Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att vårdtyngden på sjukhusen ökar vilket leder till att vården blir påverkad, då sjuksköterskor anser att de inte vårdar etiskt och moraliskt rätt. Detta på grund av att det inte finns tillräckligt med tid att ge varje patient ”det lilla extra’’ och prioriteringar måste ske. Stressen hos sjuksköterskor ökar på grund av att prioriteringar är medvetna men inte självvalda, medvetenheten leder till att de arbetar på ett sätt sjuksköterskan själv anser är etiskt fel. Denna etiskt betingade stress leder till att kvaliteten på vården påverkas. Stressen kan leda till självanklagelser som “borde jag ha sprungit snabbare mellan patienterna”. På grund av bristfällig återhämtning försvinner krafterna till att ge en god vård. Syfte: Att belysa skyddsfaktorer som förebygger Compassion fatigue (CF) hos sjuksköterskor. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt. Där vårdvetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativa, kvantitativa och mixad metod har använts. Resultat: Få stöd av sina kollegor, ledning och familjemedlemmar var viktiga faktorer för att förebygga CF. Kunskap hur sjuksköterskorna själva fungerar för att kunna minska sin stress, samt att känna compassion satisfaction var viktiga aspekter för att kunna förebygga CF. Slutsats: När sjuksköterskorna kände en mening med vårdandet kunde CF förebyggas.

Nurses experiencing compassion fatigue (CF) are emotionally exhausted, which contributes to decreased nurse retention and patient satisfaction. The focus of this project was to identify factors that contribute to CF. A systematic review was conducted to identify demographic factors that contribute to CF in the acute care setting, clarify the types of care situations that increase CF, and describe the social support networks of nursing units influencing CF. The review included peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2007 and 2018 that focused on registered nurses in the acute care setting. Using the grading of recommendation assessment development and evaluation format, 3 articles in Level of Evidence 1 and 11 articles in Level of Evidence 3 were included in this review. Findings showed that demographic factors such as age, gender, level of education, and years as a nurse contributed to CF. Care situations that contribute to CF include mixed-acuity-level patient units and an increase in administrative duties that are not directly related to patient care. A nursing unit's social support network has a direct impact on reducing CF: Units with peer support and respect have less CF, units with managers who are active and listen to staff have lower CF, and units with a change in management or nursing practice have higher levels of CF. Implications of this study for social change include approaches to help nurses balance care of patients and administrative tasks as well as creating education on factors that lead to CF. Interventions focused on promoting a working environment in which nurses' input is valued may prevent nurses from leaving their jobs or the nursing profession, which could improve patient satisfaction with nursing care.

Tidigare studier har visat att negativa känslomässiga effekter på empatisören avtar med tiden. Denna studies syfte var att, med ett starkare mätinstrument samt en bredare population än tidigare, undersöka området ytterligare för att försöka få mer generaliserbara resultat. Deltagarna var 196 studenter varav 31 män. Genom en mellangruppsdesign besvarades en enkät där respondenterna beskrev en empatisituation och därefter fick bedöma hur denna påverkat dem. Slumpvis fick en tredjedel skatta hur effekter av empati ser ut direkt efteråt, en tredjedel hur det är nu och en tredjedel hur det är på lång sikt. Resultatet visade i linje med tidigare studier att negativa känslomässiga effekter på empatisören avtar med tiden. Det konstaterades även skillnader där kvinnor och yngre påverkas mer av empatisituationer än män och äldre. En möjlig förklaring till tidsperspektivets betydelse är att empatiska emotioner precis som alla emotioner avtar med tidsdistans från en specifik empatisituation.

In the field of medicine, empathic providers have been found to bring numerous benefits to a clinical encounter as they are better able to elicit detailed and thorough case histories, build rapport and therapeutic alliance with patients, and foster greater compliance with treatment recommendations. Despite its multiple benefits, empathy has not been researched systematically within the field of speech-language pathology. In medical training, empathy has been found to decline by the time medical students are introduced to direct patient care. Currently, no information is available regarding the empathy trajectory of novice speech-language pathologists. The goal of the current project was to determine the effect of one semester of clinical experience on the perceived and self-reported empathy of novice speech-language pathology clinicians during their first semester of graduate school. A convergent parallel mixed-method design was used in two stages (pre/post). Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered concurrently during two distinct moments in time (i.e. pre-test: during the first week of exposure to clients in clinic; post-test: at the end of the first semester of clinic). Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were completed separately at the conclusion of each stage, with data integration taking place during final interpretation. Quantitative findings revealed that novice speech-language pathology students were able to identify high vs. low levels of relational empathy as depicted in two video-recorded clinical interviews using a modified CARE measure (Mercer, Maxwell, Heaney, & Watt, 2004) even prior to exposure to clinical practice. In addition, these perceptions remained stable from pre-test to post-test. Qualitative comments written by novice clinicians regarding each video were analyzed using a-priori codes. Analysis of the qualitative data corroborated the quantitative findings except for mild nuances pertaining to observations about the caregiver in the video, which tended to occur more frequently at pre-test and less so at post-test. The significance of these qualitative findings was questionable, but it was hypothesized that clinicians may have become more “detached” from the caregiver’s perspective after they were exposed to direct work with clients in the clinic. Novice clinicians’ levels of self-reported empathy were also observed to remain stable from pre-test to post-test, as evidenced by quantitative findings from the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI – Gerdes, Segal, & Lietz, 2012). Analysis of the subtests from the EAI showed that all clinicians tended to have lower scores for emotional regulation as compared with other components such as affective response, affective mentalizing, perspective taking, or self-other awareness. Qualitative analysis of an exit interview in which novice clinicians were asked to list the most frustrating and most rewarding aspects of their semester showed that aspects of the semester which were perceived as frustrating were often balanced by those which were perceived as rewarding. In addition, direct work with clients and caregivers was listed by far as one of the most rewarding experiences for novice clinicians, particularly as it pertained to client progress. Factors which could potentially lead into burnout were noted in the list of frustrating items, but these occurred more infrequently. Further investigations into the empathy trajectory of novice speech-language pathology students are recommended especially using a cross-sectional or longitudinal design to determine if empathy remains stable over the course of training or whether it suffers a decline as academic, personal, and patient/caseload demands become more challenging and multifaceted. Possible investigations following clinicians after the completion of their clinical fellowship year would also be recommended as novice clinicians transition from trainees to full-fledged providers.

The aim of this research was to longitudinally and quantitatively investigate sense of coherence (SOC) and coping strategies as predictors of compassion satisfaction (CS) and compassion fatigue (CF) as measured by secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout (BT) during the first six months of training in a professional psychology training programme. Trainee therapists’, “dramatically shift” their “focus of functioning over time” to adorn the personality and self of the therapist (Rønnestad & Skovholt, 2003, p. 28). This adaptive process may initially unravel over six months as trainees balance client and workload stressors (Hill, Sullivan, Knox & Schlosser, 2007; Tryssenaar & Perkins, 2001). However, research on the developmental processes behind the negative (CF) and positive (CS) avenues of therapeutic stressors is lacking in the trainee therapists’ population, especially quantitatively (Schwing, LaFollette, Steinfeldt & Wong, 2010; Thériault, Gazzola & Richardson, 2009). This research aimed to explore these issues in relation to professional development through SOC and coping as predictors of CS and CF over a six month training period. Variables were investigated quantitatively through the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) (Stamm, 2010) the Brief COPE (BCOPE) (Carver, 1997) and the 29-item self-report Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ) (Antonovsky, 1987). As such, the primary focus of this research was on how SOC and coping strategies were utilised by trainee therapists as process variables in predicting the positive (CS) and negative (CF) avenues of therapeutic work over a six month period of psychotherapy training. Findings suggested that, at the beginning of training, sense of coherence was directly associated with the core outcome variables (CS and CF (as measured by STS and BT). When trainee therapists started seeing clients two months later, the effect of SOC was mediated by coping. At the end of training, only coping was directly associated with outcome variables as the effect of SOC on CS and CF disappeared. These implications are further discussed in the research.

The purpose of this study is to explore Filipino service care providers’ experience of compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue is a common experience among health care professionals and can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and adverse behaviors in caring for patients. In California, there are a large number of Filipinos who are employed as care providers for older adults; however, there is limited research available regarding Filipino workers in the United States. This study took on a qualitative design that utilized face-to-face interviews to gain more insight into Filipino service care providers’ experience of compassion fatigue in relation to their employment. Factors that were explored in interviews were exposure to terminally ill individuals, coping and self-care strategies, and working environments. The results of this study indicated participants appeared to experience compassion satisfaction, rather than compassion fatigue. Furthermore, recommendations for future research were discussed. These recommendations included the need to explore experiences of compassion satisfaction in this population and to look into the experience of Filipino service care providers who were born in the United States, rather than in the Philippines, to determine whether Filipino cultural values of caring can act as a buffer against the effects of compassion fatigue.

Working in mental health can be an extremely demanding job, which may often lead to compassion fatigue of therapists. This research study examines the factors that contribute to compassion fatigue among play therapists and therapists in the play therapy community. This research sought to measure the relationship between factors such as work-related stressors, demographics, and compassion fatigue. The research study gathered quantitative data from a convenient sample and a random sample. Data was collected via an online survey, which included informed consent, a demographic questionnaire, and the Professional Quality of Life Scale. Forty online surveys were completed by play therapists registered with a specific association (Group X) and at a non-profit agency located in Southern California. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21. A significant key finding was that play therapists are very satisfied with their career path and are experiencing high levels of compassion satisfaction. Another key finding from this study was there is a significant correlation between hours spent per week providing play therapy services and hours spent working with traumatized clients. Also, another key finding was there is a correlation between years licensed and primary work setting. This research study hopes to help play therapists who are interested in play therapy and give insight about compassion fatigue while also giving mental health agencies understanding of the work-related stressors that play therapists face while providing play therapy services.

<p><p>Studiens syfte var att utifrån tidigare forskning (Hallén, 2007, 2008) undersöka konsekvenser av att känna empati. Genom en faktoriell inomgruppsdesign (2x2) besvarade 51 frisörer en enkät om hur de påverkas på kort och lång sikt av att känna empati med sina kunder. Resultaten visade att empati med någon som mår dåligt upplevdes leda till betydligt mer negativa effekter än empati med någon som mår bra, på både kort och lång sikt. Vidare upplevdes effekterna som mer intensiva på kort sikt än på lång, oavsett om individen man empatiserat med mått dåligt eller bra. En tänkbar förklaring till skillnaden över tid är att de emotioner vi specifikt erfar genom andra avtar på samma sätt såsom minnen av egna emotioner gör generellt.</p></p>

<p>Motstridig forskning finns om huruvida empati är en riskfaktor eller en skyddande faktor för yrkesverksamma inom omhändertagande yrken som frekvent kommer i kontakt med trauman och mänskligt lidande. Två alternativ finns inom forskningen: compassion fatigue och compassion satisfaction. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom ett omhändertagande yrke, psykiatrin, påverkas av situationer i vilka de ofta behöver känna empati med patienter. Tjugoen respondenter deltog i en kvalitativ studie där öppna frågeformulär användes. Resultatet visade att sådana situationer leder till negativa känslor på kort sikt men positiva på lång sikt, något som tidigare inte har påvisats. Vidare framkom att typen av situation man empatiserar med är av betydelse, och att situationer där barn är inblandade verkar påverka starkast.</p>

<p>En tidigare studie har visat att negativa effekter av att känna empati är övervägande på kort sikt medan positiva effekter är övervägande på lång sikt, gällande psykiatripersonal. Med den aktuella studien avsågs att undersöka huruvida liknande tendenser finns hos en generell population. 253 högskolestudenter deltog, och i en mellangruppsdesign besvarade hälften en enkät belysande upplevelser på kort sikt medan den andra hälften besvarade en likadan enkät belysande upplevelser på lång sikt. Resultatet visade att empati har olika effekter beroende på tidsperspektivet även för människor generellt, i form av mer positiva effekter på lång sikt. Denna effekt återfanns bland såväl kvinnor som män, och bland yngre såväl som äldre. En tänkbar förklaring är att intrycket blir ett annat med tidsmässig distans.</p> / <p>Evidence from an earlier study suggests that negative consequences of feeling empathy are predominant in the short-term, while positive consequences are predominant in the long-term, regarding psychiatry staff. This study investigated whether similar tendencies exist among a general population. 253 university students participated, and a between-subjects design was used in which half of the participants answered questionnaires illustrating experiences in the short-term, and the other half questionnaires illustrating experiences in the long-term. Also for people in general, the results showed that empathy has different effects depending on the time perspective through more positive effects in the long-term. This effect was valid, irrespective of gender or age. A possible explanation is that the impression changes with the distance that time brings.</p>