Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is a bottom-up approach to sustainable developmentused in developing countries to enhance the conservation of natural resources, preservetraditional culture, and generate income at the local level. The study aims to understandthe effectiveness of community associations for CBT development in developingcountries. Ghana is selected as the primary case of this study. Published data on CBTassociations in Namibia, Uganda, Kyrgyzstan and Costa Rica are used as supporting casesof the study. The research was conducted primarily, using library resources, incombination with fieldwork conducted by the author. The findings describe a viciouscircle of poverty in Ghana’s CBT development as well as describe successes andchallenges of supporting cases. It is clarified that the studied CBT associations haveplayed a significant role in creating networks and making linkages among the variousstakeholders involved. Further, these efforts increase the possibility of expanding CBTbenefits to the whole country, especially by creating interaction with governmentalagencies. However, obtaining a sustainable funding source for their activities is still agreat challenge, facing the associations. The study concludes that the establishment ofCBT associations can solve some of the problems identified as limiting Ghana’s CBTdevelopment. In particular, CBT associations could be useful for enhancing collaborationamong stakeholders. Unfortunately, the study could not identify any concrete solutionsfor the many financial issues which many developing countries face. An empirical studyon introducing microfinance or other soft loan system to CBT associations could be avaluable subject for further studies.

The development of hemodialysis clinics in Taiwan has been rapid for about 17 years. In early days, many patients with no health insurance had to get hemodialysis at their own expense. Therefore, they often suffered pulmonary edema caused by breathing difficulties, and quickly rushed into medical centers and then stayed almost all night in the emergency of dialysis. Dialysis clinics were not very popular in communities at that time. Dialysis payment firstly was paid by civil servant insurance then Labor Insurance came second; followed by Agricultural Insurance, and eventually developed into the National Health Insurance. Among them, those dialysis patients are actually the primary beneficiaries. The National Health Insurance gives rise to a large number of community-based dialysis clinics to set up massively. The free competition creates a high-quality dialysis environment. The Japanese people are impressed by both the hardware and software of dialysis clinics. Japan dialysis payment is about 3.75 times of Taiwan. In recent years, the financial deterioration of health care benefits caused a decline in the value of pay- points! And the discussion about health insurance rates is not rationally debated by our society .As a result, the survival of dialysis clinics is really becoming a serious issue. The Taiwanese hemodialysis clinics are still able to provide high-quality dialysis services to the community. Such a successful experience in the Chinese region will surely set a practical example for China, which is in its rapid economic development and has a gradual increase in health insurance coverage now. Besides, the difficulty that faces China is the long serious shortage of basic dialysis medical supplies! So we hope to bring our experience in Taiwan to China dialysis clinics for the future planning in primary health care in the operation and management of dialysis. This research has done the literature review, expert interviews, and service pathway system. According to the three key elements, we analyze and find that Taiwan's experience in China is based on the critical success factors from expert opinions and clinics operation core. This study summarizes and organizes in the paper the following points: 1.service pathway system 2. hemodialysis clinics in communities 3. hemodialysis clinics resource management 4. safety planning and implementation in health care 5. education and training for the medical care personnel 6.cooperate communicate and develop with other organizations to improve management pattern continuously 7. The support from China government health organs

From the standpoint of basic human rights, government and society should share the responsibility of providing various welfare services to the disabled and ensure their opportunities for education, jobs and even basic survival. However, in the time of financial hardship for the government, to rebuild or purchase new buildings to facilitate the welfare institutions for the disabled will surely have impacts on other existing welfare spending. On the other hand, there are many public properties and buildings not utilized, wasting the government resources. How the government agencies can effectively push the reuse of the public deserted spaces for the welfare institutions, the current issues and the strategies for the future are the topics which are worth exploring and may well be the references for the government agencies. This study is based on the research methods such as data collection, case study and in-depth interviews and finds that the welfare institutions to be housed in the public deserted spaces should be community-based. To sustain itself financially and to avoid the management liability and pressure, the scale should not be too small. The role of the welfare institutions for the disabled is to assist the government, support the families, subside, create, profit and provide social education. The government should be responsible for the policies or the affairs beneficial to the people with much less resources, and create incentives for the private sectors to participate in the welfare business. Reuse the public deserted spaces can efficiently utilize and manage the public properties. However, the issues encountered during the remodeling process such as the structures of the site, wheelchair accessibility, building permits for the building expansion and permits for changes of building purposes are beyond these welfare institutions. To resolve these issues requires the coordination of the involving government agencies and the welfare institutions to be housed at the public deserted spaces. If the institutions to be housed at the public deserted spaces are service-oriented, they should be able to use the spaces without paying rents. If the institutions are for profits, the government agency managing the properties should collect rents to enforce a fair, efficient utilization and long-termed planning. Also, the institutions should think about the sufficiency of their staff trainings and marketing strategies for the whole year to maintain smooth and stable business running. This study proposed the following four proposals: 1.Establish a complete and open information network and set up a reasonable rental procedure so that the private sectors can locate the deserted spaces and reuse the spaces for the welfare of the disabled by renting. 2.Help the private sectors to push for the social services for the disabled. 3.While not compromising the public welfare and safety, modify the codes and laws involved to streamline the space reuse process. 4.Regarding the business model of the welfare institutions to be housed at the public deserted spaces, assess and evaluate not only the rental periods and the sizes but also the budget expenses and business strategies, hoping the institutions can be run stably and smoothly and maximize the benefits of space reuse.

No description available.

During the past two decades, community-based hazard mitigation (CBHM) has been newly proposed and implemented as an alternative conceptual model for emergency management to deal with disasters comprehensively in order to curtail skyrocketing disaster losses. Local community members have been growingly required to share information and responsibilities for reducing community vulnerabilities to natural and technological hazards and building a safer community. Consequently they are encouraged to join local mitigation programs and volunteer for collective mitigation action, but their contributions vary. This research examined factors associated with Tulsa Project Impact partners?? contributions to collective mitigation action. In the literature review, self-interest and social norms were identified and briefly discussed as two determinants to guide partners?? behavior by reviewing game theoretic frameworks and individual decision-making models. Partners?? collective interest in building a safer community and feelings of obligation to participate in collective mitigation action were also considered for this study. Thus, the major factors considered are: (1) collective interests, (2) selective benefits, (3) participation costs, (4) norms of cooperation, and (5) internalized norms of participation. Research findings showed that selective benefits and internalized norms of participation were the two best predictors for partners?? contributions to collective mitigation action. However, collective interests, participation costs, and norms of cooperation did not significantly influence partners?? contributions.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 80-90.

Thesis (MPhysT. (Faculty of Health Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 231-236). Also available online.

The purpose of this study was to investigate instructional components that foster meaningful learning for adults with disabilities in a community-based art center. Through narrative analysis and case study methodology, the researcher examined the programmatic content of a single community-based art center--the Arc of the Arts Studio and Gallery (AOA) in Austin, Texas--from 2009 to 2011. Utilizing authentic instruction and constructivism as educational frameworks (Anderson & Milbrandt, 2005; Newmann & Wehlage, 1993), the investigator proposed instructional changes to the AOA program that encouraged student-centered learning through discipline-based inquiry, maintaining real-world connections, and the active construction of knowledge. The researcher instituted a structured, arts-based curriculum based upon these educational concepts that infused lessons with illustrative materials, sequential learning, and public promotion of participants' finished art products in order to stimulate creativity and meaningful learning within the art center. This study scrutinized historical literature documenting art and general education for the disability community in order to examine the influence each historical orientation to disability had on art instruction for this population. Coupled with analysis of the programmatic structure of similar art centers around the country, this information facilitated a more full and rich understanding of how and why art education for people with disabilities is currently organized. The process of creating and implementing a structured art curriculum into the AOA studio addressed the ways in which meaningful learning may take place for adults with disabilities at community-based locations, and emphasized the need for further research into the quality, experience, and location of art education for the wide spectrum of people with disabilities. / text

This case study investigates how a situated learning model can contribute to positive youth development as seen through a youth focused, community-based arts program, Creative Teen. Creative Teen is a seven-month collaborative mentorship program, which pairs twelve professional artists with twelve high school students. The partnerships work together one-on-one over the course of the program to become more knowledgeable on a given art medium and to ultimately collaborate on an artwork for the culminating Creative Teen exhibition. I sought to determine how this mentorship model would not only foster artistic development amongst youth, but how participation in the Creative Teen program would contribute to the overall development of the young adults involved. I accomplished this by limiting observational research and supplemental interviews to the interactions of one mentor partnership, Jessica and Carly. Over the course of the program, I attended their weekly meetings and watched them as they worked together to develop a large-scale installation, Lydia the Tattooed Ladies, for the culminating exhibition. Initially it was unclear to me the extent to which involvement in the Creative Teen program would have on the development of youth participants. However, through conducting this case study, I was able to identify various developmental characteristics that were cultivated through participation, which include artistic, social, and professional development. In addition to personal developmental characteristics, many practical skills were developed and exercised during the course of the Creative Teen program, which include time management, communication, financial management, public speaking, commitment to a long term project, and working with others. / text

This dissertation is an analysis of sharing in the history of western Canada and Indigenous-Settler relations from 1800 to 1970. Based on original research conducted with two Indigenous groups – the Stó:lō Nation of British Columbia’s Fraser River Valley and Metis communities of northwest Saskatchewan – it documents the significance of sharing to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations at the turn of the eighteenth century as well as the role it played in mediating cross cultural interactions following sustained contact in the nineteenth century. Using ethnohistorical methods, I argue that sharing has been a defining feature of Native and Newcomer lives and collective identities. In Indigenous communities it insulated family groups from environmental variability while affirming kin-based social networks. Among non-Indigenous people, sharing provided the basis for imagined communities of individuals connected by religion, occupation, and other non-kin characteristics. In situations of cross-cultural interaction, sharing provided an important lens through which Natives and Newcomers viewed themselves and each other. Indigenous people have viewed sharing as the “Indian way,” a defining feature of Indigeneity in western Canada and elsewhere. Non-Indigenous people, on the other hand, have viewed Indigenous peoples’ dependence on welfare and other government transfer payments – recent examples of sharing – as evidence of cultural difference and, often, inferiority. Sharing thus provides a window into Native and Newcomer worldviews and socio-cultural structures as well as relations forged between and among them. This history of sharing illuminates subtle, critically important events and processes in the history of Indigenous-Settler relations and the transformation of Indigenous North America into Canada.