Epilepsia e cefaleia são doenças neurológicas comuns. A epilepsia atinge cerca de 1% da população mundial, enquanto a cefaleia têm prevalência muito mais elevada, ocorrendo em 38-50% das pessoas. As duas condições dividem mecanismos fisiopatogênicos comuns. Relatos de cefaleia em pacientes neuropediátricos com epilepsia correm, mas são pouco estudados devido ao pequeno número de pacientes e dificuldade de diagnóstico de cefaleia nessa população. Nesse estudo avaliamos a prevalência e as características de cefaleia em pacientes com epilepsia focal de início na infância, na idade adulta e após os 50 nos de idade. Foram analisados 167 pacientes com epilepsia focal. Cento e vinte e cinco destes pacientes (74.8%) apresentaram cefaleia. No primeiro grupo, a idade de início da epilepsia variou de 0-17 anos, no segundo de 18-50 anos e no terceiro acima de 50 anos. Para cada paciente entrevistado, foi utilizado um questionário padronizado, verificando a existência de epilepsia e cefaleia, idade de início, frequência, intensidade, classificação e resposta ao tratamento. No nosso estudo, quanto mais precoce o início da epilepsia, maior a chance de do paciente ser refratário e de apresentar cefaleia. Todos os tipos de cefaleia foram mais comuns em pacientes que iniciaram ainda jovens com epilepsia. A cefaleia foi mais comum em mulheres que iniciaram com epilepsia até 50 anos. Após essa idade, a cefaleia em epilepsia foi mais frequentemente observada em pacientes masculinos. Quando a epilepsia iniciou na infância, a cefaleia ocorreu mais frequentemente associada às crises, sendo predominantemente observada no período pós-ictal e ocorrendo mais comumente na região occipital. Esses achados podem sugerir que ocorre maior sobreposição fisiopatológica entre epilepsia e cefaleia quando a epilepsia inicia na infância. No conjunto, nosso estudo demonstrou que a cefaleia observada em epilepsia tem características dependentes da idade de início das crises. Parece ocorrer uma sobreposição de mecanismos de doença entre cefaleia e epilepsia quando a epilepsia inicia na infância. Essa associação é menos observada quando a epilepsia ocorre após os 50 anos de idade, sugerindo diferentes mecanismos fisiopatogênicos para ocorrência da cefaleia em epilepsia, de acordo com a época de início da epilepsia. / Epilepsy and headache are common neurological diseases. Epilepsy affects around 1% of the world population, while headache prevalence is much higher, occurring in 38-50% of people. Both conditions share mutual physiopathogenic mechanisms. Reports of headache in neuropediatric patients with epilepsy occur, but they are poorly studied due to the small number of patients and difficulty of headache diagnosis on this population. This study evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of headache in patients with focal epilepsy of childhood onset, adulthood and after 50 years old. We analyzed 167 patients with focal epilepsy. One hundred twenty five of those patients (74.8%) had headache. In the first group, the age at onset of epilepsy varied between 0-17 years; in the second group, from 18-50 years; and in the third group above 50 years. For each patient interviewed, a standardized survey was used to verify the occurrence of epilepsy and headache, the age at onset, frequency, intensity, classification and response to treatment. In this study, the earlier the onset of headache, the greater the chances of the patient is refractory and to present headache. All kinds of headache were more common in patients who started at a young age with epilepsy. Headache was more common in women who started until 50 years old with epilepsy. After this age, headache in epilepsy was more often observed in male patients. When epilepsy started at childhood, headache occurred more often related to the crises, being predominantly observed during post-ictal period and most commonly occurring in the occipital region. These findings may suggest that physiopathologic superposition between epilepsy and headache occurs more often at childhood. As a whole, the study demonstrated that the headache observed in epilepsy has characteristics dependent on the onset age of crises. There seems to be a superposition of disease mechanisms between headache and epilepsy when epilepsy starts during childhood. This association is less observed when epilepsy occurs after 50 years old, suggesting different physiopathogenic mechanisms for headache occurrence in epilepsy, according to the time of onset of epilepsy.

Epilepsia e cefaleia são doenças neurológicas comuns. A epilepsia atinge cerca de 1% da população mundial, enquanto a cefaleia têm prevalência muito mais elevada, ocorrendo em 38-50% das pessoas. As duas condições dividem mecanismos fisiopatogênicos comuns. Relatos de cefaleia em pacientes neuropediátricos com epilepsia correm, mas são pouco estudados devido ao pequeno número de pacientes e dificuldade de diagnóstico de cefaleia nessa população. Nesse estudo avaliamos a prevalência e as características de cefaleia em pacientes com epilepsia focal de início na infância, na idade adulta e após os 50 nos de idade. Foram analisados 167 pacientes com epilepsia focal. Cento e vinte e cinco destes pacientes (74.8%) apresentaram cefaleia. No primeiro grupo, a idade de início da epilepsia variou de 0-17 anos, no segundo de 18-50 anos e no terceiro acima de 50 anos. Para cada paciente entrevistado, foi utilizado um questionário padronizado, verificando a existência de epilepsia e cefaleia, idade de início, frequência, intensidade, classificação e resposta ao tratamento. No nosso estudo, quanto mais precoce o início da epilepsia, maior a chance de do paciente ser refratário e de apresentar cefaleia. Todos os tipos de cefaleia foram mais comuns em pacientes que iniciaram ainda jovens com epilepsia. A cefaleia foi mais comum em mulheres que iniciaram com epilepsia até 50 anos. Após essa idade, a cefaleia em epilepsia foi mais frequentemente observada em pacientes masculinos. Quando a epilepsia iniciou na infância, a cefaleia ocorreu mais frequentemente associada às crises, sendo predominantemente observada no período pós-ictal e ocorrendo mais comumente na região occipital. Esses achados podem sugerir que ocorre maior sobreposição fisiopatológica entre epilepsia e cefaleia quando a epilepsia inicia na infância. No conjunto, nosso estudo demonstrou que a cefaleia observada em epilepsia tem características dependentes da idade de início das crises. Parece ocorrer uma sobreposição de mecanismos de doença entre cefaleia e epilepsia quando a epilepsia inicia na infância. Essa associação é menos observada quando a epilepsia ocorre após os 50 anos de idade, sugerindo diferentes mecanismos fisiopatogênicos para ocorrência da cefaleia em epilepsia, de acordo com a época de início da epilepsia. / Epilepsy and headache are common neurological diseases. Epilepsy affects around 1% of the world population, while headache prevalence is much higher, occurring in 38-50% of people. Both conditions share mutual physiopathogenic mechanisms. Reports of headache in neuropediatric patients with epilepsy occur, but they are poorly studied due to the small number of patients and difficulty of headache diagnosis on this population. This study evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of headache in patients with focal epilepsy of childhood onset, adulthood and after 50 years old. We analyzed 167 patients with focal epilepsy. One hundred twenty five of those patients (74.8%) had headache. In the first group, the age at onset of epilepsy varied between 0-17 years; in the second group, from 18-50 years; and in the third group above 50 years. For each patient interviewed, a standardized survey was used to verify the occurrence of epilepsy and headache, the age at onset, frequency, intensity, classification and response to treatment. In this study, the earlier the onset of headache, the greater the chances of the patient is refractory and to present headache. All kinds of headache were more common in patients who started at a young age with epilepsy. Headache was more common in women who started until 50 years old with epilepsy. After this age, headache in epilepsy was more often observed in male patients. When epilepsy started at childhood, headache occurred more often related to the crises, being predominantly observed during post-ictal period and most commonly occurring in the occipital region. These findings may suggest that physiopathologic superposition between epilepsy and headache occurs more often at childhood. As a whole, the study demonstrated that the headache observed in epilepsy has characteristics dependent on the onset age of crises. There seems to be a superposition of disease mechanisms between headache and epilepsy when epilepsy starts during childhood. This association is less observed when epilepsy occurs after 50 years old, suggesting different physiopathogenic mechanisms for headache occurrence in epilepsy, according to the time of onset of epilepsy.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as heart attack, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the heart diseases spectrum. It results from an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscles. According to the United States (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 610 000 people die of heart disease in the U.S. every year. Myocardial infarction contributes 370 000 of these deaths annually. Every 40 seconds, someone in the U.S. experience heart attack. This burden is disproportionately distributed within the U.S. population. The rate of heart disease in Central Appalachia is 249 per 100 000, 42% higher than the national rate. Exploring further within the region, rural areas experience higher heart disease mortality rates; 27% higher than the region’s metro counties. According to 2018 America Health Ranking, the prevalence of heart attack in Tennessee is 5.9%, compared to the 4.9% nationwide, with the majority of the burden seen among adults aged ≥65 years and with a 1:1.8 female to male ratio. Patients with heart disease often have other comorbid conditions such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemias, which contribute immensely to this chronic condition. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the association between cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia, and the prevalence of heart attack among patients with PAD in rural Central Appalachia. Methods: We used a cross-sectional data of patients diagnosed with PAD in the Central Appalachian region. A total of 13455 patients with PAD were recruited using ICD 9 and 10 search terms for PAD from the electronic medical records (EMR) system between January 1, 2008, and April 30, 2018. Descriptive statistics of the variables were extracted. The association between the comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, body mass index(BMI) and the prevalence of MI was determined using a binomial logistic regression model. All analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics 25. Results: Of the total 13455 patients with PAD, 3045 had MI (37.7% female and 62.3% male) with a mean age of 69±10.5years. While 93% had hypertension, 56% had diabetes. For the lipids, the mean of HDL, Cholesterol, and LDL among participants with a history of MI is 40.99mg/dl±13, 156.32mg/dl±45, 82.08mg/dl±36.35 respectively. The results of binomial logistic regression with stratification based on gender shows that female patients with diabetes had 86% increased odds of MI [OR: 1.858, C.I: 1.308-2.638, p-value=0.001), and for female hypertensives, 4.51 times increased odds of MI was found (C.I: 1.576-12.895, p-value=0.005). The male diabetics and hypertensives showed a similarly increased odds of MI with (OR 1.138, C.I: 0.870-1.489 p-value=0.345) and (OR 3.697C.I: 1.559-8.736, p-value=0.003) respectively. No significant association was found among the various lipid profiles examined. Conclusion: The results showed that female PAD patients with hypertension and diabetes have a significantly increased likelihood of having MI. In contrast, male with PAD also showed increased likelihood (although to a lesser degree) of MI in those with hypertension, but not those with diabetes. These findings underscore the importance of a proactive approach to preventive care and adequate control among PAD patients with diabetes and hypertension in a bid to curbing the morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial infarction among residents in Central Appalachia.

Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease. Genetic and immunological factors are involved in development of psoriasis. Psoriasis is associated with numerous comorbidities including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adipocytokines produced by white adipose tissue may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Adipocytokines could serve as a missing link in the association between psoriasis and obesity/MetS. The most important adipokines include adiponectin, leptin and resistin. Adiponectin is expressed by adipocytes and has a high anti- inflammatory potential. Leptin is a protein produced in adipose tissue and is an important part in regulating energy metabolism. It has a pro-inflammatory effect. Polypeptide resistin is produced by macrophages and monocytes of the visceral adipose tissue. It was named for its ability to induce insulin resistence. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is also product of macrophages, that can be served as a marker for cardiovascular risk. Increased smoking rates in patients with psoriasis is associated with their reduced quality of life. In addition, smoking of tobacco cigarettes is closely associated with MetS: smokers have an increased risk of MetS. Between psoriasis and smoking has also been demonstrated a direct link. Smoking is a well-recognized cause...

While a comorbid relationship between substance abuse and depression in Caucasian adults has been widely documented, comorbid substance abuse and depression in minorities remains unexplored, leaving a gap in knowledge concerning the treatment of these comorbid disorders in the fastest growing population in the United States. Cognitive behavior theory posits that specific stressors increase the likelihood of substance abuse. These factors may include structural discrimination experienced by minorities. This quantitative, pretest-posttest archival study examined the effects of a substance abuse treatment program in reducing comorbid depressive symptoms among 317 participants from 3 minority subgroups and a comparison nonminority group enrolled in a court-mandated residential program in Texas. Depression scores were assessed at intake and 30 days later by the Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment-Psychological Functioning. Using gender and age as covariates, a 2 x 2 and a 2 x 3 mixed ANOVA design evaluated changes in depression scores among different racial groups. All participants who completed treatment experienced a significant decline in symptoms associated with depression. By adding to the existing literature regarding the successful treatment of those who participate in a CBT-oriented therapy, this study informs programs seeking successful strategies in helping minorities to enter and complete treatment, which lends itself to positive social change. Further, the efficacy of CBT-oriented therapies across all groups, regardless of race or ethnic identity, provides a unique opportunity for counselors and doctors to develop successful long-term strategies for patients struggling with comorbid substance abuse and depression.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that impairs cognitive and functional abilities. Currently, there is no cure and it is estimated there will be 81 million cases of Alzheimer’s disease by 2040. Life for the individual with Alzheimer’s disease, and their family, changes drastically when the affected individual experiences significant impairments in cognitive or functional ability (severe dementia), is placed in a skilled nursing home facility (institutionalization), or passes away (death). Until a cure is discovered, it will be important to identify modifiable factors that influence progression to severe dementia, institutionalization, and death. Three hundred thirty-five participants who were living in the community were followed after the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and continued until they left the study or the study period ended. Participants completed neuropsychological assessments at each visit. Visits occurred as close to every 6 months as possible and the mean number of visits was 5.32 (SD = 3.46). Outcomes of interest were severe dementia, institutionalization, and death. Predictor variables were hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, number of prescription medications being taken, General Medical Health Rating (GMHR) score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. Cox Regression was utilized to identify associations with progression to the specified outcomes. GMHR score, congestive heart failure, and number of prescription medications were associated with progression to severe dementia. The number of prescription medications was also associated with nursing home placement. GMHR score, stroke, and number of prescription medications were associated with death. These findings are important because they contribute to a better understanding of how measures of medical health, certain medical conditions, and potentially their prevention or treatment may help those with Alzheimer’s disease sustain a higher quality of life.

Several studies have found a number of internalizing (i.e., depressive and anxiety disorders) and externalizing (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder) disorders to be prevalent among youth who have experienced child maltreatment. Several studies have also demonstrated that aspects of the maltreatment experiences and family environment may potentially predict the severity or magnitude of psychopathology among maltreated children. The purpose of this study was to determine potential abuse-related (i.e., frequency, severity, relation to perpetrator, age at onset, other forms of maltreatment) and family environment (i.e., cohesion, adaptability) predictors of psychological comorbidity in sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants included 75 (56 female) clinically-referred children and adolescents aged 5.89-17.12 years (mean=10.95, SD=3.114) and their parents. Measures included the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Epidemiological Version, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales, third edition, and a questionnaire assessing demographic and abuse-related information. Based on diagnostic status, participants were assigned to the Simple PTSD group (no comorbid diagnoses), the Internalizing group (met criteria for a depressive or anxiety disorder but no externalizing disorders), or the Global group (met criteria for an externalizing disorder and may or may not have met criteria for an internalizing disorder). Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated and odds ratio cutoff values were utilized to determine clinically significant predictors of comorbidity group. Results indicated that males were more likely to be in one of the comorbid groups (either Internalizing or Global groups) than females, and those who were abused multiple times were more likely to be in one of the two comorbid groups than participants who experienced one incident of abuse. Similarly, participants who had lower levels of family cohesion and adaptability were more likely to be in one of the comorbid groups than those who had higher levels of family cohesion and adaptability. Younger participants and those who had experienced penetration were more likely to have an externalizing diagnosis (i.e., be in the Global group) than older participants and those who had experienced less physically invasive forms of sexual abuse. Results are discussed in light of previous research and theoretical models of heterogeneous presentations of childhood traumatic stress.

Between 250.000 and  300.000 people live with psoriasis in Sweden today. 50% develop psoriasis before they are 25 years old. When living with psoriasis, one have an increased risk of developing comorbidities, which include overweight, joint problems, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and depression, among others. Based on recent findings, people living with psoriasis can achieve health benefits and improve the symptoms of the condition through living and good life style. I have developed a lifestyle system named "núna", which will empower the patient, encourage a good lifestyle, prevent comorbidities and improve the healthcare personnel and patient communication. The system includes an application which consists of five different main categories (Activity, diet, quit smoking, photography documentation and administrating issues related to ones healthcare providers), and an activity tracker with two different portable docks and a charging station.

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno de déficit de atenção / hiperatividade (TDAH) é observado em 30-40% das crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia. Estudos recentes relataram a segurança do metilfenidato em pacientes com epilepsia controlada, porém há uma carência de estudos em pacientes com epilepsia não controlada. OBJETIVO: Estudar a eficácia e segurança do metilfenidato em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de TDAH e epilepsia não controlada. MÉTODOS: Avaliação prospectiva de 24 pacientes de 7 a 16 anos, com diagnóstico de epilepsia e TDAH, no Ambulatório de Especialidades da Universidade da Região de Joinville (Univille), que preencham os seguintes critérios: pacientes com diagnóstico de epilepsia que tenham tido pelo menos duas crises epilépticas nos últimos seis meses; diagnóstico de TDAH com base nos critérios definidos pelo DSM-IV; que não tivesse recebido tratamento prévio com metilfenidato. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 24 pacientes, classificados pelo subtipo do TDAH em 41,7% desatento, 37,5% combinado e 20,8% hiperativo/impulsivo. Os pacientes apresentaram epilepsia parcial em 58,3% e epilepsia generalizada em 41,7%. A dose média do metilfenidato utilizada foi 0,52 mg/kg/dia (22,3 mg/dia). Tempo de seguimento foi de seis meses para todos os pacientes. Em 70,8% houve melhora dos sintomas do TDAH após seis meses de tratamento, e em 22 dos 24 pacientes (91,6%) não houve aumento da freqüência de crises epilépticas. CONCLUSÕES: metilfenidato demonstrouse efetivo no tratamento dos sintomas do TDAH em pacientes com epilepsia não controlada, e nos primeiros seis meses de estudo, não houve aumento significativo da freqüência das crises epilépticas. / INTRODUCTION: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is observed in 30 to 40 % children and adolescents with epilepsy. Recent studies demonstrate the safety of methylphenidate (MPH) in patients with controlled epilepsy. There is a lack of studies of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy. OBJECTIVE: to study the efficacy and safety of MPH in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and uncontrolled epilepsy. METHODS: We evaluated 24 patients with ages of 7 and 16 years, diagnosed with epilepsy and ADHD, outpacient speciality clinic which took place in the Ambulatório de Especialidades of the Universidade da Região de Joinville (Univille). Inclusions criterias: at least two seizures in the previous 6 months; the diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: The results of 24 patients have been evaluated, classified according to subtype ADHD as the following: 41.7 % inattentive type, 37.5 % combined and 20.8% hyperactive/impulsive type. The sample was distributed as the following: parcial epilepsy 58.3 % and generalized epilepsy 41.7 %. An average dose of MPH was 0.52 mg/kg/daily (22.3 mg daily). This was given for a period of 6 months to all patients. In 70.8 % the patients showed signs of improvement from ADHD symptoms and there was not increase of frequency of epileptic seizure in 22 of the 24 patients (91.6%). CONCLUSIONS: MPH was effective in the treatment of ADHD in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy. In the first 6 months of this study there was no increase of epileptic seizures.

A epidemia do HIV/AIDS vive o final de sua terceira década acompanhada de avanços importantes na terapia e na sobrevida dos pacientes infectados. Com o advento das drogas antiretrovirais altamente ativas transformou-se em uma condição crônica capaz de ser controlada por muito tempo. Com isso surgiram mudanças no quadro clínico geral e oral dos pacientes. Algumas comorbidades e alterações hematológicas passaram tornaram-se mais prevalentes nessa população, enquanto que as manifestações bucais oportunistas passaram a ser mais raras. Uma vez que o paciente HIV positivo hoje no Brasil vive mais tempo, espera-se que a demanda destes pacientes aumente nos consultórios odontológicos. Torna-se importante que o cirurgião dentista conheça o atual perfil do paciente HIV positivo, as condições bucais e as comorbidades mais freqüentes, especialmente as que exigem mudanças no manejo clínico odontológico. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as prevalências de comorbidades, alterações hematológicas e manifestações bucais em pacientes HIV positivos atendidos no CAPE-FOUSP, correlacionando-as entre si na busca de marcadores bucais para alterações sistêmicas e verificar a correlação entre as prevalências encontradas com os dados demográficos e com o estado imunológico do paciente. Para tanto, estudamos prospectivamente 138 pacientes HIV positivos atendidos no Centro de Atendimento a Pacientes especiais da FOUSP. A presença de comorbidades foi relatada por 92% dos pacientes. O hemograma solicitado revelou alterações hematológicas, que muitas vezes eram desconhecidas por eles. Pelo menos uma manifestação orofacial relacionada com a infecção pelo HIV foi observada em 54% dos pacientes, sendo a mais freqüente o aumento de glândulas salivares, observado em 16,7% dos pacientes. Leucoplasia pilosa e candidíase bucal ainda podem ser considerados importantes marcadores da progressão da doença. Xerostomia e cáries pareceram ter relação com maiores prevalências de hipertensão e desordens psiquiátricas, respectivamente, sugerindo que possam ser marcadores bucais para estas comorbidades. / HIV/AIDS epidemic lives the end of its third decade followed by important advances in the therapy and life expetancy of the infected patients. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV/AIDS was been transformed into a chronic condition that can be managed over time. Consequently, several changes in the general and oral clinical status were observed. Some comorbidities and hematological alterations became more prevalent in this population, while opportunist buccal manifestations had started to be rare. Once Brazilian HIV-positive patients are living more time, is expected that the demand of these patients increases in the dental office. Is important for the dentist to know the current profile of HIV-positive patient, which includes: the associated oral conditions and the most frequent comorbities, specially that ones that demand changes in the dental management. Based on this, the objectives of this research were to identify buccal alterations, comorbidities and hematological alterations, searching for correlation between them, to analize them according to demographic data and immunologic status. For this study, 138 HIV-positive patients of Special Care Dentistry Center of Sao Paulo University (CAPE-FOUSP) were analized prospectively. The presence of comorbidities was related by 92% of the patients. The requested hematological exams disclosed several hematologic alterations, many times unknown by them. At least one HIV-related orofacial manifestation was observed in 54% of the patients. Hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis still can be considered important markers of the progression of HIV infection. Xerostomia and dental caries was more often observed in patients with hypertension and psychiatric desorders, respectively, suggesting that they can be buccal markers for these comorbidities.