本文的主旨在於以「無為而治」論作為孔子與老子政治思想的總原理，從而組織和比較兩者的各項政治主張。全文共分六個部份，分別敘述如下：緒論。旨在說明研究的動機、目的與假設，並將研究的範圍和對象做一限定。第一章思想背景的比較。敘述和比較孔子與老子思想中所反映出的政治、經濟與社會環境，及其時代所遭遇的困境和難題。第二章思想基礎的比較。分述和比較孔子與老子兩者對天、道、人性、人心，以及天人關係的觀點。第三章主要思想內容的比較。將孔子與老子二者從修己到治人的各項不同主張，做一對比性的論述，並比較他們對當時遭遇的問題所提出的解決方案。第四章政治理想的比較。分析比較孔子與老子所塑造出的理想人格和理想社會。結論。綜合說明研究的結果，並與當前政治環境 做連結。

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att, utifrån litteraturen, redogöra för vilka faktorer som patienter, anhöriga och sjuksköterskor anser viktiga i den palliativa vården i hemmet. Artikelsökning på vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databaserna Pub Med och AcademicSearchElite. En begräns-ning gjordes på årtalen 1999 – 2007 och olika sökordskombinationer användes utifrån sökor-den palliative care, nursing at home, caregivers, need a nurse at home, quality of life, rehabili-tation och advanced nurse. Exklusionskriterier var artiklar som inkluderade barn och AIDS-sjuka. Resultatet visade att det var stor samstämmighet mellan patienter, anhöriga och sjuk-sköterskor beträffande vad som karaktäriserar den palliativa vården i hemmet. Resultatet kun-de kategoriseras som kommunikation, stöd, symptomlindring och information. För att patien-ter med behov av palliativ vård ska kunna vårdas hemma, krävs det att sjuksköterskor har kompetens inom dessa områden för att alla berörda ska orka med den vården i hemmet. Det finns ett behov av kompetensutveckling inom palliativ vård för professionella vårdare, allt för att patienter som väljer att vårdas i hemmet i palliativt skede ska få ett så värdigt slut som möjligt.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to, on the basis of the literature, give an account of what factors patients, relatives and nurses think is important in the palliative care at home. Searches of scientific articles were done in the databases Pub Med and AcademicSearch- Elite. A limita-tion on the year of 1999 – 2007 was done and various combinations of key words was used on the basis of the words palliative care, nursing at home, caregivers, need a nurse at home, quality of life, rehabilitation and advanced nurse. Exclusion criterions were articles which in-volved children and AIDS-patients. The results exhibitioner that it was a big consensus be-tween patients, relatives and nurses concerning what characteristics of the palliative care at home. The result could categorizes as communication, support, symptom relieve and informa-tion. To allow care at home for patients who be in need of palliative care, demands that nurses have competence within those subject areas so all included will be able to manage that care at home. There is a need of competence development in palliative care for professional carers, all for the patients who chose to be take cared of at home in the palliative phase, that they can have a dignified end as possible.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att, utifrån litteraturen, redogöra för vilka faktorer som patienter, anhöriga och sjuksköterskor anser viktiga i den palliativa vården i hemmet. Artikelsökning på vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databaserna Pub Med och AcademicSearchElite. En begräns-ning gjordes på årtalen 1999 – 2007 och olika sökordskombinationer användes utifrån sökor-den palliative care, nursing at home, caregivers, need a nurse at home, quality of life, rehabili-tation och advanced nurse. Exklusionskriterier var artiklar som inkluderade barn och AIDS-sjuka. Resultatet visade att det var stor samstämmighet mellan patienter, anhöriga och sjuk-sköterskor beträffande vad som karaktäriserar den palliativa vården i hemmet. Resultatet kun-de kategoriseras som kommunikation, stöd, symptomlindring och information. För att patien-ter med behov av palliativ vård ska kunna vårdas hemma, krävs det att sjuksköterskor har kompetens inom dessa områden för att alla berörda ska orka med den vården i hemmet. Det finns ett behov av kompetensutveckling inom palliativ vård för professionella vårdare, allt för att patienter som väljer att vårdas i hemmet i palliativt skede ska få ett så värdigt slut som möjligt. / The aim of this study was to, on the basis of the literature, give an account of what factors patients, relatives and nurses think is important in the palliative care at home. Searches of scientific articles were done in the databases Pub Med and AcademicSearch- Elite. A limita-tion on the year of 1999 – 2007 was done and various combinations of key words was used on the basis of the words palliative care, nursing at home, caregivers, need a nurse at home, quality of life, rehabilitation and advanced nurse. Exclusion criterions were articles which in-volved children and AIDS-patients. The results exhibitioner that it was a big consensus be-tween patients, relatives and nurses concerning what characteristics of the palliative care at home. The result could categorizes as communication, support, symptom relieve and informa-tion. To allow care at home for patients who be in need of palliative care, demands that nurses have competence within those subject areas so all included will be able to manage that care at home. There is a need of competence development in palliative care for professional carers, all for the patients who chose to be take cared of at home in the palliative phase, that they can have a dignified end as possible.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 sala_me_dr_rcla.pdf: 5221486 bytes, checksum: ee17eec148cacaf5af030b574fd086eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo central da presente tese é identificar as variáveis conceituais, cognitivas e didático-pedagógicas que dificultam ou impedem estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental II de compreenderem satisfatoriamente as grandes formas de relevo. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir da constatação da persistência histórica destas dificuldades, como decorrência da relação conflituosa entre os conceitos difundidos por diversos livros didáticos e os conteúdos sistematizados no mapa das Unidades do Relevo Brasileiro. Inicia-se o texto com reflexões referentes à pertinência da concentração de tópicos do conhecimento geomorfológico apenas no 6º ano, associadas à forma pela qual são elaborados os mapas escolares de relevo e topográficos, as respectivas escalas de análise e a abordagem morfogenética do relevo, que devido à incompatibilidade cognitiva para sua compreensão no 6º ano, se torna um conteúdo apenas a ser memorizado. Como forma de delinear e intervir neste cenário, cinco exercícios presentes em livros didáticos foram investigados, para então se propor materiais que visavam oportunizar melhores condições para o ensino e aprendizagem do assunto. Para isso, foi utilizada a metodologia de Pesquisa Qualitativa, com coleta de dados em quatro escolas de Belo Horizonte/MG. Para levantamento dos dados nas escolas, foram necessárias três etapas de campo, em 2014, 2015 e 2018. A primeira etapa teve caráter diagnóstico, e forneceu elementos que subsidiaram a elaboração de exercícios aperfeiçoados para a segunda etapa, que por sua vez subsidiaram novos exercícios para a terceira etapa. Os resultados da terceira etapa indicaram que o estudo do relevo enquanto condicionante ambiental se mostrou mais eficaz do que através da compreensão dos conceitos de planaltos, planícies e depressões. Os resultados finais permitiram constatar que o ensino das formas superficiais de relevo através da denominação de suas grandes formas no Ensino Fundamental é inadequado, sendo indicada sua abordagem somente após o alcance do estágio cognitivo abstrato, que pode ocorrer entre 11 e 15 anos de idade. Constatou-se também a existência de problemas conceituais, especialmente relacionados às depressões. Paralelamente, foram realizadas entrevistas com os professores das turmas que participaram da pesquisa e com o Prof. Dr. Jurandyr Ross, que é a principal referência na inserção e disseminação do conteúdo das formas de relevo em livros didáticos da Educação Básica. Este estudo foi enriquecido com pesquisas referentes à construção conceitual e distribuição dos conteúdos geomorfológicos em livros didáticos húngaros, nos quais foi possível constatar que o relevo é trabalhado processualmente, do primeiro ao último ano escolar. O estudo se encerra anunciando a necessidade de diálogos mais profundos com a metodologia húngara, no intuito de se pensar em uma alfabetização geomorfológica processual, desenvolvida em escalas de detalhe, voltadas para a realidade discente, e cujos mapas possam ser elaborados coerentemente com as habilidades cognitivas requeridas. As formas de relevo, além de contribuírem na compreensão da origem e evolução do planeta, ajudam a promover o senso de pertencimento, cidadania e o melhor entendimento de sua significância enquanto componente cultural, socioeconômico e ambiental. / The main goal of this thesis is to identify the conceptual, cognitive and didactic-pedagogical variables that make it difficult or obstruct for students in the 6th grade of Elementary School to comprehend satisfactorily how the Brazilian great landforms are. This research was developed from the historical persistence of these difficulties, as a result of the conflictual relationship between the concepts disseminated by various didactic books and the systematized contents on the map of the Brazilian Relief Units. The text begins with reflections about the pertinence of the topics’ concentration of geomorphological knowledge only in the 6th grade, associated with the way in which the school maps of relief and topography are elaborated, the respective scales of analysis and the morphogenetic approach of the landforms, which due to cognitive incompatibility for their understanding in the 6th grade, becomes a content only to be memorized. As a way of delineating and intervening in this scenario, five exercises in textbooks were investigated, in order to propose materials that aim to provide better conditions for teaching and learning the subject. For this, a Qualitative Research’s methodology was used, with data collection in four schools in Belo Horizonte/MG. In order to collect data in schools, three field stages were necessary in 2014, 2015 and 2018. The first stage was diagnostic, and provided elements that supported the elaboration of improved exercises for the second stage, which in turn subsidized new exercises for the third stage. The results of the third stage indicated that the study of the landforms as an environmental conditioner proved to be more effective than through the understanding of the concepts of plateaus, plains and depressions. The final results showed that the teaching of the superficial landforms through the denomination of its great forms in Elementary School is inadequate, and its approach is indicated only after reaching the abstract cognitive stage, which can occur between 11 and 15 years of age. Conceptual problems, especially related to depressions, were also found. At the same time, interviews were carried out with the teachers of the groups that participated in the research and with Prof. Dr. Jurandyr Ross, who is the main reference in the insertion and dissemination of the content of landforms in textbooks of Basic Education. This study was enriched with researches related to the conceptual construction and distribution of geomorphological contents in Hungarian textbooks, in which it was possible to verify that the landforns is processed procedurally, from the first to the last school year. The study concludes by announcing the need for deeper dialogues with the Hungarian methodology, in order to think of a procedural geomorphological literacy, developed at extended scales, aimed at the student reality, and whose maps can be elaborated coherently with the required cognitive skills. The landforms, besides contributing to the understanding of the origin and evolution of the planet, help promote a sense of belonging, citizenship and a better understanding of its significance as a cultural, socioeconomic and environmental component. / CAPES: 001

La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra fundamentalmente en el desarrollo práctico de un proceso técnico personal sobre la construcción de matrices para grabado mediante la elaboración de moldes. Por este motivo el trabajo se divide en dos bloques. Un primer bloque, constituido por un capítulo, que se centra en la investigación y el conocimiento de los antecedentes artísticos relacionados con el relieve, la materia y la utilización de los moldes en el mundo de la obra gráfica, además, del análisis de la obra de los artistas más representativos. Este primer capítulo representa una visión personal sobre el relieve en la obra gráfica contemporánea y los descubrimientos técnicos referentes a esta cualidad. Esta visión parte de las Vanguardias artísticas, donde aparece un nuevo interés por la materia y el relieve en las obras de arte, pasando por la aparición del llamado "grabado matérico" en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, influenciado por técnicas escultóricas, hasta llegar a la actualidad. Por lo que respecta al segundo bloque está centrado en la parte del desarrollo práctico del proceso técnico de construcción de matrices. Este segundo bloque está formado por cinco capítulos, el primero de todos está dedicado al estudio de los materiales de construcción de las matrices: las resinas sintéticas y las siliconas. El segundo constituye uno de los capítulos más importantes de la tesis en el que se desarrolla todo el proceso de construcción de las matrices de grabado mediante el proceso de moldes y la investigación comparativa de los materiales sintéticos utilizados en cada una de las matrices realizadas. En el tercero se desarrolla la estampación de las matrices y se analiza la respuesta de la estampación, además, del método de entintado, resistencia a la presión y el resultado estético obtenido. En el cuarto se hace un estudio a cerca del soporte más utilizado en la obra gráfica, el papel, además, de la utilización de la pulpa de papel como una técnica esencial para la obtenc / Ruiz Ruiz, MDC. (2008). El molde de bloque como matriz. Una mirada personal al relieve en la gráfica contemporánea [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3785 / Palancia

Manufacturing of aero engine components requires attention to residual stress and final shape of the product in order to meet high quality product standards.This sets very high demands on involved manufacturing steps to meet design requirements. Simulation of manufacturing processes can therefore be animportant tool to contribute to quality assurance.The focus in this work is on simulation of a manufacturing process chain comprising of sheet metal forming, welding and a stress relief heat treatment.Simulation of sheet metal forming can be used to design a forming tool design that accounts for the material behaviour, e.g. spring back, and avoid problems such as wrinkling, thinning and cracking. Moreover, the simulation can also show how the material is stretched and work hardened. The residual stresses after forming may be of local character or global depending on the shape that is formed. However, the heat affected zone due to welding is located near the weld.The weld also causes large residual stresses with the major component along the weld. It is found that the magnitude of the residual stresses after welding is affected by remaining stresses from the previous sheet metal forming. The final stress relieve treatment will relax these residual stresses caused by e.g. forming and welding. However, this causes additional deformations.The main focus of this study is on how a manufacturing process step affects the subsequent step when manufacturing a component of the nickel-based super alloy 718. The chosen route and geometry is a simplified leading edge of an exhaust case guide vane. The simulations were validated versus experiments. The computed deformations were compared with measurements after each manufacturing step. The overall agreement between experiments and measurement was good. However, not sufficiently accurate considering the required tolerance of the component. It was found from simulations that the residual stresses after each process affects the subsequent step. After a complete manufacturing process chain which ends with a stress relief heat treatment the residual stresses were not negligible. VIII Special experiments were performed for studying the stress relief in order to understand how the stresses evolve through the heat treatment cycle during relaxation. It was found that the stresses were reduced already during the beginning of the heating up sequence due to decreasing Young´s modulus and yield stress with increasing temperature. Relaxation due to creep starts when a certain temperature was reached which gave a permanent stress relief.

La industria cerámica se enfrenta en la actualidad a un mercado altamente saturado, por lo que necesita ofrecer productos innovadores constantemente. Los nuevos productos cerámicos deben ser competitivos en calidad y buscar un óptimo económico y medioambiental. Además deben facilitar el transporte y la colocación, y cumplir con la legislación nacional e internacional. Las baldosas aligeradas por conformado de relieve al dorso pueden ser fabricadas con una cantidad de materia prima inferior a la tradicional, lo que repercute en el ahorro de pastas y energía. Esto mejora el balance económico de la empresa dotando al producto de un carácter medioambiental que comienza a ser exigido por las autoridades y es cada vez más valorado por los consumidores. Adicionalmente, un producto final más ligero resulta atractivo para los constructores, ya que mejora las condiciones de trabajo en la obra. Sin embargo, la baldosa aligerada es estructuralmente distinta a la convencional, y por tanto también su comportamiento mecánico y térmico. Puesto que se trata de un elemento constructivo, es necesario conocer su repuesta en condiciones de trabajo y asegurar que cumple con la normativa vigente. La presente tesis se propone como objetivo evaluar la conveniencia de pavimentos cerámicos aligerados por relieve al dorso empleando técnicas de modelado sólido tridimensional y análisis por elementos finitos, estableciendo al mismo tiempo las bases para una definición óptima del relieve, entendiendo por óptimo aquel diseño que combine de forma más idónea ahorro másico con respuesta mecánica y térmica dentro de lo viable en la fabricación en serie actual. Dados los pocos antecedentes encontrados en la bibliografía en este sentido, la tesis pretende ser una primera aproximación a la problemática de este tipo de productos, abriendo una puerta a estudios posteriores, y facilitando información muy valiosa a los departamentos de diseño y fabricación de las azulejeras. Para lograr este objetivo, se han / Defez Garcia, B. (2007). Análisis y definición del diseño óptimo del relieve al dorso en pavimentos cerámicos mediante elementos finitos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1962 / Palancia

This study examines stresses experienced by primary school learners with learning problems in inclusive classrooms in an Independent School. Literature suggests that learners with learning problems experience more academic, emotional and social difficulties at school than do their peers without learning problems. The Transactional Model of stress was used as a point of departure for the qualitative empirical study to understand stress as it is experienced by three Grade 4 learners. Several school stresses were identified which contributed to unmet emotional and social needs. The three central sources of stress were classified as S1 (Inability to meet perceived/anticipated demand), S2 (Overload – too much expected) and S3 (Selfexpectations not met). The learners’ own suggestions regarding the relief of these stresses were examined and contributed to guidelines to assist teachers in relieving these stresses experienced by learners with learning problems in the inclusive classroom. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

This study examines stresses experienced by primary school learners with learning problems in inclusive classrooms in an Independent School. Literature suggests that learners with learning problems experience more academic, emotional and social difficulties at school than do their peers without learning problems. The Transactional Model of stress was used as a point of departure for the qualitative empirical study to understand stress as it is experienced by three Grade 4 learners. Several school stresses were identified which contributed to unmet emotional and social needs. The three central sources of stress were classified as S1 (Inability to meet perceived/anticipated demand), S2 (Overload – too much expected) and S3 (Selfexpectations not met). The learners’ own suggestions regarding the relief of these stresses were examined and contributed to guidelines to assist teachers in relieving these stresses experienced by learners with learning problems in the inclusive classroom. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

A l’heure où la prise en charge médicale s’avère de plus en plus nécessaire pour accompagner la fin de vie, il nous apparait que sa place est de plus en plus importante et de moins en moins questionnée. Or, réduire la fin de vie à la question du mourant et de sa prise en charge est pour le moins problématique. L’arrêt d’hydratation et d’alimentation, les différentes formes de sédation, l’euthanasie, le suicide assisté, les soins palliatifs résument-ils à eux seuls ce que l’on peut dire de la fin de vie ? Peut-elle se résumer uniquement à une question d’ordre médical ? N’est-elle pas avant tout une question d’ordre existentiel où, à l’heure de notre déclin, nous sommes confrontés à l’agonie ? Souffrance et finitude se trouvent au cœur de notre interrogation et nous poussent à nous confronter au pâtir de la vie, nous dévoilant ainsi comme être de chair. Grâce à la philosophie henryenne, l’agonie va peu à peu se dévoiler comme une occasion ultime de révélation de soi à soi en tant que soi. Face à l’aporie du mal qui frappe, nous découvrons les hommes capables toujours d’y faire face par un effort de repersonnalisation. C’est cet effort nécessaire qui va se dévoiler tant dans le champ métaphysique, que dans le champ éthique, et que dans le champ politique. C’est ce même effort qui amène l’homme à prendre ses responsabilités et à répondre aux questions existentielles. La subjectivité de chacun se doit alors de devenir le centre de l’institution soignante. L’agonie devient possibilité de repenser la place de la personne au sein du système hospitalier : place de la personne soignante, de la personne soignée, de ceux qui accompagnent, tout en développant une éthique de l’accompagnement qui doit ensuite se décliner dans une politique. Car si, métaphysiquement, vivre son agonie ne peut se justifier que par l’Amour, éthiquement, il nous faut construire une nouvelle poétique de l’action faisant place à la fraternité issue de la chair, à l’imagination de l’homme pour répondre à l’appel d’autrui et de la vie, et à la subsidiarité, afin que chacun soit respecté dans son agir et sa conscience. Politiquement, cela nous ouvre alors à un système hospitalier respectueux de chaque « Je Peux » qui se déploie en son sein. Le respect du consentement du patient reste ainsi la pierre angulaire du système hospitalier ; mais il ne peut se construire que dans une alliance avec les soignants. / In the context of today’s world, medical care is becoming increasingly necessary to assist patients at the end of life. It appears that this care is taking on more and more importance and is subject to fewer and fewer questions. is less and less questioned. However, confining the end of life to the state of dying and its medical support is problematic. Can the end of life be resumed as stopping hydration and artificial feeding, sedation in its different forms, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and palliative care? Can it be summed up as a simple medical question? Isn’t the end of life, first and foremost, linked to an existential question in which, at the time of our decline, we come face to face with agony? Finiteness and suffering are at the heart of our questioning as we confront life’s hardships, revealing the mystery of the flesh. With the help of Michel Henry’s philosophy, agony will gradually reveal itself as an ultimate opportunity for self-revelation. Faced with the paradox of evil, we find Man capable of coping with an effort of re-personification. This necessary effort will unfold in the metaphysical, ethical and political fields. This same effort allows Man to take responsibility for himself and to contemplate existential questions. The subjectivity of each person must become the center of the healthcare institution. Agony becomes the possibility to rethink the place of the individual person within the hospital system: the care giver, the care receiver and those supporting them, all while developing an ethical personal assistance which must then translated into policies. Because even if metaphysically, living out agony cannot be otherwise justified but by Love, ethically we must build a new way of operating. We must leave room for fraternity as a consequence of being of the flesh, to imagination in order to respond to our fellow man and our life’s calling, and to subsidiarity so that everyone is respected in his actions and consciousness. Politically, it opens up the possibility of a hospital system respectful of each "I Can" which is echoed within its walls. Respect for the patient's consent remains the cornerstone of the hospital system but can only be built with an alliance with caregivers.