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The main research topic in this dissertation is the development of the closure method of multiple testing procedures. Considering a general procedure that allows the underlying test statistics as well as the associated parameters to be dependent, we first propose a step-down procedure controlling the FWER, which is defined as the probability of committing at least one false discovery. Holm (1979) first proposed a step-down procedure for multiple hypothesis testing with a control of the familywise error rate (FWER) under any kind of dependence. Under the normal distributional setup, Seneta and Chen (2005) sharpened the Holm procedure by taking into account the correlations between the test statistics. In this dissertation, the Seneta-Chen procedure is further modified yielding a more powerful FWER controlling procedure. We then advance our research and propose another step-down procedure to control the generalized FWER (k-FWER), which is defined as the probability of making at least k false discoveries. We compare our proposed k-FWER procedure with the Lehmann and Romano (2005) procedure. The proposed k-FWER procedure is more powerful, particularly when there is a strong dependence in the tests. When the proportion of true null hypotheses is expected to be small, the traditional tests are usually conservative by a factor associated with pi0, which is the proportion of true null hypotheses among all null hypotheses. Under independence, two procedures controlling the FWER and the k-FWER are proposed in this dissertation. Simulations are carried out to show that our procedures often provide much better FWER or k-FWER control and power than the traditional procedures. / Statistics

A method is presented for analysing a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in which the data consist cf relative rankings in pairwise comparisons. Maximum likelihood estimates are developed for the ratings of the various levels of each factor und for the treatment combinations. Likelihood ratio tests of the most important hypotheses likely to arise are derived in detail. The large sample approximations are used. In addition, the method is presented in a manner such that tests of other hypotheses in which the experimenter might be interested can easily be derived. The equations for the analysis of a factorial design of arbitrary size are presented, It can be seen, however, that the complexity of these equations render an attempt at their solution impractical in most cases and more work must be done if a useful method of analysing experiments of this, type is to be found. / Master of Science

With increased pressures from governmental and insurance agencies, today's physician devotes less time to patient care and more time to administration. To alleviate this problem, Biological & Popular Culture, Inc. (Biopop) proposed the building of partnerships with healthcare professionals to provide high-quality, cost-effective medical care in a physician network setting. To assist Biopop in evaluating potential operating procedures, a discrete-event simulation model has been constructed. The model is built in an object-oriented, visual manner utilizing the Visual Simulation Environment (VSE). The model examines both internal Biopop operations and external clinic operations. The research presented herein describes the design of the simulation model and details the analysis of the clinical environment. A methodology for determining appropriate staffing and physical resources in a clinical environment is presented. This methodology takes advantage of several simulation-based statistical techniques, including batch means; fractional factorial design; and simultaneous ranking, selection, and multiple comparisons. An explanation of the experimental design is provided and results of the experimentation are presented. Based upon the experimental results, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made for an appropriate staffing and facility size for a two-physician family practice healthcare clinic. / Master of Science

This study compares financially optimal uneven-aged and even-aged silvicultural regimes of loblolly pine (Pinus Taeda). Uneven-aged regimes which maximize net present value (NPV) are found by quantifying the effects of diameter distribution (Q factor), maximum diameter, cutting cycle, and residual basal area on NPV. For the benchmark inputs, the regime yielding the highest NPV had a maximum diameter of 12 inches, residual basal area of 45 ft²/acre, and a cutting cycle of 11 years. Financially optimal even-aged regimes are taken from published literature of even-aged silviculture. Even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural regimes are simulated starting from, 1) bare land, 2) a balanced uneven-aged loblolly pine stand, and 3) a mature even-aged loblolly pine stand. For the three starting conditions and selected benchmark variable values, simulation of even-aged silviculture yields NPVs of $877, $2,152 and $3,400 per acre and simulation of uneven-aged silviculture yields NPVs of $644, $2,084, and $2,569 per acre. Sensitivity analysis shows, for the levels of the variables tested, that even-aged silviculture yields higher NPVs than uneven-aged silviculture when starting from bare land or from a mature even-aged stand. When starting from an uneven-aged stand, for the variable values tested, uneven and even-aged silviculture are financially very competitive. Aside from the aesthetic benefits of avoiding clearcutting under uneven-aged silviculture, non-timber considerations between loblolly pine silvicultural systems are not well documented. Resource professionals hold opinions often in direct conflict with each other regarding the non-timber costs and benefits of even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture when considering wildlife, soil and water, and catastrophic damage events. / Master of Science

The aim of this thesis is to describe Political Science students’ experiences of studies and work life. Students’ reflections on their study situation as well as their envisaged and later experienced work life have been analysed through cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. Central research questions are how students at the beginning and the end of their studies perceive their study program, how the communication patterns between teacher and students are negotiated, and what discourses of knowledge and competence operate in the program and in work life as well as how students of Political Science experience the transition from higher education to working life at two Euro-pean universities, and how Political science students and students in two professional programmes experience the transition from higher education to work life. The empiri-cal studies are presented in four articles. Ethnography, phenomenography and dis-course analysis have been applied. The results show that students embark on the pro-gram with dreams of being in the halls of power in Brussels or becoming famous by appearing in the media. They are, however, also driven by a Bildung incentive. Towards the end of their studies, more down-to-earth visions of the future as investigators have replaced their previous dreams. Another result is the ongoing negotiations about their role and the purpose of e.g. seminars, which convey double messages about what to say and when to contribute. They also report a rational and generic relationship between their studies and the work tasks, indicating that they have acquired a set of general skills that are helpful for them in their work. When moving from studies into work life, they report having a feeling of being squeezed between the politicians and the general public. Surprisingly, few of them regard themselves as having power in the decision-making arena. Keywords: Higher education, Work life, Trajectories of learning, National comparisons, / Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva studenter inom statsvetenskap och deras resa genom akademin ut i arbetslivet. Genom att undersöka studenternas reflektioner och tankar kring sin studiesituation och hur de ser på sitt kommande arbete genom att an-vända en undersökningsdesign som består av en tvärsnittsstudie och en longitudinell studie. Med utgångspunkt i syftet har ett antal forskningsfrågor formulerats; Hur upp-fattas utbildningen av studenter i början och slutet av sina studier? Vilka diskurser kring kunskap och kompetens återfinns i studieprogrammen? Vilka diskurser kring kunskap och kompetens återfinns i arbetslivet? Hur upplever studenter i statsveten-skap vid två europeiska universitet övergången mellan akademi och arbetsliv? Hur upp-lever studenter i statsvetenskap och studenter från två professionsutbildningar över-gången mellan akademi och arbetsliv? De empiriska studierna rapporteras i fyra upp-satser. Etnografi, fenomenografi och diskursanalys är de metoder som använts vid ana-lyserna av empiriska data. Många studenter väljer att läsa statsvetenskap på grund av ett allmän- bildningsin-tresse, de uttrycker också drömmen om att få arbeta i maktens korridorer eller bli kän-da som experter i media. I slutet av sin utbildning infinner sig snarare en bild av en framtida roll som utredare. Eftersom studier i statsvetenskap har en rationell karaktär med fokus på generiska färdigheter är detta inte särskilt förvånande. En grupp studen-ter som följdes under sina första fem veckor i en seminarieserie fick dubbla signaler rörande sin roll vid seminarier. Relationen mellan utbildning och arbete beskrivs som i första hand rationell och generisk, dvs de har förvärvat allmänna färdigheter som är dem till stor hjälp i arbetet. När de som nya på arbetsmarknaden talar om sin identitet, framgår att de beskriver sig som klämda från två håll i sin roll som förmedlare mellan allmänheten och makthavarna. Förvånansvärt få anser att de har någon reell makt när det gäller beslutsfattande. Nyckelord: Högre utbildning, arbetsliv, lärande, identitet, nationella jämförelser, inter-nationella jämförelser, nybörjare, erfarna studenter, professionella noviser.

Les changements rapides et profonds sont des plus en plus fréquents, tant dans les milieux de travail que dans la société. Ces changements rapides et profonds, nommés changements discontinus, sont connus pour être éprouvants pour le bien-être psychologique des individus. La littérature a proposé que les changements discontinus organisationnels et sociaux soient éprouvants parce qu’ils perturbent l’identité collective, qui fournit aux individus un cadre de référence dans lequel ils comprennent tant leur monde social qu’eux-mêmes. En réponse à un changement discontinu, l’identité collective souffrirait d’une baisse de clarté, où les individus se questionnent à savoir « qui ils sont » dans le contexte de leur groupe social. De récentes études confirment qu’un changement social discontinu provoque une baisse de clarté de l’identité collective. Toutefois, le lien entre les changements discontinus et la clarté d’une identité collective nécessite un soutien empirique robuste puisqu’aucune étude n’a manipulé expérimentalement un réel changement vécu par un groupe social. De plus, il reste à vérifier si la baisse du niveau de clarté de l’identité collective en réponse à un changement social discontinu est répliquée empiriquement sur le terrain. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est donc de vérifier l’effet d’un réel changement discontinu sur la clarté de l’identité collective d’un groupe social. Par ailleurs, les processus psychologiques qui déterminent comment les individus rétablissent la clarté de leur identité collective à la suite d’un changement discontinu demeurent à ce jour inconnus. La littérature en psychologie sociale soutient que deux processus de comparaisons contribuent à la construction de l’identité collective, soit les comparaisons sociales et les comparaisons temporelles. Il semblerait que les comparaisons temporelles soient plus prévalentes dans un contexte de changement discontinu, mais leur rôle pour rétablir la clarté de l’identité collective n’a pas été vérifié. Le second objectif consiste à vérifier si le fait d’effectuer des comparaisons temporelles est un processus psychologique qui rétablit la clarté de l’identité collective à la suite d’un changement discontinu. Cinq études réparties en deux articles ont été exécutées pour répondre à ces objectifs. Le premier article comble les lacunes soulevées dans la littérature en présentant un nouveau paradigme expérimental : le paradigme de groupes de travail Lego (PGTL). Ce paradigme expérimental simule un groupe de travail et expose ses membres à un réel changement discontinu, opérationnalisé en tant qu’un changement inattendu des valeurs qui orientent les objectifs de travail. Trois études testent l’hypothèse que l’introduction d’un changement discontinu causera une diminution du niveau de clarté de l’identité collective du groupe de travail. L’étude 1 simule un changement discontinu en transformant subitement les valeurs du groupe de collaboration à des valeurs de compétition. L’étude 2 réplique les résultats de l’étude 1 avec différente paire de valeurs opposées, soit l’efficience et l’innovation. La troisième étude réplique les résultats et la méthodologie de l’étude 1 avec un grand échantillon, ce qui permet de contrôler statistiquement pour la non-indépendance des observations. Les trois études confirment l’hypothèse que l’introduction d’un changement discontinu cause une diminution du niveau de clarté de l’identité collective du groupe de travail. Le deuxième article contient deux études qui se déroulent auprès d’Américains, dans le contexte du changement d’administration présidentielle en 2016. La première étude vérifie dans un premier temps si la clarté de l’identité collective est diminuée à la suite d’un changement discontinu sur le terrain (hypothèse 1). Dans un deuxième temps, une intervention utilisant des comparaisons temporelles est testée pour vérifier si elle permet de rétablir la clarté de l’identité collective (hypothèse 2a). Le degré d’efficacité de l’intervention utilisant des comparaisons temporelles est comparé à une intervention utilisant des comparaisons sociales, une intervention utilisant des comparaisons sociales et temporelles et une condition contrôle. La deuxième étude vérifie si l’intervention utilisant des comparaisons temporelles rétablit la clarté de l’identité collective au-delà de l’effet du passage du temps (hypothèse 2b) et au-delà des autres interventions. Les résultats confirment la diminution de clarté de l’identité collective à la suite de l’élection, et le rôle de comparaisons temporelles pour rétablir la clarté de l’identité collective. / Rapid and profound changes are increasingly common, both in the workplace and in society. These rapid and profound changes to social groups, called discontinuous changes, are known to have deleterious effects on the psychological well-being of individuals. Literature has proposed that discontinuous organizational and social changes are challenging because they disrupt individuals’ collective identity, which provides them with a meaningful frame of reference in which they understand their social environment and themselves. It has been proposed that during discontinuous changes, collective identity suffers from a decrease in clarity, where individuals question who they are in the context of their social group. Recent studies confirm that discontinuous social change causes a decrease in collective identity clarity. However, the link between discontinuous changes and collective identity clarity remains tentative since no study has experimentally manipulated a real experienced change in a social group. Finally, it remains to be seen whether the decrease in collective identity clarity following discontinuous social change is empirically replicated in the field. The first goal is therefore to provide robust empirical support to the proposition that discontinuous change causes a decrease of collective identity clarity, in a context of real experienced change. In addition, the psychological processes that determine how individuals restore collective identity clarity following discontinuous change remain unknown to this day. Literature in social psychology argues that there are two processes of comparison fundamental to the construction of collective identity, namely social comparisons and temporal comparisons. Temporal comparisons appear to be more prevalent in a context of discontinuous change, but their role in restoring collective identity clarity has not been verified. The second goal of this thesis is to verify whether temporal comparisons are a psychological process that restores collective identity clarity following a discontinuous change. Five studies divided into two articles were carried out to meet both goals. The first article fills the gaps raised in previous literature by presenting a new experimental paradigm: the Lego Workgroup Paradigm (LWP). This experimental paradigm simulates a work group and exposes its members to a real experienced discontinuous change, operationalized as an unexpected change in the values that guide the work objectives. Three studies test the hypothesis that the introduction of a discontinuous change will reduce levels of collective identity clarity related to the workgroup. Study 1 simulates a discontinuous change transforming the values in a sudden way from collaborative values to competition values. Study 2 replicates the results of Study 1 with different opposing values of efficiency and innovation. The third study replicates the results and methodology of Study 1 with a large sample that allows statistical control for the non-independence of observations. The three studies support the hypothesis that the introduction of a discontinuous change causes a decrease in collective identity clarity related to the work group. The second article contains two studies conducted with Americans, in the context of the change of presidential administration in 2016. The first study aims to validate whether the clarity of the collective identity is diminished as a result of a discontinuous change in a field setting (hypothesis 1). Then, an intervention using temporal comparisons is tested to verify if it restores collective identity clarity (hypothesis 2a). The degree of effectiveness of the intervention using temporal comparisons is contrasted with an intervention using social comparisons, an intervention using social and temporal comparisons and a control condition. The second study verifies whether the intervention using temporal comparisons restores collective identity clarity beyond the effect of the passage of time (hypothesis 2b), and beyond other interventions. The results confirm the decrease in collective identity clarity as a result of the election’s outcome and the role of temporal comparisons to restore the collective identity clarity.

The problem of this study was to determine the differences in experimentwise and comparisonwise Type I error rate among six multiple comparison procedures when applied to twenty-eight combinations of normally distributed data. These were the Least Significant Difference, the Fisher-protected Least Significant Difference, the Student Newman-Keuls Test, the Duncan Multiple Range Test, the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference, and the Scheffe Significant Difference. The Spjøtvoll-Stoline and Tukey—Kramer HSD modifications were used for unequal n conditions. A Monte Carlo simulation was used for twenty-eight combinations of k and n. The scores were normally distributed (µ=100; σ=10). Specified multiple comparison procedures were applied under two conditions: (a) all experiments and (b) experiments in which the F-ratio was significant (0.05). Error counts were maintained over 1000 repetitions. The FLSD held experimentwise Type I error rate to nominal alpha for the complete null hypothesis. The FLSD was more sensitive to sample mean differences than the HSD while protecting against experimentwise error. The unprotected LSD was the only procedure to yield comparisonwise Type I error rate at nominal alpha. The SNK and MRT error rates fell between the FLSD and HSD rates. The SSD error rate was the most conservative. Use of the harmonic mean of the two unequal sample n's (HSD-TK) yielded uniformly better results than use of the minimum n (HSD-SS). Bernhardson's formulas controlled the experimentwise Type I error rate of the LSD and MRT to nominal alpha, but pushed the HSD below the 0.95 confidence interval. Use of the unprotected HSD produced fewer significant departures from nominal alpha. The formulas had no effect on the SSD.