Tvångsmässig shopping, compulsive buying, är en störning som innebär att individen har svårigheter att motstå shoppingimpulser. I huvudsak är det kvinnor som uppvisar tvångsmässig shopping och genomsnittsåldern är 30-31 år. Det finns dock forskningsresultat som tyder på att genus- och åldersskillnaderna minskar (Dittmar, 2005). Tvångsmässiga shoppare har också framträdande materialistiska värderingar och/eller svårigheter att reglera känslor visar separata studier. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan tvångsmässig shopping, materialistiska värderingar och emotionsregleringsförmåga i en och samma studie. Tre etablerade mätinstrument användes i studien. Deltagarna, 136 varav 94 kvinnor,var huvudsakligen studenter vid Mälardalens högskola. Resultatet visade dessutom att kvinnor tvångsshoppar mer. Det fanns inget signifikant samband mellan tvångsmässig shopping och ålder. Studien visade att tvångsmässig shopping var signifikant relaterat till både materialistiska värderingar och bristande emotionsregleringsförmåga oberoende av varandra. Framtida forskning bör testa ytterligare hur emotionsreglering och materialistiska värderingar tillsammans eller var för sig producerar tvångsshopping.

While many jokes and sales of specialty merchandise have been made that make light of consumers who frequently shop and buy (e.g., "When the going gets tough, the tough go shopping," or "I am a shopaholic"), for 18 million Americans suffering from compulsive buying, the process of shopping and buying has caused their lives to literally go out of control. The outcomes of this disease for individuals, families, and business are all negative. In a marketing era of social responsibility, if marketers either knowingly or unknowingly encourage increased consumption among compulsive buyers, potential negative outcomes stand to impact others well beyond the span of the personal psychological and financial situations of individual consumers. The purpose of this study was to explore in depth the structures of human consciousness of compulsive buyers by employing the qualitative research tradition of phenomenology. The study was framed by the social constructivist paradigm where my emphasis was on understanding how the essence of each individual consumer's sense of reality was shaped by her/his particular circumstances and lived experiences. From a theoretical perspective, the study offers an integrated framework by bringing together diverse constructs/data themes from previous research in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and marketing. Personality antecedents and short- and long-term consequences of compulsive buying were presented in the framework. The study's research question was, "What are the essential structures of the lived experiences of compulsive buyers?" A criterion-purposive sample, where all participants currently experience or have experienced the phenomenon of compulsive buying, was selected. Data collection and analysis were performed from prolonged engagement at Debtors Anonymous meetings over a 12-month period, plus in-depth interviews from six volunteer participants. Individual participant models of compulsive buying were constructed and juxtaposed against the original theoretical model. Data theme frequencies across participants were tabulated and discussed for comparisons against the theoretical model. Results indicated that while each participant's lived experience of the disease shared most theoretical themes identified by previous research, participants also revealed additional data themes unique to her/him. Marketing implications and recommendations for improved marketing strategy were offered.

Background: 'Neuromarketing' is a term that has often been used in the media in recent years. These public discussions have generally centered around potential ethical aspects and the public fear of negative consequences for society in general, and consumers in particular. However, positive contributions to the scientific discourse from developing a biological model that tries to explain context-situated human behavior such as consumption have often been neglected. We argue for a differentiated terminology, naming commercial applications of neuroscientific methods 'neuromarketing' and scientific ones 'consumer neuroscience'. While marketing scholars have eagerly integrated neuroscientific evidence into their theoretical framework, neurology has only recently started to draw its attention to the results of consumer neuroscience. Discussion: In this paper we address key research topics of consumer neuroscience that we think are of interest for neurologists; namely the reward system, trust and ethical issues. We argue that there are overlapping research topics in neurology and consumer neuroscience where both sides can profit from collaboration. Further, neurologists joining the public discussion of ethical issues surrounding neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience could contribute standards and experience gained in clinical research. Summary: We identify the following areas where consumer neuroscience could contribute to the field of neurology: First, studies using game paradigms could help to gain further insights into the underlying pathophysiology of pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, epilepsy, and Huntington's disease. Second, we identify compulsive buying as a common interest in neurology and consumer neuroscience. Paradigms commonly used in consumer neuroscience could be applied to patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia to advance knowledge of this important behavioral symptom. Third, trust research in the medical context lacks empirical behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Neurologists entering this field of research could profit from the extensive knowledge of the biological foundation of trust that scientists in economically-orientated neurosciences have gained. Fourth, neurologists could contribute significantly to the ethical debate about invasive methods in neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience. Further, neurologists should investigate biological and behavioral reactions of neurological patients to marketing and advertising measures, as they could show special consumer vulnerability and be subject to target marketing. (authors' abstract)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleide Maria Bartholi Guimaraes.pdf: 3064944 bytes, checksum: 6364420791fd1ae12fc2d94ff16f159a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-13 / In a context where transformations occur in gender roles and where money and consumption hold an important position in love relationships, it is more and more difficult to integrate them in couples s life. Consumption behavior has assumed academic importance in recent decades including behavior of excessive buying -, which translates to the figure of compulsive shopper.This study aims to map interaction patterns amongst couples where one of the members is diagnosed a compulsive buyer, addressed in families from vertical and horizontal axes through communication process, as proposed by Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson (1967). A qualitative survey was produced, outlined by a Multiple Case Study, developed through semi-structured interviews and genograms. Eight heterosexual couples participated in the study and interviewed at FMUSP s Psychiatry Institute (IPq). Based on the analyses, four patterns emerged: symmetrical with arguments and fights and with pathological interaction and escalations; symmetrical with arguments and fights with escalations that occur only when stress increases; rigid complementary with submission by one of the two dyad members, and; symmetrical with acceptance and capacity to deal with differences, which may or may not escalate. We observed that the rigid complementary and the symmetrical with argument interaction patterns are the most present amongst participants parents, whose transmission ended up interfering in the construction of couples interaction. Use of the abrupt/curt style, considered a form of verbal violence is received from their family of origin and expressed in the relationship of most participating couples. Oniomania involves relationship patterns received from the previous generation by dysfunctional interaction patterns, which can be associated to impulsive consumption actions. We recommend group couples therapy to break through these injunctions and rebuild past experiences to recreate new living forms and decrease downfalls / O consumo e as formas de dispor do dinheiro têm papel importante na vida cotidiana e permeiam os jogos dos casais. O comportamento de consumo adquiriu relevância acadêmica nas últimas décadas, assim como o comportamento de comprar em demasia, que se traduz na figura do comprador compulsivo. De uma perspectiva sistêmica, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo mapear os padrões de interação em casais nos quais um dos membros é diagnosticado como comprador compulsivo, abordados por meio do processo de comunicação, conforme proposto por Watzlawick, Beavin e Jackson (1967). Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, delineada por meio de Estudo de Caso Múltiplo e desenvolvida a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de genogramas. Participaram do estudo oito casais heterossexuais entrevistados no Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPq) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). A partir das análises emergiram quatro padrões de interação: o simétrico com disputas e brigas e com interação patológica e escaladas, o simétrico com disputas e brigas com escaladas que ocorrem somente quando aumenta o estresse, o complementar rígido com submissão de um dos dois membros da díade, e o simétrico com aceitação e capacidade de lidar com as diferenças, que pode ou não ter escaladas. Observamos que os padrões de interação complementar rígido e o simétrico com disputas são os mais presentes entre os pais dos participantes, cuja transmissão acabou por interferir na construção dos padrões de interação dos casais. O uso do estilo brusco, considerado como forma de violência verbal na comunicação do casal, é recebido das famílias de origem e observado nos relacionamentos da maioria dos casais participantes. Nesse sentido a oniomania envolve padrões relacionais recebidos da geração anterior, por meio de formas de comunicação disfuncionais, que podem estar associadas às ações impulsivas de compras dos protagonistas do estudo. Sugerimos a inclusão de atendimento de grupos de casais a fim de desconstruir essas injunções e ressignificar as experiências passadas para criar novas formas de convivência com o fenômeno e reduzir as recaídas

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the relationships between social media, fashion interest and fast fashion involvement and whether these psychographic variables affect propensity for compulsive clothing buying and (2) to determine whether a relationship exists between compulsive buying and propensity toward hoarding. Data was collected through consumer panel from Qualtrix. Screener questions ensured that all respondents were adult females with an interest in fashion. Responses yielded 232 usable surveys, which were analyzed using SPSS software. Social media was found to be positively related to fashion interest, fast fashion involvement, and compulsive clothing buying. Compulsive clothing buying was found to be positively related to all three compulsive clothes hoarding symptoms: clothing clutter disorganization, clothing acquisition, and difficulty discarding clothing.

A Compra Compulsiva (CC) está atualmente classificada como um transtorno do controle dos impulsos não classificados em outro local (TCI). A prevalência das CC é estimada em cerca de 5% da população geral e é identificada com maior frequência no gênero feminino. O comportamento repetitivo e crônico do comportamento de gastar descontroladamente gera consequênias negativas ao indivíduo, além dos elevados índices de comorbidades com transtorno de humos, ansiedade e outros TCIs, o que contribui para manter a divergência existente sobre a classificação da CC. Tem sido proposto que CC deve ser classificada como um TCI, ou como uma sub-síndrome do transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB), ou ainda como uma variante do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) semelhante ao armazenamento compulsivo. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar qual classificação pode ser mais adequada para a CC. Para isso, adotamos duas abordagens: a primeira abordagem é a investigação das categorias diagnósticas para identificar as comorbidades psiquiátricas; a segunda abordagem refere-se as dimensões psicopatológicas em que comparamos impulsividade, sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, instabilidade afetiva e armazenamento em pacientes com CC, TOC e TAB. Foram selecionados 80 pacientes (24 CC, 35 TOC e 21 TAB que não estivessem em mania nem hipomania) primeiramente foram avaliados de acordo com o SCID-CV e da seção especial para TCI e depois responderam os questionários de autopreenchimento. Realizamos duas análises: categorial e dimensional. Na análise categorial houve um equilibrio de associação entre os três grupos diagnósticos, e as comorbidades psiquiátricas apresentadas pelos três grupos diagnósticos foram congruentes com as descritas na literatura. Na análise dimensional os pacientes de CC apresentaram escores significativamente mais altos em todas as medidas de impulsividade e na aquisição, mas não nas outras sub-dimensões do armazenamento compulsivo, amontoamento e dificuldade em descartar. Pacientes bipolares pontuaram mais na dimensão mania da escala SCI-MOODS. Pacientes com TOC pontuaram mais nos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, e principalmente nas dimensões contaminação/lavagem e checagem da escala Pádua Inventory; no entanto, eles não apresentaram maior pontuação em nenhuma dimensão do armazenamento compulsivo. Um modelo discriminante foi construído com essas variáveis e classificou corretamente os pacientes de CC (79%), TOC (77%) e TAB (71%). Considerando os resultados da análise categorial cada um dos transtornos apresentou uma agregação categorial distinta, e na análise dimensional os pacientes com CC revelaram ter aquisição impulsiva, assemelhando-se aos TCI ao invés de TOC ou TAB. Sintomas maníacos foram bem distintos nos pacientes bipolares, assim como pacientes com TOC apresentaram mais obsessão e compulsão. Sintomas de armazenamento com exceção da aquisição não foram particularmente associados a qualquer grupo diagnóstico / Compulsive Buying (CB) is currently classified as an impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified (ICD). The prevalence of CB is estimated at around 5% of the general population and is identified with greater frequency in females. The chronic repetitive behavior and the behavior of spending wildly generates negative consequences to the individual, in addition to high rates of comorbidity with mood disorder, anxiety and other ICDs, which helps to maintain the existing disagreement on the classification of CB. It has been proposed that CB should be classified as an ICD, or as a sub-syndrome of bipolar disorder (BD), or as a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), similar to compulsive hoarding. The aim of this study is to investigate which classification is best suited for CB. For this, we adopt two approaches: the first approach is the investigation of the diagnostic categories to identify psychiatric comorbidities, the second approach refers to the psychopathological dimensions in which we compared impulsivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, affective instability and hoarding in patients with CB, OCD and BD. We selected 80 patients (24 CB, 35 OCD and 21 BD who were not in mania or hypomania) were first evaluated according to the SCID-CV and the special section to TCI, then answered the self-report questionnaires. We performed two analyses: categorical and dimensional. In categorical analysis, there was a balance of association between the three diagnostic groups, and psychiatric comorbidities by the three diagnostic groups were consistent with those described in the literature. In dimensional analysis of CB patients, there were significantly higher scores in all measures of impulsivity and the acquisition, but not in other sub-dimensions of the compulsive hoarding, clutter and difficulty discarding. Bipolar patients scored higher on the mania dimension from the SCI-MOODS scale. OCD patients scored higher on obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and, particularly, higher on the contamination/washing and checking dimensions from the Padua Inventory scale; however, they did not score higher on any hoarding dimension. A discriminant model built with these variables correctly classified patients of CB (79%), OCD (77%) and BD (71%). Considering the results of categorical analysis, each of the disorders presented a distinct clustering categorical, and dimensional analysis in patients with CB reported having impulsive acquisition, resembling the TCI instead of OCD or BD. Manic symptoms were distinctive of BD patients, and patients with OCD were distinctive obsession and compulsion. Hoarding symptoms other than acquisition were not particularly associated with any diagnostic group

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-23T00:20:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarindiaBrandtner.pdf: 535266 bytes, checksum: 44b2e59858f1e72c770653a7c499c7af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T00:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarindiaBrandtner.pdf: 535266 bytes, checksum: 44b2e59858f1e72c770653a7c499c7af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nenhuma / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado aborda o processo de mudança terapêutica na Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC), com ênfase na patologia do comprar compulsivo. A dissertação compõe-se de uma revisão sistemática sobre psicoterapia para casos de compras compulsivas e de um estudo empírico do processo de mudança em um caso de TCC. A revisão sistemática da literatura partiu do tema das compras compulsivas e suas opções psicoterapêuticas. Para tanto, foi efetuada uma busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE (NLM), Social Sciences Citation Index (Web of Sciences), Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) e American Psychological Association (APA) com as palavras-chave psychotherapy (psicoterapia) and (e) compulsive buying (compras compulsivas), compreendendo o período de 2002 a 2012. Foram excluídos artigos de teóricos, de revisão e que avaliavam exclusivamente tratamento psicofarmacológico. Do total de 96 encontrados, apenas seis preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos encontrados, apesar de poucos, apontaram que existem estudos sendo desenvolvidos com propósito de testar e validar intervenções efetivas para o tratamento das compras compulsivas. Apesar dos indícios de efetividade de abordagens psicoterápicas no tratamento do comprar compulsivo, a escassez de estudos, a ausência de estudos comparativos entre diferentes psicoterapias, entre outros aspectos, indicam a necessidade de implementar pesquisas sobre a efetividade do tratamento psicológico face a face com este tipo de psicopatologia. O estudo empírico teve como objetivo avaliar resultados do tratamento psicoterápico de uma compradora compulsiva e descrever o processo terapêutico. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma clínica privada do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As participantes foram uma terapeuta, psicóloga e especialista em Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, com mais de dez anos de experiência na área e uma paciente, adulta, casada, com sintomas de comprar compulsivo, aliados a depressão. Foram realizadas 12 (doze) sessões de psicoterapia, utilizando o enfoque da TCC. Todo o tratamento foi gravado em áudio e posteriormente transcrito e avaliado por uma dupla de juízes independentes, através do método Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) para a obtenção de descrições quantitativas de elementos que caracterizaram o processo terapêutico, considerando fatores da paciente, da terapeuta e da interação entre ambas. A avaliação dos resultados foi obtida através de medidas antes, durante e após o tratamento, de sintomas de comprar compulsivo (YBOCS-SV), ansiedade (BAI), depressão (BDI-II) e de ajustamento social (EAS). Este estudo apontou que a TCC foi efetiva no tratamento de comprar compulsivo, promovendo a redução de comportamentos disfuncionais típicos desta patologia, a reestruturação de cognições disfuncionais da paciente e a melhora dos sintomas de depressão e de ajustamento social. Os achados não permitem generalizar quais fatores foram mais importantes para estes positivos resultados, porém, a aliança terapêutica, as tarefas comportamentais, a motivação da paciente e a atitude de apoio da terapeuta, foram fatores essenciais para este processo. / This Master´s Dissertation discusses the process of therapeutic change in cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), with emphasis on pathology of compulsive buying. The dissertation consists of a systematic review on psychotherapy for cases of compulsive buying and an empirical study of the change process in a case of CBT. A systematic review of the literature came from the theme of her compulsive buying and psychotherapeutic options. The search found 96 articles, only six of which met the inclusion criteria. The articles found, though few, have pointed out that there are studies being developed for the purpose of testing and validating effective interventions for compulsive buying treatment. Despite the evidence of effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of compulsive buying, the scarcity of studies, the lack of comparative studies between different psychotherapies, among other things, indicate the need to implement research on the effectiveness of psychological face to face treatment with this type of psychopathology. The empirical study aimed to evaluate psychotherapy results of a compulsive buyer and to describe the therapeutic process. The research was conducted in a private clinic in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Participants were a therapist, psychologist and expert in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, with over ten years of experience in the field and a patient, adult, married, with symptoms of compulsive buying, coupled with depression. Twelve (12) sessions of psychotherapy were performed, using the approach of CBT. All treatment was recorded on audio, transcribed, and evaluated by a pair of independent judges with the method Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) for obtaining quantitative descriptions of elements that characterize the therapeutic process, considering patient’s, therapist’s and interaction’ factors. The evaluation of results were obtained through measurements of compulsive buying symptoms (YBOCS-SV), anxiety (BAI), depression (BDI-II) and social adjustment (EAS), performed before, during and after treatment. This study showed that CBT was effective to treat compulsive buying, promoting reductions of dysfunctional behaviors that are typical of this condition, restructuring patient´s dysfunctional cognitions and improving depressive symptoms and social adjustment. The findings do not allow generalizing what factors were most important to these positive results. However, therapeutic alliance, behavioral tasks, patient´s motivation, and therapist´s supportive attitude were essential factors to this process.

A Compra Compulsiva (CC) está atualmente classificada como um transtorno do controle dos impulsos não classificados em outro local (TCI). A prevalência das CC é estimada em cerca de 5% da população geral e é identificada com maior frequência no gênero feminino. O comportamento repetitivo e crônico do comportamento de gastar descontroladamente gera consequênias negativas ao indivíduo, além dos elevados índices de comorbidades com transtorno de humos, ansiedade e outros TCIs, o que contribui para manter a divergência existente sobre a classificação da CC. Tem sido proposto que CC deve ser classificada como um TCI, ou como uma sub-síndrome do transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB), ou ainda como uma variante do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) semelhante ao armazenamento compulsivo. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar qual classificação pode ser mais adequada para a CC. Para isso, adotamos duas abordagens: a primeira abordagem é a investigação das categorias diagnósticas para identificar as comorbidades psiquiátricas; a segunda abordagem refere-se as dimensões psicopatológicas em que comparamos impulsividade, sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, instabilidade afetiva e armazenamento em pacientes com CC, TOC e TAB. Foram selecionados 80 pacientes (24 CC, 35 TOC e 21 TAB que não estivessem em mania nem hipomania) primeiramente foram avaliados de acordo com o SCID-CV e da seção especial para TCI e depois responderam os questionários de autopreenchimento. Realizamos duas análises: categorial e dimensional. Na análise categorial houve um equilibrio de associação entre os três grupos diagnósticos, e as comorbidades psiquiátricas apresentadas pelos três grupos diagnósticos foram congruentes com as descritas na literatura. Na análise dimensional os pacientes de CC apresentaram escores significativamente mais altos em todas as medidas de impulsividade e na aquisição, mas não nas outras sub-dimensões do armazenamento compulsivo, amontoamento e dificuldade em descartar. Pacientes bipolares pontuaram mais na dimensão mania da escala SCI-MOODS. Pacientes com TOC pontuaram mais nos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, e principalmente nas dimensões contaminação/lavagem e checagem da escala Pádua Inventory; no entanto, eles não apresentaram maior pontuação em nenhuma dimensão do armazenamento compulsivo. Um modelo discriminante foi construído com essas variáveis e classificou corretamente os pacientes de CC (79%), TOC (77%) e TAB (71%). Considerando os resultados da análise categorial cada um dos transtornos apresentou uma agregação categorial distinta, e na análise dimensional os pacientes com CC revelaram ter aquisição impulsiva, assemelhando-se aos TCI ao invés de TOC ou TAB. Sintomas maníacos foram bem distintos nos pacientes bipolares, assim como pacientes com TOC apresentaram mais obsessão e compulsão. Sintomas de armazenamento com exceção da aquisição não foram particularmente associados a qualquer grupo diagnóstico / Compulsive Buying (CB) is currently classified as an impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified (ICD). The prevalence of CB is estimated at around 5% of the general population and is identified with greater frequency in females. The chronic repetitive behavior and the behavior of spending wildly generates negative consequences to the individual, in addition to high rates of comorbidity with mood disorder, anxiety and other ICDs, which helps to maintain the existing disagreement on the classification of CB. It has been proposed that CB should be classified as an ICD, or as a sub-syndrome of bipolar disorder (BD), or as a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), similar to compulsive hoarding. The aim of this study is to investigate which classification is best suited for CB. For this, we adopt two approaches: the first approach is the investigation of the diagnostic categories to identify psychiatric comorbidities, the second approach refers to the psychopathological dimensions in which we compared impulsivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, affective instability and hoarding in patients with CB, OCD and BD. We selected 80 patients (24 CB, 35 OCD and 21 BD who were not in mania or hypomania) were first evaluated according to the SCID-CV and the special section to TCI, then answered the self-report questionnaires. We performed two analyses: categorical and dimensional. In categorical analysis, there was a balance of association between the three diagnostic groups, and psychiatric comorbidities by the three diagnostic groups were consistent with those described in the literature. In dimensional analysis of CB patients, there were significantly higher scores in all measures of impulsivity and the acquisition, but not in other sub-dimensions of the compulsive hoarding, clutter and difficulty discarding. Bipolar patients scored higher on the mania dimension from the SCI-MOODS scale. OCD patients scored higher on obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and, particularly, higher on the contamination/washing and checking dimensions from the Padua Inventory scale; however, they did not score higher on any hoarding dimension. A discriminant model built with these variables correctly classified patients of CB (79%), OCD (77%) and BD (71%). Considering the results of categorical analysis, each of the disorders presented a distinct clustering categorical, and dimensional analysis in patients with CB reported having impulsive acquisition, resembling the TCI instead of OCD or BD. Manic symptoms were distinctive of BD patients, and patients with OCD were distinctive obsession and compulsion. Hoarding symptoms other than acquisition were not particularly associated with any diagnostic group

Consumer debt is a growing phenomenon in the US and throughout the world. The beginning of the 21st century has been defined by such an incredible growth in consumer debt that American families have increased their debt relative to personal income four times faster than in the 1990s. Since the Federal Reserve began measuring the amount of American consumer debt and consumer income in the 1980s, consumer debt never exceeded consumer income until 2004 when it reached 104.8% of income. In the last two decades, researchers have observed a significant correlation between debt and mental health. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a comprehensive sample of previous quantitative research conducted on the relationship between debt and mental health. This thesis discusses the research in the following categories: 1) increased debt as a contributor to decreased mental health; 2) decreased mental health as a contributor to increased debt; 3) high correlation between debt and mental health risks.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of compulsive buying, phenomenon which is a current topic for today's society and its incidence is rising. The area of oniomania includes psychological but also social and financial aspects of the disorder. The thesis focuses mainly on the sphere of introduction of oniomania, as a great danger to man and society, especially in the context of financial illiteracy. Enough room is devoted to explication of main key words from the area of addictions (drug addictions and behavioral addictions). Attention has also been dedicated to an important chapter of the issue of gender in context to the pathological shopping and also to topics of getting to know the possibilities of treatment and prevention. The practical part of the thesis deals with research of level of awareness and orientation issues of shopping addiction among university students Using analysis of submitted questionnaires, this part of the thesis tries to find answers to fundamental questions related to the theme of financial literacy.