A reliable estimate of evapotranspiration (ET) in river basins is important for the purpose of water resources planning and management. ET represents a significant portion of rainfall in the water budget; therefore, the uncertainty in estimating ET can lead to the inaccurate prediction of water resources. While remote sensing techniques are available to estimate ET, such methods are expensive and necessary data may not be readily available. Classical methods of estimating ET require detailed land use/cover information that are not readily available in rural river basins. Complementary methods provide simple and reliable approaches to estimate ET using meteorological data only. However, these methods have not been investigated in detail to assess the overall applicability and the needs for revisions if any. In this work, an improved approach to use the complementary methods using readily available meteorological data is presented. The methodology is validated using 34 global FLUXNET sites with heterogeneous land use/cover, climatic, and physical conditions. The method was compared with classical methods using Ghana as a study area where original pioneering studies of ET have been performed. The work was extended to develop global maps of ET and water surplus (precipitation - ET) for the 20th century followed by climate change-induced 21st century estimates for 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 periods. The emission scenario used was the moderate A1B with the global climate models CGCM3.1 and HADGEM1. The results were assessed at different scales from global to regional such as for potential outcomes of climate change on ET and water surplus.

Var fjärde patient som genomgår cytostatikabehandling (cellgiftsbehandling) upplever illamående och kräkningar av olika grad, i fortsättningen kallat N/V, Nausea and Vomiting. Många patienter upplever att N/V är det mest plågsamma och försvagande med cancersjukdomen under pågående behandling. Behandling av N/V ges i förebyggande syfte, men innebär inte ett garanterat skydd för alla patienter. Komplementära metoder används både för behandling och i förebyggande syfte av N/V. Rädsla för N/V innebär att många patienter väljer att avstå eller avbryter sin cytostatikabehandling i förtid. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur komplementära metoder kan lindra cytostatikaframkallat N/V. Metod: Studien var en litteraturstudie där elva vetenskapliga artiklar sammanställdes och analyserades. Resultat: Efter sammanställningen av resultaten sorterades metoderna in i olika kategorier: Stimuli, Kost och Aktivitet. Diskussion: Det finns komplementära metoder som lindrar N/V vid cytostatikabehandling. En kombination av olika komplementära metoder kan förebygga, reducera och/eller lindra cytostatikaframkallat N/V. Däremot syntes inte alltid effekten förrän några dagar efter påbörjad cytostatikabehandling. Oro inför cytostatikabehandling är förknippat med graden och förekomst av N/V och utveckling av betingat N/V. Sjuksköterskans arbete utförs utifrån forskningsbaserad kunskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Det är önskvärt med mer forskning kring komplementära metoder vid cytostatikaframkallat N/V, för att kunna erbjuda varje enskild patient den optimala behandlingen. / Every fourth patient experience nausea and vomiting (N/V) of varying degrees during chemotherapy treatment and a lot of patients feel it is the most painful and debilitating with cancer during treatment. Treatment of N/V is given as prevention and does not guarantee full protection for each patient. Complementary methods are used for both treatment and prevention of N/V. In fear of N/V, a lot of patients choose not to have chemotherapy or discontinue their chemotherapy treatment prematurely. Aim: The aim was to describe how complementary methods can relieve chemotherapy-induced N/V. Method: The study was a literature review and eleven scientific articles were analysed and compiled. Result: After compiling the results, the complementary methods could be divided into different categories; Stimuli, Diet and Activity. Discussion: There are complementary methods that relieve N/V during chemotherapy treatment. A combination of different complementary methods can prevent, reduce and/or relieve chemotherapy-induced N/V. However, the effect was not noticeable until a few days after initiation of chemotherapy. Anxiety before chemotherapy is associated with the degree and the presence of N/V and development of anticipatory N/V. Since nurses work must be performed after research-based- and experienced knowledge more research is needed to give strength to the complementary methods.