Because of the popularity of the internet, consumers make purchase decision based on online word-of-mouth recommendation. However, this is risky. Many consumer find that what they buy is not quite the same as the online word-of-mouth recommends. Consumers may therefore generate Cognitive dissonance. Despite the bad experience, Internet users still make purchase decision based on word-of-mouth recommendation afterward. This study investigates the relationships among cognitive dissonance of online word-of-mouth users, the risk relieve strategies, and trust. The results find that consumers with inertia prefer store image as risk relieve strategy the most, consumers with over-confidence prefer shopping the most. It is found that inertia and over-confidence positively affect trust. This research contributes to theory by applying the theory of cognitive dissonance in the finance management field to consumer online word-of-mouth behavior and by designing the questionnaire, this paper also provides empirical evidence to support the validity and credibility of the construct items. It makes acaedemic contribution by examining effects of cognitive dissonance on risk strategy and trust.

Magístewr en Ciencias, Mención Computación . Ingeniero Civil en Computación / En el campo de geomorfología fluvial, para el estudio de un terreno resulta de suma importancia el reconocimiento de sus redes de drenaje, conjunto de cauces y surcos que conducen el flujo hídrico a través de él. Como herramienta de apoyo a la investigación en terreno, así como para la enseñanza en aula, es deseable y un área de investigación activa el poder determinar automáticamente potenciales redes de drenaje en modelos digitales de la región de estudio. Para ello existen programas como Runnel, software abierto desarrollado en la Universidad de Chile y con el cual se busca sustituir el uso del software comercial RiverTools en la enseñanza de este campo. Runnel permite la lectura y visualización tridimensional de modelos de elevación digital de terrenos, así como el reconocimiento de redes de drenaje en éstos en base a algoritmos clásicos del área. Sin embargo, en comparación preliminar con los resultados provistos por la herramienta comercial RiverTools que se busca sustituir, se observa que es muy difícil establecer una correspondencia visual entre los resultados ambos programas. El propósito central de esta tesis consiste en la extensión y validación de Runnel, con la finalidad de determinar la satisfactoriedad de los algoritmos implementados con respecto a RiverTools, y de añadir otras funcionalidades de análisis necesarias para el estudio de terrenos. En materia de extensión, se agrega un algoritmo de publicación reciente para la detección de redes, junto con mecanismos de preprocesamiento del terreno para eliminar zonas planas y depresiones aisladas que dificultan el reconocimiento de redes de drenaje, y una herramienta simple para apoyar al investigador en la identificación de terrazas geológicas. Para fines de validación, se proponen dos casos de estudio en base a terrenos reales, sobre los cuales se realiza una comparación visual de las redes de drenaje construidas por Runnel contra los resultados entregados por RiverTools. El primer caso de estudio involucra un modelo de terreno de baja resolución generado por el proyecto Shuttle Radar Topography Mission que cubre la zona de Chile central entre Valparaíso y Pichilemu. El segundo caso de estudio consiste en un modelo de mayor resolución, construido en el Departamento de Geología, que cubre un sector de la provincia de Petorca en la región de Valparaíso. Estas zonas son escogidas por tratarse de ubicaciones estudiadas con anterioridad en el Departamento de Geología, permitiendo a futuro determinar si los resultados entregados por el software permiten identificar elementos conocidos del terreno en dichas áreas. El principal resultado de este trabajo muestra que el nuevo algoritmo implementado, en conjunto con los mecanismos de preprocesamiento del terreno, provee resultados visualmente similares a los de RiverTools. El aporte central de esta tesis es el de generar, mediante el trabajo interdisciplinario, un software abierto que resulta promisorio como sustituto de una herramienta comercial establecida. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el proyecto Enlace Fondecyt ENL009/15, Vicerrectoría de Extensión, Universidad de Chile, 2015.

By researching natural disaster displacement and the process in which we rebuild, I have found that by creating a modular prefabricate unit that is both cost efficient and easy to construct, we can significantly reduce the rebuild time, reduce people from leaving, as well as encourage new residents to move to the effected area. It is important as an architect and designer to use our skills to better help humanity. By focusing on the effects of Hurricane Harvey in the Houston Area, I have developed a unit design, and infrastructure plan that can be used universally around the world to help effected cities and people survive after a natural disaster. These findings are useful in the fact that the United State has no universal plan when dealing with disaster events. By creating a plan to provide single and multi family units, and incorporating them within close distance to necessary needs and infrastructure, this plan has the potential to reduce rebuild time, and encourage economy growth. / Master of Architecture

Var fjärde patient som genomgår cytostatikabehandling (cellgiftsbehandling) upplever illamående och kräkningar av olika grad, i fortsättningen kallat N/V, Nausea and Vomiting. Många patienter upplever att N/V är det mest plågsamma och försvagande med cancersjukdomen under pågående behandling. Behandling av N/V ges i förebyggande syfte, men innebär inte ett garanterat skydd för alla patienter. Komplementära metoder används både för behandling och i förebyggande syfte av N/V. Rädsla för N/V innebär att många patienter väljer att avstå eller avbryter sin cytostatikabehandling i förtid. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur komplementära metoder kan lindra cytostatikaframkallat N/V. Metod: Studien var en litteraturstudie där elva vetenskapliga artiklar sammanställdes och analyserades. Resultat: Efter sammanställningen av resultaten sorterades metoderna in i olika kategorier: Stimuli, Kost och Aktivitet. Diskussion: Det finns komplementära metoder som lindrar N/V vid cytostatikabehandling. En kombination av olika komplementära metoder kan förebygga, reducera och/eller lindra cytostatikaframkallat N/V. Däremot syntes inte alltid effekten förrän några dagar efter påbörjad cytostatikabehandling. Oro inför cytostatikabehandling är förknippat med graden och förekomst av N/V och utveckling av betingat N/V. Sjuksköterskans arbete utförs utifrån forskningsbaserad kunskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Det är önskvärt med mer forskning kring komplementära metoder vid cytostatikaframkallat N/V, för att kunna erbjuda varje enskild patient den optimala behandlingen. / Every fourth patient experience nausea and vomiting (N/V) of varying degrees during chemotherapy treatment and a lot of patients feel it is the most painful and debilitating with cancer during treatment. Treatment of N/V is given as prevention and does not guarantee full protection for each patient. Complementary methods are used for both treatment and prevention of N/V. In fear of N/V, a lot of patients choose not to have chemotherapy or discontinue their chemotherapy treatment prematurely. Aim: The aim was to describe how complementary methods can relieve chemotherapy-induced N/V. Method: The study was a literature review and eleven scientific articles were analysed and compiled. Result: After compiling the results, the complementary methods could be divided into different categories; Stimuli, Diet and Activity. Discussion: There are complementary methods that relieve N/V during chemotherapy treatment. A combination of different complementary methods can prevent, reduce and/or relieve chemotherapy-induced N/V. However, the effect was not noticeable until a few days after initiation of chemotherapy. Anxiety before chemotherapy is associated with the degree and the presence of N/V and development of anticipatory N/V. Since nurses work must be performed after research-based- and experienced knowledge more research is needed to give strength to the complementary methods.

The purpose of this study was to determine the induction problems of temporary teachers in secondary schools in the Northern Cape Province. This aim was achieved by firstly embarking upon a literature study on the nature of induction and secondly on the induction problems of temporary teachers. Thirdly an empirical investigation was conducted on the induction problems of temporary teachers. Finally, recommendations were made through which temporary teachers' problems can be resolved. Findings from the literature study indicate that the temporary teacher encounters numerous induction problems that include administrative problems, problems with teaching and learning, management problems, interpersonal and other problems. Administrative problems include aspects such as late notice of a post, that no floor plan is presented, that school rules and departmental regulations are not conveyed to the temporary teacher, problems with internal administrative issues and a lack of an information brochure. Problems with the learning and teaching situation relate to issues such as poor lesson planning, a poor culture of learning and teaching as well as strikes by teachers. Management problems relate to issues such as in service training, classroom management, school environment, service contract, unfamiliarity with management style and a lack of acknowledgement Interpersonal issues include problems with collegial and learner relationships as well as problems with parent teacher contact. Other problems include aspects such as personal problems, privacy, versatility, future planning and continuity. Findings based on the empirical study indicate that the respondents encounter less (none too few) problems within the school as was reported in the literature study. However, there are issues such as redeployment of teachers, service contract, uncertainty about a teaching post, lack of parental involvement and a lack of writing and textbooks which pose problems for the temporary teacher. These issues do not lie within the sphere of the school itself but need the attention of the Department of Education. The recommendations of this study therefore emphasise the need for the Department of Education to take an in depth look into the last mentioned factors that are causing problems for temporary teachers. Furthermore it is to be recommended that temporary teachers can be part of the induction programme of permanent teaching staff seeing that their induction problems within the school are not of a serious nature. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the induction problems of temporary teachers in secondary schools in the Northern Cape Province. This aim was achieved by firstly embarking upon a literature study on the nature of induction and secondly on the induction problems of temporary teachers. Thirdly an empirical investigation was conducted on the induction problems of temporary teachers. Finally, recommendations were made through which temporary teachers' problems can be resolved. Findings from the literature study indicate that the temporary teacher encounters numerous induction problems that include administrative problems, problems with teaching and learning, management problems, interpersonal and other problems. Administrative problems include aspects such as late notice of a post, that no floor plan is presented, that school rules and departmental regulations are not conveyed to the temporary teacher, problems with internal administrative issues and a lack of an information brochure. Problems with the learning and teaching situation relate to issues such as poor lesson planning, a poor culture of learning and teaching as well as strikes by teachers. Management problems relate to issues such as in service training, classroom management, school environment, service contract, unfamiliarity with management style and a lack of acknowledgement Interpersonal issues include problems with collegial and learner relationships as well as problems with parent teacher contact. Other problems include aspects such as personal problems, privacy, versatility, future planning and continuity. Findings based on the empirical study indicate that the respondents encounter less (none too few) problems within the school as was reported in the literature study. However, there are issues such as redeployment of teachers, service contract, uncertainty about a teaching post, lack of parental involvement and a lack of writing and textbooks which pose problems for the temporary teacher. These issues do not lie within the sphere of the school itself but need the attention of the Department of Education. The recommendations of this study therefore emphasise the need for the Department of Education to take an in depth look into the last mentioned factors that are causing problems for temporary teachers. Furthermore it is to be recommended that temporary teachers can be part of the induction programme of permanent teaching staff seeing that their induction problems within the school are not of a serious nature. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård initieras då det inte längre går att bota en patient från sjukdom och ska verka stödjande och lindrande. Inom palliativ vård är smärta vanligt förekommande symtom hos patienter. Trots att det finns en god tillgång på farmakologisk smärtlindring till personer i livets slut, blir många av dessa patienter inte tillräckligt smärtlindrad. Tidigare forskning visar att omvårdnadsåtgärder har en smärtlindrande effekt. Syfte: Syftet är att utifrån aktuell forskning kartlägga omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan lindra smärta hos patienter som får palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt grundad på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det fyra huvudteman. Dessa var; komplementär smärtlindring, omvårdnad, stöd och kommunikation samt vårdteamet. De komplementära åtgärderna lindrade smärta. Därutöver var copingstrategier effektivt för att avleda fokuset från smärtan. Även stöd och kommunikation var effektivt. Verksamma sjuksköterskor behövde mer stöd och kunskap för att tillgodose en effektiv och individanpassad smärtlindring. Konklusion: Det föreligger flertalet omvårdnadsåtgärder som har påvisat god smärtlindrande effekt för personer som erhåller palliativ vård. Dessa bör i syfte att uppnå en optimal smärtlindring sättas in som ett komplement till läkemedelsbehandling. Vidare behövs fler studier inom ämnet för att klargöra omvårdnadsåtgärdernas effekt på smärta i livets slutskede. / Background: Palliative care is initiated when it is no longer possible to cure a patient from disease and should have a supportive and alleviating effect. Pain is a common symptom in patients receiving palliative care. Although there is a wide range of pharmacological pain relief for people at the end of life, many of these patients are not sufficiently pain relieved. Previous research shows that nursing care have a painrelieving effect. Aim: The aim is, based on current research, to determine nursing care interventions that can relieve pain in patients receiving palliative care. Method: A literature review based on 13 scientific articles of qualitative and quantitative approach. Findings: The result revealed four main themes. These were; complementary pain relief, nursing, support and communication and the care team. The complementary measures relieved pain. In addition, coping strategies were effective in diverting focus from the pain. Support and communication were also effective. Nurses needed more support and knowledge to provide effective and individual-based pain relief. Conclusion: There are several nursing care interventions that have shown a good painrelieving effect for patients receiving palliative care. These should be used as a complement to pharmacological treatment in order to achieve optimal pain relief. Further studies in this field are required to clarify the nursing care interventions effect on pain in the end-of-life stage.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka om nutritionstillskott, tryckavlastning och typ av förband har någon påvisad effekt på läkningen av trycksår. Litteraturstudien grundar sig på Goodmans systematiska tillvägagångssätt. Litteratursökningen gjordes i CINAHL, PubMed och The Cochrane Library samt att artiklar som inte var tillgängliga i fulltext via någon av databaserna söktes via Samsök. Granskning och kvalitetsbedömning av artiklarna gjordes individuellt utav författarna oberoende av varandra utefter ett modifierat granskningsprotokoll. Elva artiklar av varierande kvalitet inkluderades i litteraturstudien. Resultatet tyder på en förbättrad läkning vid användande av tryckavlastande madrasser och dynor, vid tillskott av protein, vitamin C och zink samt att kollagena förband är ekvivalenta med hydrokolloida . Med otillräckligt vetenskapligt underlag kan det sägas att fuktighetsbevarande förband, såsom hydrokolloida, är att föredra framför torra förband vid behandling av trycksår. Behandling med noncontact normothermic wound therapy eller en kombination av alginat och hydrokolloida förband är att rekommendera framför enbart fuktigthetsbevarande förband, såsom hydrokolloida. Fler studier behövs för att slutsatser med hög evidens skall kunna dras. / The aim of this study was to investigate whether nutritional support, pressure relieve and type of dressing have any proved effect on pressure ulcer healing. The review is based on Goodman´s systematic procedure. The searches of litterature were made in CINAHL, PubMed and The Cochrane Library. Articles that weren’t available in fulltext in any of the three databases were further searched in Samsök. The analyse and the assessment of quality of the articles were made by the authors individually with a modified assessment-protocol. Eleven articles of varying qualities were included in this review. The result indicates on an improved rate of healing when pressure relieving mattresses and cushions were used, with an increased intake of protein, vitamin C and zinc and that collagen dressings are equivalent with hydrocolloids. There are no conclusive evidence that moist dressings, such as hydrocolloids, is to prefer comparing to dry dressings in pressure ulcer treatment. Treatment with noncontact normothermic wound therapy or a combination with alginate dressings and hydrocolloids are recommended in front of only moist dressings, such as hydrocolloids. Further studies needs to make conclusions with high evidence.

Understanding climatic impacts is important if we are to comprehend the relationship between climate and society. Weather phenomena can have environmental, economical, and social impacts. Drought is the natural hazard that affects people the most. It is also the most complex and least understood. There is no one universally accepted definition for drought which makes its examination difficult. Droughts’ duration is also difficult to determine because it has no clearly defined onset and end. Also, drought varies both geographically and temporally making uniform drought monitoring difficult. Since drought is difficult to monitor and access, drought impacts are often poorly documented. The purpose of this research was to quantify (in dollars) the impacts of drought on Kentucky’s agriculture. Drought has been recorded historically in Kentucky since the late 1800s. According to the Kentucky Climate Center, the most significant drought years occurred in 1930-31, 1940-42, and 1952-55. Analyses of these years are included as well as the most recent significant drought years in 1987-88, 1999- 2000 and 2007. Four of Kentucky’s important commodities, including corn, soybeans, hay, and beef cattle, were examined during the significant drought years. The total state revenue for these commodities was analyzed during severe drought years vs. non-severe drought years. The result of this research identified how much of a deficit severe drought causes on Kentucky revenue for each of these commodities. This research is important to the general public as well as planners and policy makers. Proper documentation of drought impacts will help identify drought vulnerabilities and result in better risk management and mitigation. Key Words: Drought, Agriculture, Impact Assessment

[EN] This thesis developed the investigation about the possibilities of texture and form of the relief and collagraph engraving as an artistic production technique which is directed to blind or visually deficient individuals. These techniques have ceramics not only as a foundation but also as means of expression for this public. New artistic solutions are being looked for; the diverse alternatives allow the direct contact between the blind and the work itself through the touch, haptic perception, with no fear of deterioration of the compositions by touching them with the fingers. Scientist begun investigating about blindness and visual impairment because the access to artistic culture of blind people is very limited. They continued with the learning of the system of Braille and its effects on the artistic pieces. We have proved that by means of pottery as foundation and the relief and collograph engraving we have achieved the desired results, all this after the study of different blends and oven cooking in addition to their response to the printing with or without ink of the originals, which are done following the relief and collagraph techniques during the experience in the studio with textures and simple forms with certain degree of complexity, developing a work of field with the achieved executions in the different interviews with blind or visually deficient people after the haptic experience with the pieces of the test which were dedicated to know and experience the sensations and feelings produced by the artistic work, the checking of the degree of confusion of the creative information that they can notice, being this last point a complexity of light information as, besides the textures, they need simple forms in order to get used to a mental idea of what they are looking at and feeling through their fingers. With that intention, we come to an agreement with the National Organization of Spanish blind people, ONCE, whose organizers allowed us to investigate in their facilities of Castellón in addition to the fact that they supported our project provided us their involvement, initiating me to the Braille alphabet, sharing with me their whole equipment and dedicating me their time for the sessions and emotions that the artistic work could produce on the blind people. In the same way, we also made use of the facilities of the Escola Superior d'Art I Diseny of Castellón, the institution that offered the facilities for the project. My thesis is going to be based on the demonstration of the fact that visual failures is not a hindrance to feel, get excited, recognize forms, creating one's own haptic image of something and, moreover, of enjoying the artistic production; through practice and empiric demonstration, new vias of assimilation and the recognition of everybody's equality (sighted and blinds) are presented in this project. As a conclusion we can say that texture and volume are the best means of expression for the haptic perception with pottery as a support of printing. This artistic production has been proved to be appropriate and viable for its plasticity when wet and for its hardness once it has been taken out of the oven and, moreover, because it suffers no changes when touched with the public fingers. / [ES] Esta tesis desarrolló la investigación sobre las posibilidades en cuanto a textura y forma del grabado en relieve y el collagraph como técnica de producción artística dirigida a las personas invidentes o deficientes visuales, introduciendo como soporte y recurso de expresión para este público, la cerámica. Se buscan nuevas soluciones artísticas que permitan el contacto directo del invidente con la obra a través del tacto, percepción háptica, sin miedo a que las obras puedan deteriorarse por el contacto de los dedos. Se comenzó investigando sobre la ceguera y la deficiencia visual, dando cuenta de que el acceso a la cultura artística del invidente es muy limitado, siguiendo con el aprendizaje del sistema Braille y su repercusión en las piezas artísticas. Comprobamos que mediante la cerámica como soporte y el grabado en relieve y collagraph como técnicas artísticas conseguíamos el resultado deseado, todo ello tras el estudio de diferentes pastas, y cocciones, además de su respuesta a la impresión con o sin tinta de las matrices realizadas con la técnica del grabado en relieve o collagraph durante la experiencia en el taller con texturas y formas simples con cierta complejidad, desarrollando un trabajo de campo con las ejecuciones conseguidas en las diferentes entrevistas con invidentes y deficientes visuales tras la experiencia haptica con las piezas de prueba, dedicadas a conocer y experimentar las sensaciones y sentimientos producidos por el trabajo artístico, y la comprobación del grado de confusión de información creativa que pueden percibir , siendo esta una complejidad de información ligera pues además de texturas, necesitan formas simples para hacerse una imagen mental de lo que ven y sienten a través de sus dedos. Para todo ello llegamos a un acuerdo con la Organización de Ciegos Españoles, ONCE, los cuales me permitieron realizar la investigación en sus instalaciones de Castellón, además de apoyar el proyecto brindándonos su participación e iniciándome en el alfabeto Braille y los materiales de que disponen; al mismo tiempo de ofrecernos su tiempo para realizar las sesiones dedicadas a conocer y experimentar las sensaciones y emociones que podían producir al invidente el trabajo artístico; de igual forma utilizamos las instalaciones de la Escola d'Art i Superior de Disseny de Castellò quien ofreció la infraestructura con la que cuentan para realizar el proyecto. Mi tesis se va a basar en demostrar que la discapacidad visual no es un impedimento para sentir, emocionarse, reconocer formas, crearse una imagen háptica y sobretodo disfrutar de la producción artística; a través de la práctica y la demostración empírica en este proyecto, se abren vías de integración y reconocimiento de igualdad entre personas invidentes y videntes. Como conclusión, la textura y el volumen son los mejores medios de expresión para la percepción háptica y la cerámica como soporte de impresión para la realización de esta producción artística ha demostrado ser indicada y viable para este proyecto por su plasticidad en húmedo y su dureza una vez sacada del horno no alterándose al contacto directo con los dedos del público. / [CAT] Aquesta tesi va desenvolupar la investigació sobre les possibilitats quant a textura i forma dels gravats en relleu i el collagraph com a tècniques de producció artística dirigida a persones invidents o deficients visuals, introduint la ceràmica com a suport i recursos de expressió per a aquest públic. Es busquen noves solucions artístiques que permeten el contacte directe de l'invident amb l'obra mitjançant el tacte, la percepció hàptica sense por a que les obres es deterioren pel contacte amb els dits. Es va començar investigant sobre la ceguera i la deficiència visual, donant compte de que l'accés a la cultura artística de l'invident és molt limitada i es va continuar amb l'aprenentatge del sistema Braille i les seues repercussions en les peces artístiques. Vam comprovar que per mig de la ceràmica com a suport i del gravat en relleu i collagraph com a tècniques artístiques aconseguíem el resultat desitjat, tot açò després de fer l'estudi de diferents pastes i coccions, a banda de la seua resposta a la impressió amb o sense tinta de les matrius realitzades amb la tècnica del gravat en relleu o collagraph durant l'experiència en el taller amb textures i formes simples amb certa complexitat, desenvolupant un treball de camp amb les execucions aconseguides en les diferents entrevistes amb invidents i deficients visuals després de l'experiència hàptica amb les peces de prova dedicades a conèixer i experimentar les sensacions i sentiments produïts pel treball artístic, la comprovació del grau de confusió d'informació creativa que poden percebre, sent aquesta una complexitat d'informació lleugera doncs, amés de textures, necessiten formes simples per a fer-se una imatge mental del que veuen i senten a través dels seus dits. Per tot açò, arribem a l'acord amb la Organització de Cecs Espanyols, ONCE, el quals em van permetre realitzar la investigació en les seues instal¿lacions de Castelló, a més de donar-me suport per a fer el projecte, brindant-me la seua participació així com els materials de que disposaven e iniciant-me en l'alfabet Braille al mateix temps que van oferir-me les instal¿lacions de l'Escola d'Art Superior de Disseny de Castelló, on vaig realitzar el projecte. La meua tesi es va basar en la demostració de que la discapacitat visual no és un impediment per a sentir, emocionar-se, reconèixer formes, crear-se una imatge hàptica i, sobre tot, gaudir de la producció artística; a través de la pràctica i de la demostració empírica en aquest projecte s'obrin vies d'integració i reconeixement de la igualtat entre persones vident i invidents. Com a conclusió podem dir que la textura i el volum són els millors medis d'expressió per a la percepció hàptica i la ceràmica com a suport d'impressió per a la realització d'aquesta producció artística que ha demostrat ser idònia i viable per a aquest projecte per la seua plasticitat en humitat i per la seua duresa una vegada ha sigut treta del forn i per no alterar-se al contacte directe amb els dits del públic. / Martínez Sales, L. (2016). Relaciones del grabado con la cerámica. Obra Artística para las personas invidentes y deficientes visuales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62192 / TESIS