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Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2004.

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La présente étude a pour objectif de déterminer la place réservée à la proximité dans les systèmes de droit international privé de la famille français et tunisien. L’accent sera mis tout d’abord sur les divergences entre les deux pays dans l’identification du rattachement le plus proche de manière abstraite et les méthodes adoptées pour le désigner, ensuite sur les insuffisances constatées dans l’intégration de ce procédé dans les deux pays. Ainsi, il s’avère que l’orientation générale du législateur tunisien privilégiant le rattachement des relations familiales à la nationalité, s’intègre bien dans une perspective de recherche de la proximité telle que perçue dans le système tunisien. A l’inverse, le système français requiert un choix différent qui tient compte de la composition de la société française. La résidence habituelle qui ne cesse de proliférer dans les règles de conflit françaises concrétise mieux que la nationalité, le rattachement de proximité en France. Cependant, les prévisions des règles de conflit préétablies sont susceptibles d’être détrompées lors de leur application, ce qui nécessite une correction tant sur le plan conflictuel, que sur le plan matériel. Les corrections appellent l’intervention du juge qui doit vérifier d’une part, la conformité du résultat établi objectivement avec la spécificité de la relation de droit et d’autre part, la conformité des dispositions du droit désigné aux recommandations de l’ordre juridique dû. Toutefois, dans une matière où le législateur est intervenu, il devient difficile de laisser au juge la possibilité d’apprécier souverainement le résultat d’une règle de droit prédéterminée. C’est pourquoi, l’exercice discrétionnaire par le juge de cette prérogative est appréhendé par les législateurs français et tunisien en raison de l’insécurité qu’elle pourrait engendrer. Pourtant, il existe bel et bien des méthodes permettant de concilier les exigences de la proximité avec celles de la sécurité juridique. Il convient par conséquent de les identifier, avant de proposer les réformes nécessaires dans les systèmes étudiés afin de mieux concrétiser la proximité. / The following study is aimed to determine the broad place of the proximity in Private International Family Law within French and Tunisian legal systems. First of all, this analysis draw attention to the differences between countries in the identification of the connecting factor in abstract way within personal status matters as well as the methods used to designate it. Then, it underscores the deficiencies observed within the integration of this process in both countries.Thus, the general position of the Tunisian legislator which is in favor for connecting factor offamily relationships to nationality fits into a perspective research of proximity as provided in the Tunisian system. Unlike, the French system requires a different choice reflecting the composition of the French society. The proliferation of habitual residence in the French rules of conflictem bodies more than nationality, the connecting factor of proximity in France.However, the forecasts of pre-established rules of conflict are undeceived and may require, when applied, their correction in terms of conflict and material. Such corrections require the intervention of judges to verify the compliance of the result with the specificity of the relationship of law on one hand and the compliance of the provisions referred by the law of the Forum on the other hand. Nevertheless, when the legislator intervened, it becomes difficult to allow the assessment of the result pre-determined of the rule of law to the judge. Therefore, the appreciation of the judge for such prerogative is apprehended by legislators of both legal systems already studied because of the insecurity that could generate. Nonetheless, there are methods which allow the reconciliation of requirements of proximity withthose of legal security. Consequently, it would be more appropriate to identify them before proposing the necessary reforms within studied systems to better embody the proximity.

1 English Summary The aim of this thesis is to compare the determination of law applicable to non- contractual obligations in the Czech Republic and the United States of America. In the beginning I provide a brief overview of the international private law in general and then the substantial law of torts in both Czech Republic and the USA and the prospective changes in the new Civil Code which should be applicapble from 2014. The fifth chapter concerns with the law applicable to non-contractual obligations in the Czech Republic. In the first place there is a statute (Private International Law Act), but the majority of its provisions were overruled by the Rome II regulation, which unifies the privite international law of the EU states. According to the regulation, general rule for the law applicable to non-contractual obligation arising out of torts is lex loci delicti (the law of the country in which the dammage occurs). Rome II then provides special rules for product liability, unfair competition, environmental dammage, etc. In the Czech Republic the regulation does not apply to traffic accidents because the Czech Republic is a contracting state to Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents. The sixth chapter focuses on the law applicable to torts in the USA. The first subchapter deals with...

COMPANIES IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW - ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to familiarize the reader with the regulation of companies in private international law, with special regards to status of the company. The topic is mainly overtaken by the conflict between the incorporation principle and real seat principle. This conflict is reflected in the legal regulation of companies in private international law on both national law level and European law level. It is also connected to the question of competition between legal systems, which the thesis also deals with. Considering the globalizing world we live in and in which the perpetual need to reduce costs plays more and more important role, the topic is highly current. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. The introductory chapter introduces the topic and points out the objectives of the thesis. The second chapter explains the basic concepts it is going to work with, namely the concept of a company and private international law (conflict of laws). The following chapter discusses the question of status of the company. It explains the definition of status of the company and afterwards describes the individual theories of determining it, i.e. incorporation theory, real seat theory and a few other rarely used theories. In the fourth chapter, the author pays...

A presente dissertação versa a teoria geral da determinação da lei aplicável no Direito Internacional Privado, sob a ótica de parâmetros cosmopolitas colhidos em outras ciências humanas, em perspectiva interdisciplinar. Analisam-se vários estudos recentes sobre o cosmopolitismo, bem como suas origens remotas, de modo a propor possíveis relações do tema com o método conflitual do Direito Internacional Privado. No capítulo I, empreende-se estudo histórico, retornando às origens do cosmopolitismo (filosofias grega e romana), passando pelo cosmopolitismo de Kant, no séc. XVIII, para então, finalmente, examinar os cosmopolitismos contemporâneos. Quanto a estes, procede-se à uma taxionomia e se exploram algumas proposições teóricas de especial utilidade para a determinação da lei aplicável. No capítulo II, busca-se transpor o cosmopolitismo do plano das demais ciências humanas para o plano da teoria jurídica em particular. Analisa-se, primeiro, o que implica a ideia de cosmopolitização do direito e, após, a relação entre o cosmopolitismo e o Direito Internacional Privado em específico. Dá-se especial atenção à aplicação da ideia de justiça cosmopolita no contexto da determinação da lei aplicável. No capítulo III, trata-se dos três grandes métodos de determinação da lei aplicável (multilateralismo, unilateralismo e materialismo), em perspectivas histórica e crítica. Conclui-se que a adoção do multilateralismo enquanto estrutura principal de determinação da lei aplicável, flexibilizado pelo princípio da proximidade, atende mais à imparcialidade cosmopolita que os outros dois métodos. No capítulo IV, propõe-se uma visão cosmopolita do princípio da ordem pública, concentrando-se em duas importantes evoluções teóricas mais recentes: as noções de ordem pública de proximidade e de ordem pública verdadeiramente internacional. Procede-se, ademais, a exame crítico da aplicação da exceção da ordem pública, no que se refere à lei aplicável, na jurisprudência brasileira recente. Ao fim do estudo, as principais conclusões são enumeradas. / This dissertation addresses international choice of law, through the lens of cosmopolitan standards collected from other humanities, undertaking an interdisciplinary approach. Many recent studies on cosmopolitanism are examined, as well as its remote origins, so as to propose links between choice of law and cosmopolitanism. In chapter I, a historical study is undertaken, going back to the origins of cosmopolitanism (Greek and Roman philosophers), dealing moreover with Kants cosmopolitanism (18th century) and contemporary cosmopolitanisms. Accordingly, a division into categories is proposed and some theoretical notions of special importance to choice of law are tackled. In chapter II, cosmopolitan concepts are applied to legal theory. First, consequences are drawn from the idea of cosmopolitanizing law. Afterwards, the relation between Conflict of Laws and cosmopolitanism is addressed. The focus is on the application of the idea of cosmopolitan justice to choice of law. In chapter III, the three existing choice of law methods are addressed (multilateralism, unilateralism and substantialism), historically and critically. It is concluded that the adoption of multilateralism as a general framework, flexibilized by the principe de proximité, is a better option in terms of cosmopolitan impartiality than the other two methods. In chapter IV, a cosmopolitan vision of public policy is proposed, focusing upon two important theories recently conceived: the notions of ordre public de proximité and of truly international public policy. Also, a critical address of the recent application of the public policy exception by Brazilian courts (within the choice of law context) is made. At the end, the main conclusions are enumerated.

Le mariage, objet de cette étude, n'est pas soumis dans sa totalité à une loi unique. On distingue traditionnellement entre sa formation, ses effets et sa dissolution. Le droit international privé algérien soumet les conditions de fond du mariage à la compétence de la loi nationale des époux, et la forme à l'une des lois suivantes : la loi du lieu de la célébration, la loi du domicile commun, la loi nationale commune ou encore à la loi régissant les règles de fond. Les effets du mariage sont régis par la loi nationale du mari au moment de la conclusion du mariage; la dissolution est, quant à elle, soumise à la loi nationale du mari appréciée au moment de l'acte introductif d'instance. L'élaboration des règles de conflit ainsi que la qualification exacte de certaines conditions de validité du mariage ne suffisent pas pour pouvoir affirmer que les conflits sont réglés; car la loi, désignée comme compétente par les règles de conflit nationales, peut être écartée au profit d'une autre. A coté de l'ordre public qui est la raison la plus connue et dont la conception varie d'un pays à un autre, il y a le cas du renvoi et le cas de la fraude à la loi. La comparaison entreprise ici entre le système algérien, égyptien et français, révèle que, bien que ces systèmes connaissent un langage commun, celui du droit international privé, ce langage a un accent différent dans les deux premiers systèmes en raison du caractère religieux du droit interne du mariage. L'originalité de ces derniers réside, en effet, dans le fait qu'ils érigent la religion musulmane et le privilège de nationalité comme facteurs de rattachement en matière de statut personnel. C'est ainsi donc, que les solutions des conflits de lois relatifs à la formation, aux effets et à la dissolution du mariage, deviennent des plus délicates. / Formation, Effects and Dissolution of Marriage in Algerian and Comparative Private International Law: Study of Conflicts of LawsAbstract: The marriage, object of this study, is not submitted in its entirety to a single law. One distinguishes traditionally between its formation, its effects and its dissolution. Algerian private international law subjects the basic conditions of marriage to the jurisdiction of the national law of the spouses and the form, to one of the following laws : the law of the place of celebration, the law of the common domicile, the common national law or the law governing the substantive rules. The effects of marriage are governed by the national law of the husband at the time of the conclusion of the marriage; the dissolution is, in turn, subject to the national law of the husband assessed at the time of the initiating act. The elaboration of the conflict rules as well as the exact qualification of certain conditions of validity of the marriage are not enough to be able to affirm that the conflicts are settled; because the law, designated as competent by the national conflict rules, can be overridden in favor of another. Next to public order, which is the most well-known reason and whose conception varies from one country to another, there is the case of the dismissal and the case of the fraud with the law. The comparison made here between the Algerian, Egyptian and French systems reveals that, although these systems have a common language, that of private international law, this language has a different emphasis in the first two systems because of the religious nature of the domestic law of marriage. The originality of these two systems resides in the fact that they establish the Muslim religion and the privilege of nationality as connecting factors in matters of personal status. It is thus that the solutions of the conflicts of laws relating to the formation, the effects and the dissolution of the marriage, become more delicate.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the legal and ethical consequences of new reproductive technologies in the context of Kenya's two systems of law, namely, English-based statutory law and native customary law. The paper starts by examining how infertility was dealt with by traditional Kenyan societies before the advent of reproductive technologies and proceeds to look at some of these customs that have survived in contemporary Kenya. / Currently reproductive technologies are being carried out in a legal vacuum in Kenya and in the event of any dispute involving the procedures, courts have to refer to existing laws, both customary and statutory. The thesis therefore examines what these technologies are and how Kenya's dual system of law would respond to some of the family law dilemmas raised by the use of these reproductive procedures. The thesis then discusses whether there is enough justification to enact a new, uniform, hybrid Act that takes into consideration both systems of laws in relation to the challenges brought on the technologies. / It is the position of the author that an integrated hybrid Act ought to be passed. This Act would act as a broad framework for regulation, however the Act would not be the exclusive form of regulation. The last part of the thesis therefore makes recommendations on other forms of control that ought to be considered by legislators and policy makers in Kenya, to deal with the myriad of legal and ethical issues precipitated by reproductive technologies.