Este trabalho consistiu no estudo da reação de oligomerização/cooligomerização das a-olefinas buteno-1/hexeno-1/octeno-1, a oligômeros lineares na faixa C'8 e C'16, promovida por sistemas catalíticos à base de um complexo de níquel (11) como precursor catalítico e de um composto alquilalumínio como co-catalisador. 0 sistema mais reativo obtido constituiu-se em Ni(acac)2/AlEt2OEt, empregando-se uma relação AI/Ni na faixa de 0,8-1,4,em tolueno e a 60°C. Nestas condições obteve-se produtos com taxas de linearidade variando de 98%, para a fração C'8, a 65% para a fração C'16. A taxa de seletividade média observada para este sistema foi de 40% em oligomerizacação, sendo obtidas taxas de conversão superiores a 90%. As grandezas reacionais como: taxa de conversação de seletividade (isomerização e oligomerização) e de linearidade, foram determinadas com o auxilio de cálculos de distribuição em massa das a-olefinas reagentes nos diversos produtos. 0s parâmetros do processo foram otimizados pela execução de um plano de experimentos de primeiro grau do tipo Simplex Modificado. / This work describe the study of oligomerization/cooligomerization reactions of a-olefins (1- butene/1-hexene/1-octene) to linear oligomers (C'8-C'16 range), promoted by catalytic systems based on nickel(ll)salts/alkylaluminum complexes. The best results were attained with Ni(acac)2/AlEt2OEt systems working at 60°C, AI/Ni ratio in the range 0,8-1,4 and in toluene medium. Under these conditions, the convertion ratio was greater than 90% with 40% seletivity to oligomerization. Moreover, linear oligomers were obtained in 65% (C'16 fraction) to 98% (C'8 fraction) in seletivity. Conversion, selectivity (isomerization and oligomerization) and linearity ratios were determined through mass distribuction calculation of reagent a-olefins in the products. The process parameters were optimized by execution of a first degree experiments plane Modified Simplex type.

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Foram sintetizadas novas classes de complexos Cr(III) e Ni(II) contendo ligantes tridentados. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr1, Cr2 e Cr4), baseados na unidade bispirazolil, quando ativados com MAO são capazes de oligomerizar o etileno, com atividades de até 27,2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h e formando α-olefinas lineares entre C4 e C20. Por outro lado, os complexos Cr3, Cr5 e Cr6 proporcionam a formação majoritária de polímeros, quando [Al]/[Cr] = 300, apresentando atividade de até 37,2 x 103 kg de PE/mol Cr.h. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr7 – Cr11), baseados na unidade imina-fenolato, mostraram-se capazes de oligomerizar o etileno quando utilizado MAO como ativador, apresentando atividade catalítica de até 52,9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, e seletividade para fração C6 variando entre 19,7 e 23,6%. Os efeitos eletrônicos dos pré-ligantes do tipo imina-fenolato influenciam o centro metálico, provocando aumento na atividade catalítica. O comportamento dos complexos de Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) na oligomerização do etileno foi investigado empregando MAO como cocatalisador. Esses precursores catalíticos apresentaram atividade de até 24,3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, com alta seletividade a 1-buteno e gerando pequenas quantidades de 2-butenos e hexenos. Os catalisadores apresentaram atividades que variaram de acordo com a estrutura do ligante. A influência de alguns parâmetros reacionais, que afetam o desempenho catalítico dos complexos Ni13 e Ni16, foi avaliada. O aumento do tempo reacional exerce influência na atividade catalítica, entretanto a seletividade não é afetada. O aumento da temperatura da reação apresentou uma diminuição na frequência de rotação. A variação na razão molar Al/Ni não exerce alterações significativas na atividade catalítica, assim como na seletividade para 1-buteno. Além disso, a ativação com EASC para o complexo Ni16 mostrou elevada FR (105,4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h). / A new classes of Cr(III) and Ni(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands was synthesized. The complexes of Cr (III) (Cr1, Cr2 and Cr4), based on the bispirazolil unit, when activated with MAO are able to oligomerize ethylene with activities up to 27.2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h forming α- linear olefins of C4 and C20. On the other hand, complexes Cr3, Cr5 and Cr6 provide the majority forming polymers, where [Al]/[Cr] = 300, having activity to 37.2 X 103 kg PE/mol Cr.h. The complexes of Cr(III) (Cr7 - Cr11), based on the imine-phenolate unit shown able to oligomerize ethylene when using MAO as activator, having catalytic activity up to 52.9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, and selectivity to C6 fraction ranging between 19.7 and 23.6%. Electronic effects on of the pre-ligands imine-phenolate type influence the metal center, causing an increase in catalytic activity. The behavior of Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) in ethylene oligomerization was investigated using MAO as an cocatalyst. These catalyst precursors were active up to 24.3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, with high selectivity to 1-butene with small amounts of 2-butenes and hexenes. The catalysts showed activities that varied according to the structure of the ligand. The influence of some reaction parameters, that affect the catalytic performance complex of Ni13 and Ni16, was evaluated. Increasing the reaction time has an influence on catalytic activity, but the selectivity is not affected. Increasing the reaction temperature showed a decrease in the frequency of rotation. The change in the molar ratio Al/Ni exerts no significant changes in the catalytic activity, as well as selectivity to 1-butene. Moreover, activation with EASC for Ni16 complex showed high TOF (105.4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h).

O presente trabalho apresenta a síntese, análise estrutural e investigação da atividade catalítica frente a reações de oligomerização do etileno de cinco novos complexos de níquel contendo ligantes bidentados do tipo fosfinoil-pirazolil [NiBr2(N^P=O)2]. Os compostos foram sintetizados por meio da reação de dois equivalentes dos respectivos ligantes com um equivalente de NiBr2(DME) em THF. Todos os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, análise elementar e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com ionização por electrospray. A tentativa de cristalização do composto Ni5 em uma mistura THF/Et2O levou a formação de um novo complexo de níquel Ni5a. Esta nova classe de complexos de Ni(II), quando ativados com metilaluminoxano (MAO), demonstraram capacidade de oligomerizar etileno com frequências de rotação (FRs) entre 5.600 e 16.600 (mol etileno).(mol Ni)−1.h−1, produzindo praticamente butenos com boas seletividades para buteno-1 (90,8-95,5%). O ambiente de coordenação ao redor do átomo de níquel e o tamanho da cadeia principal influenciaram a atividade catalítica dos complexos. A otimização do tempo (20 min) e da temperatura (0 ºC) reacional acarretaram em um aumento da atividade catalítica para o precursor Ni1 [FR = 19.700 (mol etileno).(mol Ni)−1.h−1], com boa seletividade para α-C4 (95,2%). / This work presents the synthesis, structural analysis and investigation of the catalytic activity towards ethylene oligomerization of five new nickel complexes containing phosphinoyl-pyrazolyl bidentate ligands [NiBr2(N^P=O)2]. The compounds were synthesized through the reaction of two equivalents of the respective ligands with one equivalent of NiBr2(DME) in THF. All the complexes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elementary analysis and electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry. The attempt of crystallization of Ni5 in a THF/Et2O mixture led to the formation of a new nickel complex Ni5a. This new class of Ni(II) complexes, when activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), demonstrated the capacity to oligomerize ethylene with turnover frequencies (TOFs) from 5,600-16,600 (mol ethylene) (mol Ni)-1 h-1, producing mostly butenes with good selectivities for 1-butene (90.8-94.9%). The coordination environment around the nickel and the length of the backbone chain influenced the catalytic activities of the complexes. The optimization of time (20 min) and temperature (0 ºC) increased the catalytic activity for Ni1 [TOF = 19,700 (mol ethylene) (mol Ni)-1 h-1] with efficient selectivity for α-C4 (95.2%).

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Este trabalho consistiu no estudo da reação de oligomerização/cooligomerização das a-olefinas buteno-1/hexeno-1/octeno-1, a oligômeros lineares na faixa C'8 e C'16, promovida por sistemas catalíticos à base de um complexo de níquel (11) como precursor catalítico e de um composto alquilalumínio como co-catalisador. 0 sistema mais reativo obtido constituiu-se em Ni(acac)2/AlEt2OEt, empregando-se uma relação AI/Ni na faixa de 0,8-1,4,em tolueno e a 60°C. Nestas condições obteve-se produtos com taxas de linearidade variando de 98%, para a fração C'8, a 65% para a fração C'16. A taxa de seletividade média observada para este sistema foi de 40% em oligomerizacação, sendo obtidas taxas de conversão superiores a 90%. As grandezas reacionais como: taxa de conversação de seletividade (isomerização e oligomerização) e de linearidade, foram determinadas com o auxilio de cálculos de distribuição em massa das a-olefinas reagentes nos diversos produtos. 0s parâmetros do processo foram otimizados pela execução de um plano de experimentos de primeiro grau do tipo Simplex Modificado. / This work describe the study of oligomerization/cooligomerization reactions of a-olefins (1- butene/1-hexene/1-octene) to linear oligomers (C'8-C'16 range), promoted by catalytic systems based on nickel(ll)salts/alkylaluminum complexes. The best results were attained with Ni(acac)2/AlEt2OEt systems working at 60°C, AI/Ni ratio in the range 0,8-1,4 and in toluene medium. Under these conditions, the convertion ratio was greater than 90% with 40% seletivity to oligomerization. Moreover, linear oligomers were obtained in 65% (C'16 fraction) to 98% (C'8 fraction) in seletivity. Conversion, selectivity (isomerization and oligomerization) and linearity ratios were determined through mass distribuction calculation of reagent a-olefins in the products. The process parameters were optimized by execution of a first degree experiments plane Modified Simplex type.

Neste estudo foi utilizado um sistema catalítico binário composto pelo complexo [Ni(Ph2PCHCOPh)(Ph)(PPh3)] (NiP^O) e pelo sistema Cp2ZrCl2 / metilaluminoxano (MAO), conhecidos como catalisadores de oligomerização e polimerização de eteno, respectivamente, os quais foram utilizados em conjunto para a síntese do PELBD através de uma polimerização in situ. As análises por cromatografia gasosa (GC) das amostras extraídas antes e após a polimerização e as propriedades térmicas (temperatura de fusão (Tm) e grau de cristalinidade (cc)) e viscosidade intrínseca ([ ]) dos copolímeros obtidos mostram a inserção das alfa-olefinas, produzidas pela oligomerização, na cadeia do polietileno produzido. Variações na concentração de alfaolefinas e na pressão de eteno durante a fase de polimerização levam a mudanças no grau de ramificação. Os copolímeros sintetizados apresentaram cc e Tm nas faixas de 25,8 a 65,2 % e 114 a 132 oC, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostram a versatilidade do sistema catalítico dual, uma vez que apenas o complexo Cp2ZrCl2 requer a adição de um cocatalisador. / In this study we used a binary catalytic system composed of [Ni(Ph2PCHCOPh)(Ph)(PPh3)] (NiP^O) and Cp2ZrCl2 / methylaluminoxane (MAO), well known as ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts, respectively, which were used together to synthesized LLDPE by in situ polymerization. The gas chromatography analysis (GC) of solution samples extracted before and after polymerization and thermal properties (melting temperature (Tm) and degree of crystallinity (cc)) and intrinsic viscosity ([ ]) of copolymers show the insertion of alphaolefins produced by oligomerization into the polyethylene chain. Variations in alphaolefin concentration and ethylene pressure during the polymerization stage lead to changes in the degree of branching. Copolymers were synthesized with cc and Tm in the 25.8 – 65.2 % and 114 - 132 oC ranges, respectively. Experimental results show the versatility of the dual-function catalytic system, as only Cp2ZrCl2 requires the addition of a co-catalyst.

O presente trabalho consiste no estudo da reação de oligomerização do eteno induzida pelo complexo de Níquel -P^O ([Ph2PCHCOPh] [PPh3] [Ph] Ni) realizada em reator semi-contínuo, com injeção de eteno em condições suaves de processo: 5 a 30 bar e 30 a 70°C. Os produtos obtidos são α-olefinas lineares de baixo peso molecular principalmente buteno-1, hexeno-1 e octeno-1, numa distribuição normal, do tipo Schulz-Flory, caracterizada por valores de elevados, entre 1 e 12, corresponde aos valores previstos pela equação abaixo, válida a 50°C e até 30 bar de eteno: B = (6,2 – 0,17 P) ([PPh3J]/[Ni])1,2. Os resultados são interpretados em termos de mecanismo envolvendo mais de um tipo de espécie hidreto de níquel -P^O. / The work described in this thesis deals with the catalitic oligomerization of ethylene by the organometallic complex ([Ph2PCHCOPh] [PPh3] [Ph] Ni. The reactions was performed in a semi-continuos reactor with injection of ethylene, and under very mild conditions i.e. 5-30 bar, and 30-70°C. The products formed are linear o-olefins of light molecular weight, particularery 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene, with normal statistical (Schulz-Flory) distribution, characterized by high B-values, between 1 and 12, corresponding to the values expected by the following equation (valid at 50°C up to 30 bar of ethylen). B = (6,2 – 0,17 P) ([PPh3J]/[Ni])1,2. These results can be interpreted in terms of H-NiP^O mecanism, with more than one type of catalytical species.

Neste estudo foi utilizado um sistema catalítico binário composto pelo complexo [Ni(Ph2PCHCOPh)(Ph)(PPh3)] (NiP^O) e pelo sistema Cp2ZrCl2 / metilaluminoxano (MAO), conhecidos como catalisadores de oligomerização e polimerização de eteno, respectivamente, os quais foram utilizados em conjunto para a síntese do PELBD através de uma polimerização in situ. As análises por cromatografia gasosa (GC) das amostras extraídas antes e após a polimerização e as propriedades térmicas (temperatura de fusão (Tm) e grau de cristalinidade (cc)) e viscosidade intrínseca ([ ]) dos copolímeros obtidos mostram a inserção das alfa-olefinas, produzidas pela oligomerização, na cadeia do polietileno produzido. Variações na concentração de alfaolefinas e na pressão de eteno durante a fase de polimerização levam a mudanças no grau de ramificação. Os copolímeros sintetizados apresentaram cc e Tm nas faixas de 25,8 a 65,2 % e 114 a 132 oC, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostram a versatilidade do sistema catalítico dual, uma vez que apenas o complexo Cp2ZrCl2 requer a adição de um cocatalisador. / In this study we used a binary catalytic system composed of [Ni(Ph2PCHCOPh)(Ph)(PPh3)] (NiP^O) and Cp2ZrCl2 / methylaluminoxane (MAO), well known as ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts, respectively, which were used together to synthesized LLDPE by in situ polymerization. The gas chromatography analysis (GC) of solution samples extracted before and after polymerization and thermal properties (melting temperature (Tm) and degree of crystallinity (cc)) and intrinsic viscosity ([ ]) of copolymers show the insertion of alphaolefins produced by oligomerization into the polyethylene chain. Variations in alphaolefin concentration and ethylene pressure during the polymerization stage lead to changes in the degree of branching. Copolymers were synthesized with cc and Tm in the 25.8 – 65.2 % and 114 - 132 oC ranges, respectively. Experimental results show the versatility of the dual-function catalytic system, as only Cp2ZrCl2 requires the addition of a co-catalyst.

Neste trabalho são descritos estudos comparativos de reações de oligomerização do etileno utilizando complexos do tipo: Ni-[P^O] e Ni-[Diimina] (na presença de MAO como cocatalisador). A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar e comparar o comportamento dos dois complexos em estudo, quando estes passam do meio homogêneo para o meio bifásico (na presença de um líquido iônico). O líquido iônico utilizado é o tetrafluorborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazol. Foram avaliados parâmetros reacionais como pressão, temperatura, tempo de reação, velocidade de agitação e volume de líquido iônico para o catalisador Ni-[P^O] nos meios homogêneo e bifásico. Para o precursor Ni-[Diimina], os parâmetros avaliados foram pressão e temperatura nos dois meios. Os produtos obtidos são olefinas lineares e ramificadas, principalmente α-olefinas; com faixa de distribuição de C4 a C20 (Distribuição Shulz-Flowry). As atividades obtidas nos ciclos de reações variam entre 21 h-1 a 32.772 h-1, e os resultados são interpretados envolvendo os mecanismos de reação. Devido as diferenças existentes entre nos complexos em estudo, verifica-se diferentes atividades e diferentes faixas de produtos oligoméricos. O comportamento obtido para cada complexo depende diretamente dos parâmetros reacionais utilizados, além do meio ao qual foram submetidos durante as reações.