Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Éminent naturaliste du XIXe siècle, Charles Darwin publie en 1859 ce qui s'avérera être l’un des textes fondateurs des sciences de la vie : On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (ou OS). Ce volumineux ouvrage pose les assises conceptuelles de la théorie darwinienne de l'évolution. Cette dernière suscite encore de nos jours la controverse : certains la nient (créationnisme, dessein intelligent, etc.) alors que d'autres la poussent à l'extrême (eugénisme, darwinisme social, etc.). Vu la grande portée de l'OS, le problème de sa traduction en français se présente de lui-même. Ce champ d'étude reste pourtant largement inexploré. Nous avons donc choisi, dans le présent travail, d’étudier les traductions françaises de l’OS. Notre étude s’inscrivant dans un axe de recherche qui s’intéresse aux modes de conceptualisation métaphorique en usage dans les domaines biomédicaux, ainsi qu’aux problèmes de traduction qu’ils soulèvent, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer plus particulièrement sur les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique présents dans le texte de l'OS, et sur la manière dont ils ont été traduits en français. Pour mener à bien ce projet, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie à partir de celle déjà utilisée avec succès dans des études antérieures menées au sein du même axe de recherche que le nôtre. En plus de l’annotation et l’interrogation informatisée de notre corpus, cette méthodologie consiste en la mise en relation, au plan informatique, de plusieurs traductions d’un même texte. De par sa complexité technique, son élaboration constitue l’un des objectifs majeurs de notre étude. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de confirmer deux de nos trois hypothèses : 1) la totalité des modes de conceptualisation identifiés dans notre corpus anglais se retrouvent également dans chacune des traductions, et 2) aucun mode de conceptualisation métaphorique ne peut être dégagé des traductions françaises qui n’est pas déjà présent dans l’original anglais. En plus de nous permettre de comparer chaque traduction à l’original anglais, ces résultats nous ont également permis de comparer entre elles les différentes traductions françaises de l’OS. Ce mémoire de maîtrise comporte six chapitres, qui correspondent tour à tour à : notre cadre théorique, l'état de la question, nos hypothèses et nos objectifs, notre méthodologie, nos résultats et la discussion de ces résultats. / In 1859, prominent British naturalist Charles Darwin published On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (OS). In this book, Darwin introduces his theory of evolution. Since its inception, however, the Darwinian theory of evolution has been shrouded in controversy, rejected outright by some (proponents of creationism, intelligent design, etc.) or highjacked by others (proponents of eugenics, social Darwinism, etc.). Yet the profound impact of the theory extends well beyond the English-speaking world. Despite this, the French translations of this important book have rarely been studied. Therefore, in the current study, we have chosen to fill this gap and study the French translations of the OS. Our study is conducted within a framework that is mainly concerned with conceptual metaphors in biomedical discourse, as well as the problems they cause in the process of translation. We have thus chosen to focus on the identification of conceptual metaphors in the OS, and the ways in which they were translated into French. For this project, we developed a methodology involving the electronic annotation and interrogation of our corpus, namely the OS and its French translation. It also involves the creation of electronic links between a translation and its source text. This methodology is based on a previous one, already used successfully in other studies. Due to its complexity, its development constitutes one of the major objectives of our study. The results thus obtained have made it possible to confirm two of our three hypotheses: 1) all conceptual metaphors identified in the original English text of the OS can be found in each of the French translations, and 2) no conceptual metaphor can be found in any of the French translations that is not already present in the original English text. The results obtained allowed us to compare each translation to the original text, but also to compare the translation amongst themselves. This Master’s thesis includes six chapters, which correspond in turn to our: theoretical framework, literature review, hypotheses and objectives, methodology, results, and discussion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Silva.pdf: 3125713 bytes, checksum: 9422f108d73f1654c745c294425afb0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The major goal of the research presented here is to identify the conceptual metaphors in ads published in Veja magazine, the main news weekly in Brazil. A corpus was collected to represent the ads both from a synchronic and a diachronic perspectives, covering nearly 40 years of the print history of the magazine. The research was inspired by Corpus Linguistics for both the design and the annotation of the corpus, but the principal analytic method employed was content analysis, which was used as a means to code in words the visual content of the ads. This coding was then interpreted in terms of the underlying conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphors are mappings from one conceptual domain to another, which structure our way of thinking and acting in the world (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2002). The study of visual metaphors is not widespread in the literature, and the study presented in this doctoral dissertation attempted to contribute to fill this gap. To achieve this goal we looked at three different types of products advertised in the magazine: alcoholic beverages, vehicles and cigarettes. The results showed that different semantic attributes and conceptual metaphor shape the ads for the different products over time, and that there are distinct patterns for the individual product types / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as metáforas conceptuais nas imagens publicitárias da revista Veja, em um corpus coletado criteriosamente para representar sincrônica e diacrônicamente os anúncios publicitários dos quase 40 anos de revista. A pesquisa usa o método da análise de conteúdo para analisar as metáforas nos elementos visuais dos anúncios sob o prisma da vertente teórica de Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002) da metáfora e cognição, o qual infere um sistema metafórico que parte das expressões linguísticas e/ou visuais que subjazem ao nosso pensamento e nossas ações. Para alcançar esse objetivo recorreu-se a três tipos de produtos mais anunciados na revista: bebidas alcóolicas, veículos e cigarros. Recorremos à bibliografia referente aos estudos da metáfora, como Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002), Vereza (2007) e Berber Sardinha (2007). Além desses, foram utilizados os pressupostos da análise do conteúdo, com base em Bardin (2008). Com este estudo foi possível notar que os anúncios desses produtos fazem parte da cultura e da construção histórico-social de consumo da sociedade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pericles Cesar de Araujo.pdf: 2815289 bytes, checksum: 8b5efd754b4e27e42558c8f0ebe0c75e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-18 / This thesis aims at dealing with issues concerning the scientification of Mathematics Education and, consequently, the methods used in researches in that area. It means dealing with methodological issues, under qualitative, quantitative and mixed perspectives with the objective of discussing the increase, always desired, of the reliability of data analysis. It is a theoretical research, with methodological procedures adequate to this kind of study, that is, bibliographical review, analysis of thesis, dissertations, articles and books. Among the theoretical background, we mention Didactic Engineering, Conceptual Metaphor, Fuzzy Logics, Bayesian Statistics and elements from Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos theories. The Didactic Engineering was considered the common thread of reflections; the Fuzzy Logics, inserted for the research universe in Mathematics Education, is characterized by an important heterogeneity of the phenomena. The Bayesian Statistics is a referential to deal with the qualitative aspect. As results, we propose in this thesis, mixed methods of research in Mathematics Education. The first is the one that considers the combination of two methods: the Bayesian method and the Didactic Engineering; the second is the Fuzzy and Bayesian. This way, we understand that with this thesis, we contribute to the discussion on the use of mixed methodology in researches in Mathematics Education, as well as present a method with potential to develop the research in Mathematics Education with scientific characteristics that meet the demands of Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos / Esta tese tem por objetivo tratar das questões relativas à cientificidade da Educação Matemática, e em consequência, dos métodos utilizados na pesquisa dessa área. Ou seja, tratar das questões metodológicas, nas perspectivas qualitativas, quantitativas ou mistas com vistas a discutir a ampliação, sempre desejável, da confiabilidade da análise de dados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter teórico, com procedimentos metodológicos adequados a esse tipo de estudo, ou seja, realização de levantamento bibliográfico, análise de dissertações, teses, artigos, e livros. Entre as bases teóricas, estão a Engenharia Didática Clássica, a Metáfora Conceitual, a Lógica Difusa, a Estatística Bayesiana, e elementos das teorias de Popper, Kuhn e Lakatos. A Engenharia Didática Clássica foi considerada um fio condutor das reflexões; a Lógica Difusa é inserida, pois o universo da pesquisa em Educação Matemática é caracterizado por uma acentuada heterogeneidade de fenômenos. A Estatística Bayesiana é um referencial para tratar do aspecto quantitativo. Como resultado são propostos nesta tese métodos mistos de pesquisas em Educação Matemática. O primeiro deles é aquele que considera a agregação de dois métodos: o Método Bayesiano e a Engenharia Didática Clássica; o segundo é o Método Estatístico Bayesiano de Dados Difusos. Assim, avaliamos que trazemos, com esta tese, uma contribuição para a discussão sobre o uso de metodologias mistas na pesquisa em Educação Matemática, bem como que apresentamos um método com potencialidades de munir a pesquisa em Educação Matemática de características científicas que atendam às exigências de Popper, Kuhn e Lakatos

This MA thesis scrutinizes metaphors used by the late medieval English in order to explore the cultural response to climate anomalies of varying severity prefacing the Little Ice Age. The thesis indicates that changes in these cultural expressions marked a transformation in late medieval English writers' conceptions of the natural world and their relationship to it. The central hypothesis is that repeated, long-term unreliable and uncertain weather conditions, and the resulting material insecurities and losses, stimulated a fundamental cultural response which reconfigured the metaphors used for the natural world. Although the representation of nature is inescapably an act of imagination, metaphors and metonymies for nature will be identified in the medieval creative literature, as well as the proto-scientific study of weather, and, in the context of the socioeconomic metabolism model, be brought under the light of conceptual metaphor analysis for elucidation.

This MA thesis scrutinizes metaphors used by the late medieval English in order to explore the cultural response to climate anomalies of varying severity prefacing the Little Ice Age. The thesis indicates that changes in these cultural expressions marked a transformation in late medieval English writers' conceptions of the natural world and their relationship to it. The central hypothesis is that repeated, long-term unreliable and uncertain weather conditions, and the resulting material insecurities and losses, stimulated a fundamental cultural response which reconfigured the metaphors used for the natural world. Although the representation of nature is inescapably an act of imagination, metaphors and metonymies for nature will be identified in the medieval creative literature, as well as the proto-scientific study of weather, and, in the context of the socioeconomic metabolism model, be brought under the light of conceptual metaphor analysis for elucidation.

Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos konceptualiosios metaforos, atrinktos iš Europos Sąjungos dokumentų tekstyno anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis, ir jų vertimas. Oficialiuose tekstuose paprastai nesitikima rasti daug kalbos gražinimo priemonių, tokių kaip metaforos. Tačiau jos yra sudėtinė visų kalbų dalis, o konceptualioji yra ypatinga tuo, kad gali būti prigijusi pačiose netikėčiausiose srityse, ir, jei neatliekami tam tikri tyrimai, gali likti nepastebėta. Darbe apibrėžta metaforos samprata, nurodomos jos rūšys. Išskiriama konceptualioji metafora ir kelios jos klasifikacijos – pagal konvencionalumą, atliekamą funkciją (skirstomos į struktūrines, ontologines ir erdvines) ir apibrėžtumo laipsnį. Aprašius atrankos būdus ir kriterijus, dažniniuose dvižodžių ir trižodžių junginių sąrašuose atrinktos konceptualiosios metaforos. Kiekviena pagal atliekamą funkciją priskirta struktūrinėms, ontologinėms arba erdvinėms. Lygiagrečiajame anglų-lietuvių kalbų ES dokumentų tekstyne buvo ieškoma kiekvienos konceptualiosios metaforos vertimo, siekiant nustatyti, ar junginiai išlaikė savo konceptualumą; ar jį įgijo tik vertime; ar vertime jis pranyko. Nustatyta, kad iš dažniausiai pasikartojančių ES dokumentų tekstyne konceptualiųjų metaforų anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis vertime išlieka didžioji dalis, tai yra atitinkamai 61% ir 69%. Tipiškiausios, dažniausiai vartojamos konceptualiosios metaforos lygiagrečiajame tekstyne verčiamos labai vienodai. / This research is based on conceptual metaphors that were manually extracted from the English-Lithuanian corpus of European Union documents, the translation was analyzed. Normally it is uncommon to find many figures of speech in official texts, but metaphor is a component of all languages. The conceptual metaphor is naturalized in most uncommon areas without being noticed unless specifically investigated. Conception of metaphor and its types are defined in this work. Conceptual metaphor is presented, as well as possible classifications – by conventionality, by cognitive function they perform (classified into structural, ontological and orientational metaphors) as well as generality of metaphor. After presenting the identification criteria and methods, conceptual metaphors were extracted from the frequency lists of two-word and three-word combinations. Each conceptual metaphor was analyzed and classified as structural, ontological or orientational in accordance with the functions they perform. Translation of each metaphor was located in the English-Lithuanian parallel corpus of EU documents, in order to determine if the combinations retained their conceptuality; if it was obtained only in translation; if it vanished in translation. It was discovered that the majority of the most frequently used English and Lithuanian conceptual metaphors remained in translation, 61% and 69% respectively. The most typical, most frequently used conceptual metaphors are translated in the parallel... [to full text]

Ši disertacija – tai kontrastyvinio pobūdžio lingvistinis darbas, kurio tyrimų objektas yra viešasis anglų ir lietuvių kalbų diskursas politine tema. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokiais moralės modeliais vadovaujamasi Didžiosios Britanijos ir Lietuvos viešajame diskurse politine tematika, remiantis metaforos analize. Moksliniam tyrimui buvo renkami analitiniai straipsniai, kuriuose aprašomi Lietuvos (www.politika.lt) ir Didžiosios Britanijos (www.economist.com) politiniai įvykiai ketverių (Britanijos atveju) ir dvejų (Lietuvos atveju) metų laikotarpiu. Visame sinchroniniame tyrime taikomas trianguliacijos metodas, leidžiantis ištirti metaforos raišką įvairiais aspektais, derinant kokybinius (aprašomąjį, analitinį ir kognityvinį) tyrimus su kiekybiniu tyrimu. Buvo nustatyta trylika universalių metaforų: JUDĖJIMAS, JĖGA, KARAS, GYVŪNAI, SANDARA, JUSLĖS, VISUMA, SPORTAS, SVEIKATA, SANTYKIAI, PURVAS, VERSLAS ir TEATRAS. Gretinamoji analizė rodo, kad anglų kalbos metaforos skiriasi nuo lietuvių kalbos metaforų savo epistemine sandara. Anglų kalbos metaforų analizė rodo vertinimą, grindžiamą kompleksiniu moralės modeliu. Toks politinių įvykių vertinimas byloja apie progresyvią demokratinę politinę sistemą, pasižyminčią dinamiškumu, vertinimų kaita ir įvairove. Lietuvių kalbos metaforų analizės metu nustatytas vyraujantis pragmatinis metaforos moralės modelis su labai nežymiai išreikštais kitais metaforos moralės modeliais. Toks Lietuvos politinių įvykių vertinimas rodo pragmatinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The present study has attempted the analysis of public discourse and its moral expectations through metaphor at a contrastive level in the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics. The study deals with the identification of morality models in public discourse in English and Lithuanian. The materials of the study consist of analytical political articles extracted from the online archives of two following websites: (1) www.economist.com, (2) www.politika.lt. The collected data amounts to 415, 670 words in total. Three methods of analysis were applied to the collected data: qualitative, quantitative and contrastive. The analysis reveals that political affairs in both cultures are framed by the same conceptual metaphors. The structural composition of the conceptual metaphors has been examined in terms of the following thirteen SOURCE domains: MOTION, RELATIONSHIP, STRENGTH, HEALTH, SPORTS, WAR, ESSENCE, BUSINESS, DIRT, SENSES, WHOLENESS, THEATRE, and ANIMALS. The cross-mapping between SOURCE domains and TARGET domains is held by different epistemic correspondences, which leads to the variability of MORALITY models across the two languages, i.e. English and Lithuanian. British politics tends to be more varied in its moral expectations, which derive from three types of Morality Systems: Pragmatic, Rational and Integrated. Thus, the moral expectations governing British political discourse are based on the Complex Morality Model. By contrast, Lithuanian politics is... [to full text]

The present study has attempted the analysis of public discourse and its moral expectations through metaphor at a contrastive level in the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics. The study deals with the identification of morality models in public discourse in English and Lithuanian. The materials of the study consist of analytical political articles extracted from the online archives of two following websites: (1) www.economist.com, (2) www.politika.lt. The collected data amounts to 415, 670 words in total. Three methods of analysis were applied to the collected data: qualitative, quantitative and contrastive. The analysis reveals that political affairs in both cultures are framed by the same conceptual metaphors. The structural composition of the conceptual metaphors has been examined in terms of the following thirteen SOURCE domains: MOTION, RELATIONSHIP, STRENGTH, HEALTH, SPORTS, WAR, ESSENCE, BUSINESS, DIRT, SENSES, WHOLENESS, THEATRE, and ANIMALS. The cross-mapping between SOURCE domains and TARGET domains is held by different epistemic correspondences, which leads to the variability of MORALITY models across the two languages, i.e. English and Lithuanian. British politics tends to be more varied in its moral expectations, which derive from three types of Morality Systems: Pragmatic, Rational and Integrated. Thus, the moral expectations governing British political discourse are based on the Complex Morality Model. By contrast, Lithuanian politics is... [to full text] / Ši disertacija – tai kontrastyvinio pobūdžio lingvistinis darbas, kurio tyrimų objektas yra viešasis anglų ir lietuvių kalbų diskursas politine tema. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokiais moralės modeliais vadovaujamasi Didžiosios Britanijos ir Lietuvos viešajame diskurse politine tematika, remiantis metaforos analize. Moksliniam tyrimui buvo renkami analitiniai straipsniai, kuriuose aprašomi Lietuvos (www.politika.lt) ir Didžiosios Britanijos (www.economist.com) politiniai įvykiai ketverių (Britanijos atveju) ir dvejų (Lietuvos atveju) metų laikotarpiu. Visame sinchroniniame tyrime taikomas trianguliacijos metodas, leidžiantis ištirti metaforos raišką įvairiais aspektais, derinant kokybinius (aprašomąjį, analitinį ir kognityvinį) tyrimus su kiekybiniu tyrimu. Buvo nustatyta trylika universalių metaforų: JUDĖJIMAS, JĖGA, KARAS, GYVŪNAI, SANDARA, JUSLĖS, VISUMA, SPORTAS, SVEIKATA, SANTYKIAI, PURVAS, VERSLAS ir TEATRAS. Gretinamoji analizė rodo, kad anglų kalbos metaforos skiriasi nuo lietuvių kalbos metaforų savo epistemine sandara. Anglų kalbos metaforų analizė rodo vertinimą, grindžiamą kompleksiniu moralės modeliu. Toks politinių įvykių vertinimas byloja apie progresyvią demokratinę politinę sistemą, pasižyminčią dinamiškumu, vertinimų kaita ir įvairove. Lietuvių kalbos metaforų analizės metu nustatytas vyraujantis pragmatinis metaforos moralės modelis su labai nežymiai išreikštais kitais metaforos moralės modeliais. Toks Lietuvos politinių įvykių vertinimas rodo pragmatinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal