GOMES, Falcon Felipe. Educação Profissional na EEEP Marvin: uma avaliação processual do ensino médio integrado. 2015. 212f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-04T15:10:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_ffgomes.pdf: 4790272 bytes, checksum: 87496fe3cd4da80e62ad57645b0dd3e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-05T11:01:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_ffgomes.pdf: 4790272 bytes, checksum: 87496fe3cd4da80e62ad57645b0dd3e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T11:01:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_ffgomes.pdf: 4790272 bytes, checksum: 87496fe3cd4da80e62ad57645b0dd3e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O presente trabalho é um esforço de avaliar qualitativamente o processo de efetivação do ensino médio integrado à educação profissional na escola Marvin situada no bairro Pirambú em Fortaleza, Ceará. Procura-se relacionar a trajetória do programa com o contexto das políticas educacionais a nível local, nacional e mundial, numa tentativa de compreender que tipo de repercussões a atual crise do capital insere na reconfiguração do trabalho e como estas mudanças se articulam com a sustentação de “novos” paradigmas educacionais. Baseia-se numa proposta de avaliação compreensiva e processual, onde procura-se compreender o fluxo da política nas diferentes arenas de formulação, implementação e repercussão na população atendida. O significado do programa é exposto e transmutado na medida em que se investigam os diferentes atores envolvidos. As categorias estudadas foram Ensino Médio, Formação Profissional, Teoria do Capital Humano e Avaliação de programas. Como marco teórico destacou-se o conceito de Avaliação baseada no modelo experiencial. Neste sentido a contribuição da presente pesquisa é justamente numa perspectiva de avaliação compreensiva entender como as práticas desenvolvidas dentro da escola profissional Marvin pelos seus atores (alunos, professores e gestores) passam a ressignificar sua cultura de ação, moldando, reproduzindo e introjetando discursos, fabricando crenças e modos operacionais de conduta e expectativas que se adequem às contradições do mundo do trabalho. Os resultados demonstraram que a incorporação dos pressupostos da Tecnologia empresarial socioeducacional (TESE) se fazem como pré-requisitos para adesão dos sujeitos ao programa. Quanto à ideia de corresponsabilidade ela está intrinsecamente articulada aos fundamentos da teoria do capital humano. Quando os atores da escola são convidados a assumir as responsabilidades pelo sucesso escolar (metas e formação pessoal) assim como pelos inúmeros problemas estruturais do ensino médio público estes estão ao mesmo tempo compactuando com o ideal de desenvolvimento econômico pautado no investimento individual em educação e reproduzindo a ideia de que só por meio do sistema educacional a classe que vive do trabalho possa realizar a mobilidade social.

There is a national need to increase the STEM-related workforce. Among factors leading towards STEM careers include the number of advanced high school mathematics and science courses students complete. Florida’s enrollment patterns in STEM-related Advanced Placement (AP) courses, however, reveal that only a small percentage of students enroll into these classes. Therefore, screening tools are needed to find more students for these courses, who are academically ready, yet have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which scores from a national standardized test, Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test/ National Merit Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT), in conjunction with and compared to a state-mandated standardized test, Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT), are related to selected AP exam performance in Seminole County Public Schools. An ex post facto correlational study was conducted using 6,189 student records from the 2010 - 2012 academic years. Multiple regression analyses using simultaneous Full Model testing showed differential moderate to strong relationships between scores in eight of the nine AP courses (i.e., Biology, Environmental Science, Chemistry, Physics B, Physics C Electrical, Physics C Mechanical, Statistics, Calculus AB and BC) examined. For example, the significant unique contribution to overall variance in AP scores was a linear combination of PSAT Math (M), Critical Reading (CR) and FCAT Reading (R) for Biology and Environmental Science. Moderate relationships for Chemistry included a linear combination of PSAT M, W (Writing) and FCAT M; a combination of FCAT M and PSAT M was most significantly associated with Calculus AB performance. These findings have implications for both research and practice. FCAT scores, in conjunction with PSAT scores, can potentially be used for specific STEM-related AP courses, as part of a systematic approach towards AP course identification and placement. For courses with moderate to strong relationships, validation studies and development of expectancy tables, which estimate the probability of successful performance on these AP exams, are recommended. Also, findings established a need to examine other related research issues including, but not limited to, extensive longitudinal studies and analyses of other available or prospective standardized test scores.

Einfluss von Traktion auf das Bewegungsverhalten im Fußball - Interaktion zwischen Sohlenkonfigurationen von Fußballschuhen und Kunstrasen der dritten Generation Einleitung/Zielstellung: In den letzten Jahren hat die Entwicklung von Kunstrasen im Fußball enorm an Bedeutung zugenommen. Dabei sind qualitativ hochwertige Kunstrasenplätze (3. Generation, FIFA 2-Star) von der FIFA zum offiziellen Spielbetrieb zugelassen. Neuste Verletzungsstudien und Spielanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Eigenschaften von Kunstrasen und Naturrasen im Bezug auf Verletzungshäufigkeit und Spielgeschehen nicht gravierend unterscheiden (Ekstrand et al. 2006, FIFA 2009d). Doch sind Bewegungsverhalten und Bewegungsstrategien der Spieler auf Kunstrasen im Fußball noch nicht vollkommen verstanden. Ein Hauptkriterium für das Bewegungsverhalten des Sportlers sind die Traktionsverhältnisse – die Interaktion zwischen Schuh und Spielfläche (Sterzing et al. 2007). Hierfür nimmt die Sohlenkonfiguration eines Fußballschuhs, die durch Anzahl, Länge, Anordnung und Material der Nocken modifizierbar ist, eine zentrale Rolle ein. Die Traktionsverhältnisse haben dabei einen Einfluss auf die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Belastung des Sportlers (Shorten et al. 2003). Auf Kunstrasen verwenden Sportler Fußballschuhe mit einer Sohlenkonfiguration, die für Naturrasen entwickelt worden ist. Zum Zeitpunkt dieser Arbeit gab es nur vereinzelte und unsystematische Forschungen bezüglich Sohlenkonfigurationen für Kunstrasen. Somit herrscht eine Diskrepanz zwischen einer „neuen“ verwendeten Spielfläche und „alten“ getragenen Schuhen. In der Bewegungswissenschaft dient eine komplexe Sportschuhforschung dazu, Kriterien wie Traktionsverhältnisse zu untersuchen. Die komplexe Sportschuhforschung setzt sich dabei aus sportmotorischen, subjektiven, biomechanischen und mechanischen Messungen zusammen. Generell richtet sich dabei der Fokus von biomechanischen Messungen auf die genutzte Traktion, von mechanischen Messungen auf die verfügbare Traktion. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das Konzept von verfügbarer und genutzter Traktion von Fong et al. (2009) aufgezeigt. Geeignete Traktionsverhältnisse hinsichtlich einer besseren Leistungsfähigkeit spiegeln sich in höheren biomechanischen Scherkräften und einer besseren subjektiven Bewertung wider. Diese höheren biomechanischen Scherkräfte ermöglichen dem Sportler eine schnellere Laufzeit zu erzeugen. Ungeeignete Traktionsverhältnisse hinsichtlich einer erhöhten Belastung für den Sportler können sich durch eine Kombination oder Verbindung von einer relativ starken Fixierung des Schuhs mit der Spielfläche und erhöht auftretenden Gelenksmomenten der unteren Extremitäten auszeichnen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Traktionsverhältnissen verschiedener Sohlenkonfigurationen von Fußballschuhen auf Kunstrasen. Dabei standen sowohl die Leistungsfähigkeit als auch die Belastung des Sportlers im Fokus der Arbeit. Außerdem ist der Einfluss von verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen, wie Traktionsverhältnisse und verschiedene Bewegungsaufgaben (zeitliche Verzögerung durch Reaktion), auf die Bewegungsausführung von Sportlern bei schnellen Umkehrbewegungen analysiert worden. Methodik: Die Arbeit beinhaltet in einem Zeitrahmen von drei Jahren, drei aufeinander aufbauende Studien mit unterschiedlichem Untersuchungsdesign. Inhalte und Fragestellungen der einzelnen Studien ergaben sich aus den Erkenntnissen der jeweils davor durchgeführten Studie. Einzelne Messungen der Studien fanden entweder im Labor oder auch teilweise auf Sportplätzen als Feldtest statt. Studie 1 untersuchte die Traktionsverhältnisse von drei gängigen Sohlenkonfigurationen (Multinocken, Nocken, Stollen) und eines Prototypen (Kunstrasenmodell) hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit und funktionaler Nutzung. Inhalte waren ein sportmotorisches, subjektives, biomechanisches und mechanisches Testverfahren. Grundlegende Traktionsvariablen der einzelnen Testverfahren waren die Laufzeit der Probanden durch einen Slalom- und Sprintparcours, die subjektive Einschätzung der Probanden hinsichtlich der Traktionseignung der Sohlenkonfigurationen, Bodenreaktionskraftvariablen, wie horizontale Scherkräfte und der Kraftwert aus Scherkraft dividiert durch Vertikalkraft, bei verschiedenen fußballspezifischen Bewegungsausführungen und mechanische Traktionsvariablen wie Reibungskoeffizienten und Kraftanstiegsraten. In Studie 2 wurde das Bewegungsverhalten bei verschiedenen Sohlenkonfigurationen (Schuh ohne Nocken, Kunstrasenmodell, Nocken, Stollen) mit Hilfe einer biomechanischen Messung (Bewegungsanalyse) bei einer schnell ausgeführten Umkehrbewegung analysiert. Ziel war es, Bewegungsadaptationen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Traktionsverhältnisse kinematisch und kinetisch zu quantifizieren. Grundlegende Untersuchungsaspekte waren hierbei die Gelenksmomente der unteren Extremitäten, die horizontale Fußtranslation, definiert als relative Bewegung des Schuhs auf der Spielfläche während des Bodenkontakts und Winkelverläufe einzelner Segmente und Gelenke. In Studie 3 wurde der Einfluss auf das Bewegungsverhalten bei reaktiven Bewegungsausführungen gegenüber aktiven Bewegungsausführungen mit verschiedenen Sohlenkonfigurationen (Kunstrasenmodell, Nocken) bei einer schnell ausgeführten Umkehrbewegung untersucht. Für diese Studie diente erneut ein biomechanisches Testverfahren (Bewegungsanalyse) zur Analyse von kinematischen und kinetischen Variablen von Reaktion und Sohlenkonfigurationen. Für alle drei Studien stand insgesamt ein Probandenpool aus 58 männlichen Fußballspielern (Alter: 22.4 ± 3.3Jahre, Größe: 177.2 ± 4.6cm, Gewicht: 71.4 ± 5.6kg, Fußballpraxis: 6.4 ± 3.7h/Woche) zur Verfügung. Für die statistische Auswertung konnte mittels der Varianzanalyse für Mehrfachmessungen (ANOVA) und gegebenenfalls einer Post-Hoc Analyse nach Bonferroni zwischen den Sohlenkonfigurationen für sportmotorische und biomechanische Variablen diskriminiert werden. Für subjektive Testverfahren wurde der Friedman-Test verwendet, um zwischen Sohlenkonfigurationen zu unterscheiden. Die statistische Auswertung des mechanischen Testverfahrens erfolgte deskriptiv. In Studie 3 wurden die Daten mit einer zweifaktoriellen ANOVA mit Messwiederholung (Schuh und Reaktion) analysiert. Außerdem wurde in dieser Studie zusätzlich das Joint Coupling verwendet (Heiderscheidt et al. 2002). Ergebnisse: Traktionsverhältnisse auf Kunstrasen der dritten Generation beeinflussen die Leistungsfähigkeit des Sportlers und die Belastungen für den Körper des Sportlers. Flächig verteilte Sohlenkonfigurationen, wie das Multinocken- und Kunstrasenmodell, ermöglichen dem Sportler im Vergleich zu Sohlenkonfigurationen mit sehr langen Stollen, schneller einen Laufparcours zu durchlaufen. Schneller Laufzeiten werden außerdem auch subjektiv von den Sportlern wahrgenommen. Mit diesen Sohlenkonfigurationen erzielen die Sportler außerdem höhere biomechanische Scherkräfte. Hohe mechanische Traktionswerte spiegeln sich dabei nicht zwangsläufig in einer besseren Leistungsfähigkeit der Sportler. Niedrige Traktionsverhältnisse erzeugen bei schnellen Umkehrbewegungen einen vertikaleren Fußaufsatz und reduzierte Gelenksmomente durch ein erhöhtes „Rutschrisiko“. Dies führt zu einem Verlust an Leistungsfähigkeit. Hohe und exzessive Traktionsverhältnisse weisen sowohl eine relativ starke Fixierung des Schuhs mit der Spielfläche als auch hohe Gelenksmomente während des Richtungswechsels auf. Bewegungsadaptationen zwischen Fußballschuhen treten primär im distalen Bereich der unteren Extremitäten auf. Reaktive Bewegungsausführungen zeichnen sich aufgrund einer längeren Reaktionsphase gegenüber aktiven Bewegungsausführungen mit einem ungünstigen Fußaufsatz aus. Dies zeichnet sich bei Umkehrbewegungen durch eine geringere Tibiarotation und Fußadduktion in die neue Bewegungsrichtung aus. Während der Umkehrbewegung wird diese ungünstige Stellung der unteren Extremitäten primär durch einen verstärkten Eversionswinkel im Sprunggelenk kompensiert. Bei reaktiven Bewegungsausführungen sind außerdem die Momente im Knie- und Sprunggelenk erhöht. Unterschiede im Bewegungsmuster bei Sohlenkonfigurationen, die sich im Aufbau nicht stark unterscheiden, können bei verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen nicht gefunden werden. Diskussion: Sohlenkonfigurationen beeinflussen das Bewegungsverhalten auf Kunstrasen. Niedrige Traktionsverhältnisse spiegeln sich in einem vorsichtigeren Bewegungsverhalten durch ein erhöhtes „Rutschrisiko“ wider, zu hohe Traktionsverhältnisse implizieren durch eine starke Fixierung des Sportlers mit der Spielfläche ebenfalls ein vorsichtigeres Bewegungsmuster. Nach dem Konzept von Fong et al. (2009) zeigen flächig und eben verteilte Sohlenkonfigurationen eine biomechanisch höhere genutzte Traktion. Im Gegensatz dazu, weisen Sohlenkonfigurationen mit langen Stollen eine höhere mechanisch verfügbare Traktion auf. Diese hohen mechanischen Traktionseigenschaften verhindern dabei aber den Sportler mit seiner bestmöglichen Leistung zu agieren. Flächig und eben verteilte Sohlenkonfigurationen wirken sich somit auf Kunstrasen der dritten Generation hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit und der Belastung für den Körper positiv aus. Dabei erzeugen hohe biomechanische Scherkräfte eine schnellere Abstoppbewegung oder eine kraftvollere Abstoßbewegung, die sich bei schnellen Umkehrbewegungen positiv auf die Bewegungsausführung auswirkt. Laufzeiten durch Parcours (Krahenbuhl 1974, Sterzing et al. 2009) und biomechanische Scherkräfte (Valiant 1988, Morag & Johnson 2001, Shorten et al. 2003) dienen als geeigneten Variablen, um Traktionsverhältnisse hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Sowohl die Eindringtiefe der Nocken in die spezielle Verfüllung von Kunstrasen als auch die Verteilung der Nocken (Abstand Vorfuß- Rückfußnocken) können dabei die Traktionsverhältnisse von Fußballschuhen beeinflussen. Gelenksmomente und die horizontale Fußtranslation sind geeignete Indikatoren für die Belastungen der unteren Extremitäten während schnellen Richtungswechseln (Torg & Quedenfeld 1971, Ryder et al. 1997). Dabei erzeugen Sohlenkonfigurationen mit hohen mechanisch verfügbaren Traktionsverhältnisse eine niedrige horizontale Fußtranslation und erhöhte Gelenksmomente. Primär finden Adaptationsprozesse durch unterschiedliche Traktionsverhältnisse von Fußballschuhen im distalen Bereich der unteren Extremitäten statt. Dies könnte in Verbindung zu den Aussagen von Studien stehen, die im Fußball dem Sprunggelenk die größte Verletzungshäufigkeit zusprechen (Ekstrand et al. 2006). Reaktive Bewegungsausführungen können als weiteren möglichen Faktor für Verletzungen im Fußball herangezogen werden (Besier et al. 2001a). Hierfür richtet sich bei reaktiv durchgeführten Richtungswechseln erneut der Fokus auf das Sprunggelenk. Durch eine zeitliche Verzögerung bei reaktiven Bewegungen ist die Stellung der unteren Extremitäten des Sportlers im Vergleich zu aktiven Bewegungen weniger in die neue Bewegungsrichtung gebracht. Diese ungünstigere Stellung versucht der Sportler primär über eine verstärkte Eversion des Sprunggelenks zu kompensieren. Diese Kompensation kann für den Sportler ein erhöhtes Belastungsprofil im Sprunggelenk bedeuten (Giza et al. 2003). Allgemein lässt sich feststellen, dass sich ähnliche Sohlenkonfigurationen bei Probandentests hinsichtlich von Traktionsmessungen nur marginal unterscheiden. Eine Kombination von einer Vielzahl an möglichen Adaptationsprozessen, die sich in der Summe nivellieren, scheinen hierbei die Traktionseigenschaften von leicht unterschiedlichen Sohlenkonfigurationen zu überschatten. Eine Kombination aus sportmotorischem, subjektivem, biomechanischem und mechanischem Testverfahren ermöglicht eine allgemeingültige Aussage über Traktionsverhältnisse von Sohlenkonfigurationen auf Kunstrasen. Zusammenfassung: Traktionsverhältnisse, modifizierbar durch unterschiedliche Sohlenkonfigurationen, können die Leistungsfähigkeit der Sportler und die Belastungen der unteren Extremitäten beeinflussen. Auf Kunstrasen der dritten Generation erweisen sich eben und flächig verteilte Sohlenkonfigurationen als Vorteilhaft. Die Belastungen der unteren Extremitäten können sich durch reaktive Bewegungsausführungen weiter erhöhen. / Influence of traction properties on movement patterns in soccer – Interaction between sole configurations of soccer boots and 3rd generation artificial turf Introduction/Objective: In recent years the development of artificial soccer turfs got an enormous enhancement. Thereby, high quality types of artificial soccer turfs (3rd generation, FIFA 2-star) were approved for official game play by the FIFA. Latest injury studies and game analysis studies showed that characteristics between artificial turf and natural grass do not differ for injury rates and playing style (Ekstrand et al. 2006, FIFA 2009d). However, movement patterns and movement strategies of soccer players on artificial turf are yet not fully understood. Main criteria for movement patterns of soccer players are traction properties – the player-surface interaction (Sterzing et al. 2007). Therefore, sole configurations of a soccer boot modifiable in numbers, length, geometry and material of studs plays an influencing role. Traction properties influence performance aspects and loads acting on the players’ body (Shorten et al. 2003). On artificial turf players normally use soccer boots with sole configurations designed for playing on natural grass. At the time of this project there were only isolated and unsystemmatic researches according to sole configurations for artificial turf. Thus, there is a discrepancy between a “new” surface and “old” shoes in soccer. In human locomotion a comprehensive assessment of athletic footwear is used to analyse criteria such as traction properties. Comprehensive assessment of athletic footwear contains motor performance, perception, biomechanical and mechanical testing. Generellay, biomechanical measurements focus on utilized traction, mechanical measurements on available traction. In this context, the concept of available and utilized traction is distinguished by Fong et al. (2009). Suited traction properties with regard to performance aspects might be reflected in higher utilized biomechanical shear forces and better perception. These higher biomechanical shear forces enable the player to run faster. Unsuited traction properties with regard to higher loads acting on the players’ body might be displayed by a combination or a linkage of relative fixed shoes with the ground and higher joint moments at the lower extremities. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to investigate traction properties of various sole configurations of soccer boots on artificial turf. Thereby, performance aspects as well as loads acting on the players’ body were on the focus of this doctoral thesis. Additionally, the influence of various basic conditions like traction properties and movement requirements (time constraint due to reaction) on movement pattterns were analyzed during dynamic changes of direction. Methods: This doctoral thesis contained three interdependent studies with several methods in a time period of three years. Topics and questions of each single study were resulted in the findings of the respective study before. Single testing sessions took place either in laboratory environment or partly on the pitch as field testing. In study 1 traction properties of three current available sole configurations (hard ground, firm ground and soft ground) and one prototype (artificial turf) were investigated with regard to performance aspects. Topics were motor performance, perception, biomechanical and mechanical testing. Fundamental traction variables of the testing sessions were running times of subjects through a slalom and acceleration course, traction perception of subjects according to liking of the sole configurations, ground reaction forces variables like horizontal shear forces and force ratio, shear force divided by vertical force, during several soccer-specific movements and mechanical traction variables like traction coefficients and force rising rates. In study 2 movement patterns of various sole configurations (soccer boot without studs, artificial turf, firm ground and soft ground) were analyzed via biomechanical testing (motion analysis) during dynamic turning movements. The purpose of this study was to quantify movement adaptations based on different traction properties. Fundamental research aspects were joint moments of the lower extremities, horizontal foot translation, defined as the relative motion of the shoe on the surface during ground contact and angles of several segments and joints of the lower extremities at touchdown and during turning. In study 3 the influence on movement patterns during reactive movements compared to active movements wearing various sole configurations (artificial turf, firm ground) during dynamic turning movements were investigated. For this study also biomechanical testing (motion analysis) served for analysis of kinematic and kinetic variables of reaction and sole configurations. For all three studies a subject pool of 58 male soccer players (age: 22.4 ± 3.3years, height: 177.2 ± 4.6cm, weight: 71.4 ± 5.6kg, experience: 6.4 ± 3.7h/week) was available. Statistical analysis was done by a one way repeated measured ANOVA and a post-hoc test by Bonferroni for motor performance and biomechanical variables to discriminate between sole configurations, if this was appropriate. For subjective testing, Friedman-test were used to differentiate between sole configurations. For mechanical testing, descriptive statistics were applied. In study 3 the data were analyzed according to two factors (shoe and reaction). Additionally, in this study vector coding was done (Heiderscheidt et al. 2002). Results: On 3rd generation artificial turf, traction properties influenced performance aspects of players and loads acting on the players’ body. Plane distributed sole configurations like hard ground and artificial turf design enabled the players to run faster through a traction course compared to aggressive sole configurations. Faster running times were well reflected by players’ perception. Plane distributed sole configurations were also perceived to be better suited on artificial turf. Additionally, these sole configurations provoked statistically higher biomechanical shear forces. High mechanical traction properties did not automatically lead to better performance aspects of the players. During dynamic changes of direction, too low traction properties provoked more vertical alignment with respect to perpendicular of the lower extremities and lower joint moments. High and excessive traction properties displayed a relative fixed shoe-ground interface as well as high joint moments during dynamic changes of direction. Movement adaptations with regard to soccer boots were primary shown in the distal part of the lower extremities. Reactive movement patterns showed an unsuited foot and leg placement at initial ground contact based on a longer phase of reaction compared to active movement patterns. This unsuited foot and leg placement was shown by reduced tibial rotation and foot adduction through new running direction. During turning this unsuited foot and leg placement were primary corrected by an increased ankle eversion angle. Additionally, higher knee and ankle joint moments were observed for reactive movement patterns. Differences in movement patterns for sole configurations, which are pretty similar in composition, were not found during reactive movements. Discussion: Sole configurations influence movement patterns and movement strategies on artificial turf. Low traction properties indicate more cautious movement behaviour due to risk of slipping, too high traction, implicated by high foot fixation of the player with the surface, indicate also more cautious movement behaviour. Referring the concept of Fong et al. (2009) plane distributed sole configurations provoke higher biomechanical utilized traction. In contrast, pronounced sole configurations with long studs provoke high mechanical available traction. However, these high and excessive mechanical traction properties disabled the subjects to perform with their best capacity. Therefore, plane and evenly distributed sole configurations showed positive aspects for performance and loads acting on the players’ body on 3rd generation artificial turf. Therefore, high biomechanical shear forces produce faster stops or more dynamic propulsion, which influence the performance positively during dynamic changes of direction. Running times through traction courses (Krahenbuhl 1974, Sterzing et al. 2009) and biomechanical shear forces (Valiant 1988, Morag & Johnson 2001, Shorten et al. 2003) were suited variables to detect traction properties according to performance. Penetration of studs into the ground as well as distribution of studs (distance between fore- and rearfoot studs) may play an influencing role on traction properties for soccer boots. Joint moments and horizontal foot translation are suited indicators for the loads acting on lower extremities during dynamic changes of direction (Torg & Quedenfeld 1971, Ryder et al. 1997). Thereby, sole configurations with too high mechanical traction show a combination of decreased horizontal foot translation and increased joint moments. These adaptation processes based on traction properties of soccer boots are primary shown in distal part of the lower extremities. There might be a linkage to reports showing ankle injuries are most common in soccer (Ekstrand et al. 2006). Additionally, reactive movement patterns may be another risk factor for injuries in soccer (Besier et al. 2001a). Due to time constraint for reactive movement patterns the foot and leg placement of the lower extremities are rotated to a lesser extend in new running direction compared to active movement patterns. This unprepared foot and leg placement were primary compensated by an increased eversion at ankle. This compensation might mean increased ankle loadings (Giza et al. 2003). In general it has been showed that pretty similar sole configurations only differ marginal with regard to traction properties during subjects testing. A combination of several adaptation processes, which levelled out in sum, might overshadow traction properties of marginal different sole configurations. A combination of motor performance, perception, biomechanical and mechanical testing allow to give a generally statement about traction properties of sole configurations on artificial turf. Conclusion: Traction properties, modifiable by different sole configurations, could play an influencing role for performance aspects of the players and for the loads of the lower extremities. On 3rd generation artificial turf plane and evenly distributed sole configurations work better than pronounded sole configurations. Loads of the lower extremities could be increased by reactive movement patterns.

The purpose of this study was to determine if any relationship existed between the change in developmental scale scores (DSS) on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) for reading and mathematics, in selected Florida school districts among charter and non-charter public high schools, for grades 9 and 10. This study also investigated if any relationship existed in student achievement based on student demographics (gender, economically disadvantaged, primary home language (ELL) and ethnicity), and examined if there was a difference in professional demographics of faculty (advanced degrees, teachers’ average years of teaching experience, and percent of courses taught by out of field teachers gender), among charter and non-charter public high schools in the state of Florida. School data were analyzed from 234 charter and non-charter public high schools, within 15 districts across the state of Florida, for the years 2007-2009. The findings of this research suggest charter high schools in the state of Florida are not keeping the pace with their traditional public high school counterparts. Over a three year period, charter high schools had significantly lower developmental scale scores on the FCAT, in both reading and mathematics, than non-charter public high schools. The findings also suggest that student demographics, with respect to male gender, economically disadvantaged, and ELL, combined with charter school status, negatively impact student achievement as measured by DSS. The disparity noted with regard to faculty demographics between charter and non-charter public high schools, only touches on some considerable differences between the two school iv types; more information is needed on the variations so parents and students can make informed choices. For future research, replication of this study with an expanded sample size of charter schools and a longer period of time for data collection was recommended. Separate studies are recommended on the differences between charter and non-charter public schools with regard to instructional time, curriculum or grade levels offered, the differences between parent and student perceptions, and the differences between funding and principal background as it relates to student achievement.

Researchers have determined that many factors, including school climate, may be contributing to the lack of academic achievement of many of our students. In an effort to better understand this issue, this study tested for possible relationships between the school climate of multiple schools in Palm Beach County, Florida, and their students' academic achievement. Separate analyses were done at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. For the purpose of this study, academic achievement (criterion variable) was measure by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test, Math and Reading sections. School climate (predictor variable) was measured by the school district's yearly climate survey. In order to test the study's hypotheses, a linear multiple regression model using SPSS software was run to measure for any relationship between the criterion and predictor variables at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. The relationships of individual predictors with the criterion were tested with correlations and the model including all seven predictors was tested with multiple regressions. / by Thomas Stacy Doyal. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The focus of this research was to investigate the use of a district created formative benchmark assessment in reading to predict student achievement for 10th-grade students on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) in one county in north central Florida. The purpose of the study was to provide information to high school principals and teachers to better understand how students were performing and learning and to maximize use of the formative district benchmark assessment in order to modify instruction and positively impact student achievement. This study expanded a prior limited study which correlated district benchmark assessment scores to FCAT scores for students in grades three through five in five elementary schools in the targeted county. The high correlations suggested further study. This research focused on secondary reading, specifically in 10th grade where both state and targeted county FCAT scores were low in years preceding this research. Investigated were (a) the district formative assessment in reading as a predictor of FCAT Reading scores, (b) differences in strength of correlation and prediction among student subgroups and between high schools, and (c) any relationships between reading formative assessment scores and Mathematics FCAT scores. An additional focus of this study was to determine best leadership practices in schools where there were the highest correlations between the formative assessment and FCAT Reading scores. Research on best practices was reviewed, and principals were interviewed to determine trends and themes in practice. Tenth grade students in the seven Florida targeted district high schools were included in the study. The findings of the study supported the effective use of formative assessments both in instruction and as predictors of students' performance on the FCAT. The results of the study also showed a significant correlation between performance on the reading formative assessment and performance on FCAT Mathematics. The data indicated no significant differences in the strength of correlation between student subgroups or between the high schools included in the study. Additionally, the practices of effective principals in using formative assessment data to inform instruction, gathered through personal interviews, were documented and described.

From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful. The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year? The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.