[pt] Com dados de localização das Igrejas na Cidade do Rio Janeiro e do Censo de 2000, o trabalho busca analisar o quanto da mudança no perfil religioso é resultado de competição ou de preferências. Através da análise do perfil dos fiéis e do padrão geográfico de localização tanto dos fiéis quanto das igrejas, é feita uma caracterização do mercado religioso. E, supondo que fiéis e igrejas são agentes maximizadores, estima-se um modelo estrutural que permita entender quais são os determinantes da entrada de igrejas evangélicas nos bairros da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] The paper seeks to examine if the growth of evangelicals in Brazil is the result of religious competition or preferences. In order to carry this analysis we gathered information of the location data of all the churches in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the 2000 Census. With this unique dataset, we determined the profile and the geographical pattern of location of the different religious groups. And, assuming that believers and churches are maximizing agents, we estimate a structural model that allows us to study the determinants of entry of evangelical churches in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

[pt] Frequent flyer programs (FFPs) - programas de viajantes freqüentes, mais conhecidos como programas de milhagem - é um indutor de lealdade do consumidor. Ao premiar o cliente por acumular compras na companhia de forma não-linear, estes podem alterar a intensidade da competição no mercado. Estudos empíricos passados já tentaram estimar os efeitos dos FFPs nos preços. Entretando, a maioria focou em fazê-lo via dominância do aeroporto, aliança e outros. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o impacto da fatia de consumidores capturados nos preços correntes, causados pela introdução de custos artificiais de troca no mercado. A forma reduzida estimada sugere uma correlação de aproximadamente 13% entre preços correntes e a variável construída que representa um índice de fidelidade passado. O resultado é robusto a estimativas adicionais. / [en] Frequent flyer program is a type of consumer loyalty program. By rewarding consumer in a non-linear way for accumulating purchases, it may alter the intensity of price competition. Empirical studies have measured the impact off FFP in prices. However, they focus on its impact through airport dominance, alliances and other features. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the share of locked in consumers on prices, caused by the introduction of artificial switching costs in the market. The reduced form estimates suggests a correlation of approximately 13% between current prices and the constructed variable fidelization index. The result is robust to additional estimates.

Mestre -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 2001.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram: compara as respostas eco-fisiológicas entre espécies de gramíneas nativas de rota metabólica C4 e C3, em diferentes níveis de disponibilidade de nitrogenio; obter respostas eco-fisiológicas relacionadas ao crescimento, como a fotossintese, o peso especifico de folha, a produção de biomassa aérea e de raízes; determinar o mecanismo da intereação competitiva entre as espécies C3 e C4; apontar a espécie melhor competidora atráves do modelo de competição R* de Tilman (1988).

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar novas técnicas de análise e julgamento para a tomada de decisão no que concerne ao planejamento estratégico das empresas de energia elétrica. Procura abordar a tomada de decisão e a comercialização da empresa, de uma maneira totalmente inovadora, onde os agentes baseiam suas decisões em seu conhecimento e sua criatividade. Para isso faz-se uso da Teoria de FUZZY SETS, de forma simples e consistente, fornecendo resultados mais estruturados para a análise de investimento. É proposta a utilização da Teoria dos Jogos Não- cooperativos, onde as incertezas são modeladas através de conjuntos fuzzy, sua posterior desfuzificação e finalmente a determinação do ponto de equilíbrio. Alguns exemplos ilustram o modelo proposto ao cálculo do preço da energia elétrica; também é abordado o estudo de um sistema real da América Latina. / [en] The objective of this work is to present new analysis and judgment techniques to help decisions actions in the field of strategic planning of the electric utility industries. It intends to help the industry with business trade, in an innovative way, where the decisions are based on the agents previous knowledge and creativity. In order to do so the FUZZT SETS THEORY is used, in a simple and consistent manner, to generated more structure results for investment analysis. The theory of non-Cooperative Games is proposed, where the uncertain are modeled through fuzzy sets, their defuzzification and finally the determination of the equilibrium point. Some examples show the usage of the proposed model to the calculation of electric energy price; also it is discussed a study of a real latin America System.

As condições atuais do mercado fazem com que as empresas tenham que desenvolver competências para lidar com a tecnologia de produtos e processos e, principalmente, com o ritmo de evolução da tecnologia, ou seja, com as mudanças tecnológicas que ocorrem no seu setor de atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e avaliar a capacidade tecnológica de três PMEs de setores tradicionais. Para tanto, será estudada a indústria de autopeças, um setor tradicional do ponto de vista tecnológico. Considerando que capacidade tecnológica seja a aptidão para lidar com a tecnologia, entende-se que as empresas podem ter habilidade para assimilar, modificar ou gerar tecnologia. A problemática da avaliação de PMEs é abordada sob três fatores: base tecnológica, papel do empresário na escolha de estratégia tecnológica voltada à inovação e evidência de esforços inovativos, sejam eles mudanças significativas ou simples processos de resolução de problemas. A pesquisa mostrou que as empresas comportam-se de maneira variada no que se refere aos mecanismos de gestão e ao desempenho tecnológico. A partir da análise, foi possível constatar algumas características da empresa mais inovadora, as quais são vistas como prováveis “sinalizadores” da capacidade de modificar e adaptar tecnologias. Alguns destes sinais são: 1) diversos exemplos de mudanças em produtos e processos, sejam eles mais ou menos significativos; 2) esforços de atualização tecnológica, perceptíveis através da ênfase dada à interface externa (tipo de relacionamento, intensidade e continuidade dos contatos com clientes, fornecedores, empresas, instituições), à geração e à difusão de conhecimento (aprendizagem); e 3) preocupação em ampliar a sua capacidade para resolver e prever problemas, desenvolvendo mecanismos próprios baseados em interação, participação e autonomia das pessoas, inclusive, e principalmente, daqueles que realizam as atividades produtivas. Este tipo de conduta fica evidente em uma base tecnológica forte, noestilo gerencial do empresário (inovador) e na familiaridade com a realização de mudanças na tecnologia.

A estrutura de comunidades em poças tem sido explicada por competição de recursos, predação e permanência da água. No presente estudo, eu avaliei o efeito do gradiente predação-hidroperíodo sobre a riqueza de espécies e composição de guildas de girinos em poças, e também a co-ocorrência das espécies, testando a existência de padrões segregados que podem ser atribuídos as interações competitivas. O estudo foi realizado no município de Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Eu amostrei girinos e predadores invertebrados em 38 poças, com diferentes tamanhos e graus de permanência. As coletas foram realizadas em duas estações: na primavera de 2007 (novembro) e no verão de 2008 (janeiro). Eu medi a área e a profundidade das poças em cada evento de coleta e registrei a riqueza da vegetação aquática e das margens, assim como a abundância e riqueza de predadores. Eu classifiquei as espécies em guildas baseadas em oito características eco-morfológicas. As espécies foram agrupadas através de ligação completa, usando o coeficiente de Gower. Eu analisei a relação da riqueza de girinos com as variáveis ambientais através de regressão múltipla, e usei Análise de Correspondência Canônica para relacionar a composição das guildas com os descritores ambientais. A co-ocorrência dos girinos foi analisada através de três algoritmos de modelo nulo: linhas e colunas fixas, linhas fixas e colunas proporcionais descartando-se matrizes degeneradas, linhas fixas e colunas proporcionais incluindo matrizes degeneradas. Nove matrizes de presença ausência foram testadas: ocorrências totais (primavera e verão) do conjunto total de espécies, e distinguindo as espécies em duas guildas (bentônicos e nectônicos), e ocorrências de primavera e verão para o conjunto total e as duas guildas. Das 38 poças com água na primavera, somente 22 permaneceram com água na amostragem de verão. Ao todo 10852 indivíduos de 21 espécies foram coletados. As espécies foram classificadas em sete guildas: suspensor-raspador (Sr), nectônicos (N), suspensor-filtrador (Sf), bentônicos com ninho de espuma, com e sem agregação (BI e BII), e bentônicos sem ninho de espuma com olhos dorsais ou laterais (BIII e BIV). A riqueza de espécies cresceu com a abundância de predadores, que foi a única variável explanatória relacionada a mesma. A composição das guildas foi explicada pela abundância de predadores e a profundidade média registrada na primavera. A co-ocorrência dos girinos mostrou padrões segregados para 14 dos 25 modelos testados. A maioria dos modelos com matrizes degeneradas rejeitou a hipótese nula. Os modelos com linhas e colunas fixas, e com as linhas fixas, colunas proporcionais e sem matrizes degeneradas mostraram muitos resultados similares. A segregação também foi influenciada pela combinação de espécies e estação consideradas. Em geral, para o conjunto total de espécies a coocorrência foi aleatória, para os bentônicos foi segregada para as ocorrências totais e de primavera, para os nectônicos apenas no verão. Os resultados das análises de gradiente e co-ocorrência sugerem que girinos são regulados pelos predadores que filtram a composição das guildas e podem reduzir a competição. Para girinos bentônicos, que ocupam poças com baixa abundância de predadores, competição pode ser um fator de estruturação importante. / The community structure of pond systems has been shown to be affected by resource competition, predation and permanency. Here, I evaluated the effect of the permanency-predation gradient in ponds on species richness and guild composition of tadpoles, and accessed the co-occurrence, searching segregated patterns that could be attributed to competitive interactions. The study was carried out Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. I sampled tadpoles and invertebrate predators in 38 ponds, with distinct sizes and permanency degrees. The collections were carried out twice: in spring 2007 (November) and summer, 2008 (January). I measured area and depth at each pond in each collection event, and recorded richness of aquatic and bank vegetation, and abundance and richness of predators. I conducted a guild classification of the species pool based on eight variables related to morphological and ecological features. Species were grouped through complete linkage agglomerative clustering method, using Gower coefficient. I evaluated the relation of tadpole richness with environmental variables using multiple regression, and Canonical Correspondence Analysis for guild composition. The tadpole co-occurrence was analyzed through three null models algorithm: fixed rows and columns; fixed rows, proportional columns, discharging degenerate matrices; and fixed rows, proportional columns, including degenerate matrices. Nine presence/absence matrices were tested: total occurrences (spring and summer) of the complete species pool, and distinguishing species of two tadpole guild (benthonic and nektonic), and spring and summer occurrence of total species pool and two guilds. Of the 38 ponds with water in the spring sampling, only 22 remained with water in the following summer sampling. A total of 10,852 individuals and 21 species of tadpoles were collected in the two sampling events. The species were classified into seven guilds: suspension-rasper (Sr), nektonics (N), suspension-feeder (Sf), benthonics with foam nests with and without school behavior (BI and BII), and benthonics without foam nests with lateral and dorsal eyes (BIII and BIV). Species richness increased with abundance of predators, which was the only explanatory variable related to it. Guild composition was explained by abundance of predators and mean depth recorded in spring, which was correlated with maximal depth. The tadpole co-occurrence showed a segregated pattern for 14 of the 25 tested models. Most models with degenerate matrices rejected the null hypothesis. The models with row and columns fixed, and row fixed, column proportional without degenerate matrices showed more similar results. Segregation was also influenced by the combination of species dataset and the season considered. In general, for the total species pool the co-occurrence was random, for benthonic species was segregated for the total and spring occurrences, and for nektonic in summer. The results of gradient and co-occurrence analysis suggest that tadpoles are regulated by predators that filter guild composition and could reduce competition. For benthonic species, which inhabit ponds with lower abundance of predators, competition can be a major structuring constraint.