Cette thèse est consacrée à l’évolution de la notion de jardin collectif et de leur place dans la ville. Elle s’appuie tout d’abord sur une mise en perspective historico-géographique de la notion de jardin dans le bassin méditerranéen, entre orient et occident, de l’antiquité à nos jours. La notion de jardin a pris, en effet, au cours du temps des acceptions très différentes, jardins nourriciers ou jardins d’agréments, mais aussi jardins privés, jardins publics et jardins collectifs. Nous resserrons ensuite notre approche sur les jardins collectifs, jardins ouvriers, jardins familiaux et aujourd’hui jardins partagés. Pour cela nous focalisons notre recherche sur l’agglomération lyonnaise de la fin du 19ème siècle à nos jours. Cette analyse historico-géographique s’appuie à la fois sur un travail d’archives et sur une cartographie des jardins. Pour associer, profondeur historique et approche spatiale, nous interrogeons les facteurs historiques, politiques, démographiques, économiques et sociaux qui, durant cette période, se révèlent déterminants dans la localisation et les usages des jardins collectifs. Cette analyse des dynamiques spatiales de création de jardins tout au long du 20ème siècle, reflète l’évolution de leur place et de leurs fonctions dans la ville. Ceci nous permet de révéler à la fois des valeurs et des fonctions attribuées aux jardins qui ont une forte stabilité dans le temps, alors que d’autres renvoient à des conceptions et à des préoccupations historiquement comme géographiquement situées. Pour cela, nous attachons une attention particulière à resituer la question des jardins collectifs dans les transformations des politiques urbaines, avec pour la période récente la montée en puissance des préoccupations liées au développement durable et à la place de la nature en ville. / This PhD thesis deals with the evolution of the notion of collective garden and their place and functions in the city. Firstly, on the basis of an historical and geographical perspective, it provides a background of the notion of garden in the Mediterranean area, between East and West, from the ancient world to the modern day. The concept of garden has taken over time very different meanings, food-producing garden or pleasure garden, but also private gardens, public and community gardens.Then our approach focuses on collective gardens, namely workers' gardens, family gardens and community gardens. Our research focuses on the city of Lyon and its metropolitan area from the late 19th century to today. This historical and geographical analysis is based on both an archival work and a cartographic approach. To mix historical depth and spatial approach we inquire about the historical, political, demographic, economic and social factors that determine the location and the uses of collective gardens. This analysis of the spatial dynamics throughout the twentieth century reflects the evolution of their place and their functions in the city. This allows us to identify the values and functions of collective gardens that have a high stability over time, while others refer to conceptions and concerns which are historically and geographically situated. We thus pay particular attention to place the issue of community gardens in transformations of urban policies, characterized for the recent period by the increasing influence of sustainable development concerns and emerging issues on the place of nature in cities.

The image of the postindustrial city is formed by public spaces (streets, plazas and squares, parks, riverfronts and waterfronts) together with a wide range of underused urban spaces and long-term unused areas of stalled spaces. The subject of this work is research of different types of urban gardening spaces and their optimal spatial, operational and functional parameters in the context of urbanism and urban planning. The aim is to apply them to the structure of unused urban spaces. On the basis of the case studies included in the research, the success of placement of individual community projects in different types of public spaces and stalled spaces is assessed. Recommendations for planning practice are based on these evaluations. The results of the work show that spaces with possibilities of horticultural production are a suitable solution for the temporary and also long-term use of under-utilized urban areas with many benefits in social, economic and environmental areas.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of community gardens, where the common activity of people, mutual help and pursuit of a common goal creates a certain community model. In this thesis we want to clarify the functioning of the relationships on which the community is based, how members perceive it and describe its character. The aim is to show how civil society organizations that set up community gardens can create an environment for meeting and associating people in communities and enabling them to meet the needs they lack in their location. Key words community, community garden, non-profit organizations, civil society organizations, association

A agricultura urbana encontra-se presente em diversas civilizações e períodos da História. Entretanto, é na segunda metade do século XX, no contexto dos movimentos contraculturais (com início nos anos 1960/1970), que ela se materializará enquanto resultado de ativismos urbanos, destacadamente via guerrilha verde/guerrilla gardening, ou seja, mediante ações em terrenos públicos ou privados sem permissão prévia. Com isso, hortas comunitárias se tornaram símbolos da luta pela reestruturação do espaço urbano e ampliaram as reflexões sobre a apropriação do espaço público, a origem e qualidade dos alimentos, a cooperação cidadã e o direito à cidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal melhor compreender a agricultura urbana enquanto expressão ativista, destacadamente na cidade de São Paulo, onde ela se tornou mais evidente a partir da segunda década do século XXI, sobretudo com a emergência da rede Hortelões Urbanos e com a materialização da Horta das Corujas (horta comunitária em praça pública no território da Subprefeitura de Pinheiros), que também ajudaram a impulsionar mudanças legislativas e na composição de conselhos participativos. A partir de um recorte histórico-temporal adequado, empreendeu-se uma análise referente às dinâmicas da metrópole; atentou-se à problemática socioambiental; e regataram-se diferentes conceituações de agricultura urbana, evidenciando suas múltiplas soluções para a questão urbana. A partir da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, desenvolveu-se, por fim, o estudo de caso da Horta das Corujas, apresentando os seus diferentes aspectos socioespaciais vividos e percebidos cotidianamente. Na utopia das revoluções tranquilas, a referida horta comunitária sinaliza outra maneira de se apropriar do espaço público e de viver a cidade, pautada na experiência comunitária de caráter solidário. / Urban agriculture can be found in different civilizations and historical periods. However, it was not until recent times, from the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 70s onwards, that it became associated with \"green guerrilla\" or \"guerrilla gardening\", an activity that includes political actions in publicly or privately-owned land without prior permission. The resulting community gardens came to symbolise the struggle for the re-organisation of the urban space, including the reflection on the uses of public space, the origin and quality of food, the citizens\' rights to cooperate and intervene in the city. This dissertation will focus on urban agriculture as an activist expression, notably in Sao Paulo city, where it has experienced a remarkable development in the last two decades, especially with the emergence of the \"Hortelões Urbanos\" (Urban Gardeners) network and the founding of the Corujas Community Garden on a public square in the subprefecture of Pinheiros, which has contributed to legislative changes and to the reorganisation of participatory councils. My approach will question the adequacy of the historical approach, proposing instead an analysis based on the dynamics of the metropolis, the evaluation of environmental problems and of the different concepts of urban agriculture. Multiple solutions to urban issues will be suggested along the way. Guided by the methodology of the action research, the last section will be devoted to the case study of the Corujas Community Garden, giving pride of place to its socio-spatial aspects as perceived in daily life. I will conclude by addressing the utopia of the \"peaceful revolution\", i.e., the possibility that community gardens can provide a better kind of relationship with the public space and urban life, based on the communal sharing of assets and experiences.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2003 / Refer to document

A agricultura urbana encontra-se presente em diversas civilizações e períodos da História. Entretanto, é na segunda metade do século XX, no contexto dos movimentos contraculturais (com início nos anos 1960/1970), que ela se materializará enquanto resultado de ativismos urbanos, destacadamente via guerrilha verde/guerrilla gardening, ou seja, mediante ações em terrenos públicos ou privados sem permissão prévia. Com isso, hortas comunitárias se tornaram símbolos da luta pela reestruturação do espaço urbano e ampliaram as reflexões sobre a apropriação do espaço público, a origem e qualidade dos alimentos, a cooperação cidadã e o direito à cidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal melhor compreender a agricultura urbana enquanto expressão ativista, destacadamente na cidade de São Paulo, onde ela se tornou mais evidente a partir da segunda década do século XXI, sobretudo com a emergência da rede Hortelões Urbanos e com a materialização da Horta das Corujas (horta comunitária em praça pública no território da Subprefeitura de Pinheiros), que também ajudaram a impulsionar mudanças legislativas e na composição de conselhos participativos. A partir de um recorte histórico-temporal adequado, empreendeu-se uma análise referente às dinâmicas da metrópole; atentou-se à problemática socioambiental; e regataram-se diferentes conceituações de agricultura urbana, evidenciando suas múltiplas soluções para a questão urbana. A partir da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, desenvolveu-se, por fim, o estudo de caso da Horta das Corujas, apresentando os seus diferentes aspectos socioespaciais vividos e percebidos cotidianamente. Na utopia das revoluções tranquilas, a referida horta comunitária sinaliza outra maneira de se apropriar do espaço público e de viver a cidade, pautada na experiência comunitária de caráter solidário. / Urban agriculture can be found in different civilizations and historical periods. However, it was not until recent times, from the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 70s onwards, that it became associated with \"green guerrilla\" or \"guerrilla gardening\", an activity that includes political actions in publicly or privately-owned land without prior permission. The resulting community gardens came to symbolise the struggle for the re-organisation of the urban space, including the reflection on the uses of public space, the origin and quality of food, the citizens\' rights to cooperate and intervene in the city. This dissertation will focus on urban agriculture as an activist expression, notably in Sao Paulo city, where it has experienced a remarkable development in the last two decades, especially with the emergence of the \"Hortelões Urbanos\" (Urban Gardeners) network and the founding of the Corujas Community Garden on a public square in the subprefecture of Pinheiros, which has contributed to legislative changes and to the reorganisation of participatory councils. My approach will question the adequacy of the historical approach, proposing instead an analysis based on the dynamics of the metropolis, the evaluation of environmental problems and of the different concepts of urban agriculture. Multiple solutions to urban issues will be suggested along the way. Guided by the methodology of the action research, the last section will be devoted to the case study of the Corujas Community Garden, giving pride of place to its socio-spatial aspects as perceived in daily life. I will conclude by addressing the utopia of the \"peaceful revolution\", i.e., the possibility that community gardens can provide a better kind of relationship with the public space and urban life, based on the communal sharing of assets and experiences.

Recently, research on community gardens and their benefits to health and community has become very popular. However, this influx of research has failed to investigate challenges to successful community gardening. Some articles examine issues between community gardeners and the land owners, but other than these conflicts community garden challenges, like lack of participation and quality leadership, have not been discussed in the literature (Draper and Freedman, 2010). To allow future gardens to be as successful as possible it is important to identify potential obstacles. Additionally, it is just as important to continue to examine possible benefits, for example, physical activity and health benefits of community gardening and the breadth of community issues possibly addressed by community gardeners. Continuing to research on community will allow for more successful gardens and encourage funding for these programs. This study examines how food insecurity, health and community cohesion issues can be affected by community gardens in Central Florida. It also investigates challenges community gardens often face. To do this I conducted structured interviews with community gardeners and semi-structured interviews with community garden leaders at several gardens throughout Orange County, Florida. The results show that community gardens have several benefits including increased consumption of fresh produce, improved physical activity, mental health and community cohesion. However, gardens are not without difficulties. About a third of the gardeners and the majority of the leaders said that lack of participation was a challenge they faced.

Prendre part à un jardin communautaire ou collectif (JCC) est associé entre autres à une consommation accrue de fruits et légumes (FL) dans la littérature. Avec la popularité croissante des JCC dans les pays développés, l’impact des JCC sur les iniquités de santé demeure méconnu. Cette étude analyse 1) la répartition des JCC à Montréal en fonction de certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques des voisinages et 2) l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC et la consommation quotidienne de FL chez les adultes. Le nombre moyen de JCC dans les voisinages de Montréal a été comparé selon la densité populationnelle, la proportion de ménages locataires, la proportion d’immigrants et les proportions de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d’études secondaires. Une régression logistique multivariée a été effectuée pour évaluer l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC (présente si jardin à ≤ 500 m de la résidence) et la consommation quotidienne de FL (suffisante étant ≥5 fois/jour). Les analyses ont été répétées avec une proximité à 300 m et à 1 000 m. Les analyses comparatives ont révélé un nombre significativement plus élevé de JCC dans les voisinages plus denses, avec plus de locataires et avec plus de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d'études secondaires. La proximité résidentielle à un JCC s’avère non associée à la fréquence de consommation de FL chez les adultes. La répartition actuelle des JCC à Montréal favorise un accès accru dans les quartiers plus défavorisés et présente un potentiel pour réduire les iniquités de santé. Dans notre étude, vivre près d’un jardin ne serait pas associé à une consommation plus importante de FL. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer d'autres dimensions de l'accès et de l’impact sur les iniquités de santé. / Taking part in community/collective gardening has been linked to greater fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. However, little is known regarding their impact on social health inequalities. This study aims to examine 1) the distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal and 2) the association between residential proximity to a community garden and daily FV consumption among adults. First, the mean number of gardens within a neighbourhood was compared as a function of neighbourhood-level socio-demographic indicators. Second, a multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between FV consumption and the presence of a community/collective garden. FV consumption of individuals was classified as sufficient (≥ 5 times/day) or insufficient (< 5). Presence of a community/collective garden was dichotomized as being present (≤ 500 m from residence) or absent (> 500 m). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of modifying the cut-point using 300 m and 1000 m. Comparative analyses revealed significantly more gardens in neighbourhoods with higher population densities, higher tenancy rates, and higher proportions of people living under the low-income threshold or without a high-school diploma. There was no trend according to immigrant proportions. Our regression results showed no association between residential proximity and the frequency of FV consumption among adults. The current distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal favours increased access in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods and shows potential to reduce health inequities. Living close to a garden doesn’t seem to be associated with the FV consumption pattern. Additional studies are needed to assess other important dimensions of access and the impact on health inequities.

This thesis focuses on the intersection of social entrepreneurship and community gardening. In the middle of both of these initiative is man, his wellbeing and the wellbeing of the whole planet. Both of these social and civil initiatives can potentially become places of social integration of handicapped people. Therefore, this work is paying attention to concepts of social exclusion and inclusion, social entrepreneurship and community gardening. Moreover, it deals with the notions of employment and work of disabled people. This theses also contains a program evaluation of a community garden and a social enterprise, Kokoza,o.p.s, which employs people with a mental disease. Looking at the case of this enterprise we can see that the conjunction of a community garden and a social enterprise can be a fitting solution for all the stakeholders: for the establishing organization, for the employees as well as for the community using the garden. KEY WORDS Social entrepreneurship, Social Economy, Community garden, Urban gardening Social exclusion, Social inclusion, People with mental disorder, Evaluation, Evaluation research

La recherche qui suit porte sur l’expérience du jardinage communautaire à Montréal à partir de l’exemple de l’un des arrondissements. Au cours des dernières années, à l’échelle globale, la popularité des jardins communautaires est allée en grandissant. Comment interpréter cela à partir du point de vue des participants? Quelle est l’expérience vécue par les jardiniers communautaires et quelle signification accordent-ils à ces pratiques sociales? Afin de répondre à ces questions, j’ai fait appel à une démarche qualitative, combinant l’observation et entretiens en profondeur avec des participants. Les résultats de l’étude découlent de 30 entretiens semi-directifs. Des participants avec des profils sociaux divers ont été recrutés. En faisant appel à la théorie ancrée, la recherche met en lumière des contextes spécifiques à partir desquels les jardiniers communautaires fournissent des significations à leur engagement dans ce type de jardinage. Considérée à partir de trois dimensions – économique, sociale et culturelle – cette étude met en lumière le fait que les significations que les acteurs accordent à leurs pratiques dépendent du contexte, mais découlent aussi de leur subjectivité. Ressort aussi l’importance de la dimension émotionnelle. Le jardinage communautaire est décrit sous l’angle d’une pratique transformatrice – en convergence avec d’autres formes d’action collective – qui permet aux citoyens en tant que jardiniers de mieux faire face aux défis de la vie quotidienne, que ce soit sur le plan financier, social, culturel ou environnemental. Par le biais du jardinage, les participants soutiennent qu’ils approfondissent leur identité personnelle, tout en construisant de nouvelles relations avec les autres ainsi qu’avec la nature. La recherche confirme qu’en ce qui concerne l’expérience subjective de jardinage, les participants parlent de retombées positives. / The present research addresses the subjectivity of the community gardening experience in the case of a Montreal borough. Community gardens have regained popularity worldwide. How to interpret this phenomenon from the perspective of participants? And how do they experience (community) gardening and make sense of their social practices? To answer these questions, this study takes a qualitative approach that combines observations and in-depth interviews. The findings drawn from this study are based mainly on 30 semi-structured interviews. Participants from diverse social strata were recruited. Guided by grounded theory, this research stresses the specific contexts under which community gardeners generate meanings from their community gardening experience. Examined from three dimensions – economic, social, and cultural – this study reveals that meanings and significance are context-sensitive, personalized, and fluid. The emotional dimension emerges as of particular importance. Community gardening is viewed as a transformative practice – converging with diverse forms of collective action – that allows citizen gardeners to address everyday life challenges, whether financial, social, cultural, or environmental. Through gardening, participants claim that they are reconnecting with themselves, with other people, and with nature. This research confirms that with respect to the subjective experience of gardening, participants generally claim positive outcomes.