. The coping mechanisms used to cope in this world of uncertainty and ambiguity, follows. Finally the contribution of the support group is discussed in terms of my relationship with the group member, the group members' communication pattern and what was perceived to be helpful to the group member. The eight stories discussed all follow the same pattern. Four hypotheses emerged from the eight stories described and are presented in the final chapter. The strengths and limitations of the study are discussed as well as recommendations for future research. / Psychology / D. Lit. et Phil. (Psychology)