FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese trata das relaÃÃes entre senhores e trabalhadores que viveram na regiÃo do Cariri, localizada no extremo sul da ProvÃncia do CearÃ, na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX. O domÃnio do espaÃo regional se deu, nÃo sà pela apropriaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, como o controle da terra, mas tambÃm atravÃs da elaboraÃÃo de um discurso sobre a vocaÃÃo econÃmica do lugar e na exploraÃÃo de trabalhadores livres e escravizados, em diferentes atividades econÃmicas. Numa abordagem que se insere no campo da HistÃria Social, procuro analisar as questÃes que envolvem o mundo do trabalho: as contradiÃÃes resultantes da desigualdade social, as prÃticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores, bem como os conflitos e as diferentes formas de resistÃncia dos trabalhadores. Foram utilizadas fontes como jornais, leis, processos criminais, processos civis, inventÃrios, correspondÃncias e relatÃrios de autoridades pÃblicas. / This thesis discusses the relations between masters and workers who lived in the region of Cariri, located in the extreme south of the Province of CearÃ, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The regional area domain occurred not only by natural resources appropriation, such as control of the land, but also through the development of a speech on economic vocation of the place and exploitation of free and enslaved workers, in different economic activities. In an approach based on the field of Social History, I intend to analyze the issues implicating the labor world: contradictions arising from social inequality, control practices established by masters, as well as the conflicts and different forms of workers resistance. Were used sources such as newspapers, laws, criminal cases, civil cases, inventories, correspondences and reports of public authorities.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese trata das relaÃÃes entre senhores e trabalhadores que viveram na regiÃo do Cariri, localizada no extremo sul da ProvÃncia do CearÃ, na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX. O domÃnio do espaÃo regional se deu, nÃo sà pela apropriaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, como o controle da terra, mas tambÃm atravÃs da elaboraÃÃo de um discurso sobre a vocaÃÃo econÃmica do lugar e na exploraÃÃo de trabalhadores livres e escravizados, em diferentes atividades econÃmicas. Numa abordagem que se insere no campo da HistÃria Social, procuro analisar as questÃes que envolvem o mundo do trabalho: as contradiÃÃes resultantes da desigualdade social, as prÃticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores, bem como os conflitos e as diferentes formas de resistÃncia dos trabalhadores. Foram utilizadas fontes como jornais, leis, processos criminais, processos civis, inventÃrios, correspondÃncias e relatÃrios de autoridades pÃblicas. / This thesis discusses the relations between masters and workers who lived in the region of Cariri, located in the extreme south of the Province of CearÃ, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The regional area domain occurred not only by natural resources appropriation, such as control of the land, but also through the development of a speech on economic vocation of the place and exploitation of free and enslaved workers, in different economic activities. In an approach based on the field of Social History, I intend to analyze the issues implicating the labor world: contradictions arising from social inequality, control practices established by masters, as well as the conflicts and different forms of workers resistance. Were used sources such as newspapers, laws, criminal cases, civil cases, inventories, correspondences and reports of public authorities.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A vitÃria de Lula nas eleiÃÃes 2002 inaugurou um quadro completamente novo no cenÃrio polÃtico nacional. O PT e os tradicionais aliados (PC do B, PSB, CUT, UNE, MST, etc.) assumem pela primeira vez a tarefa de âser governoâ no Ãmbito federal. Embora o Partido fosse a principal forÃa polÃtica da gestÃo no Poder Executivo e no Congresso Nacional, a sigla despontou como um dos agentes que mais divergiram do governo Lula. De um lado, setores do PT cumprem o papel de protagonistas nas tensÃes com o governo. De outro lado, uma parte majoritÃria do Partido faz a defesa da gestÃo e segue as orientaÃÃes do Poder Executivo para as votaÃÃes no Congresso Nacional. Essa dinÃmica de conflitos entre PT e governo Lula (2003-2006) constitui meu objeto de estudo. Busco entender as razÃes dos conflitos entre esses agentes. A investigaÃÃo percorreu diversas fontes, dentre as quais se destacam: notÃcias veiculadas na imprensa (Folha de SÃo Paulo impresso e on-line), periÃdicos do PT e de suas tendÃncias, sites vinculados aos personagens e instituiÃÃes da pesquisa (PT e suas tendÃncias, parlamentares), documentos partidÃrios (resoluÃÃes, notas, manifestos), textos acadÃmicos referentes ao assunto, revistas, etc. No que diz respeito ao arcabouÃo teÃrico, conceitos como trade-off eleitoral, âlinha polÃticaâ e âcoalizÃo dominanteâ foram tomados como essenciais para a anÃlise do material empÃrico e elaboraÃÃo dos argumentos. Para alÃm da disputa entre projetos e perspectivas ideolÃgicas, os conflitos entre petistas e governo expressavam tambÃm os distintos parÃmetros de aÃÃo que orientavam os agentes polÃticos. A esquerda petista e o grupo dominante no PT pautaram a relaÃÃo com os dirigentes governamentais atravÃs de distintos parÃmetros.

Nas últimas décadas, iniciou um processo de mudança na gestão pública. Em especial, quanto aos recursos hídricos, pode-se perceber que a reflexão acerca dessa mudança está relacionada com a discussão teórica sobre governança das águas, a qual prevê que a gestão deva ser participativa, integrada, descentralizada, por bacia hidrográfica e com mecanismos de resolução de conflitos de forma rápida, pacífica e satisfatória. As mudanças políticas e os debates teóricos estão reciprocamente implicados nesse processo, o que demonstra o processo de construção da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) que determina uma gestão através de consensos, nos órgãos colegiados como o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH), formado por diversos setores da sociedade, divergentes em seus interesses, e com a importante função de tomar decisões sobre a gestão da água, bem ambiental vital e escasso. Os conflitos, que são inerentes à condição humana, passam a ser qualificados pelas complexas relações ambientais, sociais e econômicas que envolvem a função do CBH, além da difícil comunicação entre várias visões e linguagens diferentes, todas consideradas legítimas. Torna-se imprescindível o tratamento dos conflitos, transformando-os de forma positiva, ou seja, compreendendo como possibilidade de desenvolvimento pessoal e social. As formas tradicionais de resolução de disputas utilizadas pelo direito são influenciadas pelo pensamento positivista, binário e excludente, além de fomentar a adversariedade, tende a valorizar apenas uma verdade, uma compreensão ou visão do problema. Não permitindo a diversidade e, também, não se mostram adequadas a promoverem a cooperação, a co-responsabilidade, a participação efetiva, a inclusão social, diretrizes estabelecidas pela PNRH. Dessa forma, deve-se buscar meios alternativos, que concretizem tais diretrizes citadas. A Mediação, procedimento no qual um terceiro imparcial facilita a comunicação, para que as próprias pessoas envolvidas solucionem seus conflitos, ressalta a cooperação, a igualdade de participação, a cidadania, construindo relações e prevenindo futuras disputas. Ela é fundamentada na interdisciplinaridade, poderá contribuir para a mudança de paradigma no tratamento de conflitos sobre questões ambientais, sobre os quais o CBH tem competência legal para solucionar. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar que a Mediação, por lidar com os conflitos dentro de uma perspectiva mais inclusiva, participativa e ternária é a mais adequada para tratar os conflitos em torno dos recursos hídricos, que a visão positivista e binária do direito presente nas demais formas de resolução, de acordo com a opção de gestão e o tipo de governança da água que o Brasil adotou nas suas políticas públicas ambientais. A presente pesquisa analisará as teorias sobre governança da água, o contexto sóciojuridico brasileiro, a teoria da Mediação e sua aplicabilidade em questões ambientais e demonstrará que a Mediação é meio adequado para ser utilizado pelo órgão para exercer sua competência legal de solucionar disputas relacionadas com os Recursos Hídricos. / In the last few decades, began a process of change in public management. In particular, with regard to water resources, you can see that the thinking about that change is related to the theoretical discussion on governance of water, which requires that management should be participatory, integrated, decentralized, by river basin and mechanisms conflicts of a quick, peaceful and satisfactory. The political changes and the theoretical debates reciprocal are implied in this process, which shows the process of building the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH), which provides a management by consensus, in the bodies collegiate bodies as the Committee on Watershed (CBH), formed by various sectors of society, divergent in its interests, and with the important task of making decisions on water management and environmental, vital and scarce ambient good. The conflicts that are inherent in the human condition, will be qualified for the complex relations environmental, social and economic involving the function of the CBH, in addition to the difficult communication between different visions and different languages, all considered legitimate. It is essential to dealing with conflicts, turning them in a positive way, that is, understanding as the possibility of personal and social development. The traditional forms of dispute resolution used by the law are influenced by the positivist thought, binary thought and exculpatory, beyond fomenting the adversariedade, it tends to value only one truth, an understanding the problem through one vision of. Not allowing the diversity and also does not show appropriate to promote cooperation, co-responsibility, the effective participation, social inclusion, policy guidelines established by the PNRH. Of this form, it must be searched alternative ways, that materialize such cited lines of direction. The Mediation, procedure in which an impartial third party facilitates communication so that the people involved resolve its own conflicts, stresses cooperation, equal participation, citizenship, building relationships and preventing future disputes. It is based on interdisciplinary, could contribute to the change of paradigm in dealing with conflicts on environmental issues, on which the CBH has legal competence to solve. This paper aims to demonstrate that mediation, for dealing with conflicts within a more inclusive, participatory and ternary way is the most appropriate to deal with conflicts around the water, that the positivist and binary vision of this law in other forms of resolution in accordance with the option of management and governance of the type of water that Brazil has adopted in its environmental policies. This research will examine the theories on governance of water, the Brazilian socio-legal context, the theory of mediation and its applicability in environmental issues and demonstrate that mediation is appropriate means to be used by the CBH to exercise its jurisdiction to resolve legal disputes related with the Water Resources

Neste trabalho, objetiva-se uma reflexão sobre o modelo Juruti Sustentável proposta de modelo para o desenvolvimento local sustentável, proposto pela empresa mineradora Alcoa, em meados da década de 2000, quando da instalação do Projeto Mina de Juruti no município de Juruti, oeste do estado do Pará. Suas bases se fundam na ideia de sustentabilidade e em premissas específicas relacionadas à abordagem de território, conflitos ambientais e participação social. Tal reflexão parte i) da contextualização de conceitos e ideias-chave do campo de estudos do desenvolvimento; ii) da contextualização histórica e geográfica da região amazônica e das dinâmicas decorrentes dos modelos de desenvolvimento aplicados à região, em especial ligadas à mineração em escala industrial; iii) dos conflitos ambientais e debate sobre participação social; e iv) de referências locais a partir de entrevistas e observações em campo. / The focus of this study is the Juruti Sustentável model (Sustainable Juruti), a sustainable local development model which, in 2005, was proposed by the mining company Alcoa when establishing the Juruti Mine Project, located in Para state, Brazil. The model is fundamentally based on the concept of sustainability, and specific assumptions related to processes for planning, environmental conflicts and stakeholder participation. In considering this model, the study contextualizes i) concepts and key ideas, and places them within a development study framework; ii) the relative history and geography of the Amazon region, in addition to the dynamics that have arisen as a result of development models being implemented in the region, especially related to large scale mining; iii) environmental conflicts and debate surrounding stakeholder participation; and iv) locallysourced information drawn from interviews and field observations.

Cada vez mais brasileiros ingressam no sistema de franquias, buscando alternativas estruturadas para iniciar empreendimento. A partir do início da década de 90, o segmento obteve faturamentos crescentes, o que serviu de estímulo aos empreendedores. Buscando regulamentar a ação das redes, em 1994 foi criada a Lei 8.955, que instituiu princípios básicos do sistema no país, buscando legalizar a atuação das redes de franquia por meio da adequação de seus contratos e padrões de operação. Hoje o sistema conta com 1197 redes de franquias e mais de 65.553 unidades dados que comprovam a força do setor. Este crescimento deixa cada vez mais evidente a necessidade das franqueadoras desenvolverem medidas de soluções efetivas de conflitos em suas redes, visto que o sucesso do sistema é dado à medida em que o franqueado acata as normas do franqueador. Desta maneira, a dissertação identifica quais os conflitos organizacionais mais freqüentes nas redes entrevistadas, realizando observações sobre ações preventivas adotadas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, em quatro redes de franquias do setor alimentício. Inicialmente, foram pesquisadas fontes secundárias de dados, com o intuito de se estruturar uma revisão teórica que contextualizasse com precisão o panorama atual da estruturação do sistema de franquias no Brasil, bem como fundamentos de prevenção de conflitos pela negociação. Os dados coletados foram analisados pela análise de proposições teóricas. Identificou-se que os principais conflitos das redes são causados por falhas de comunicação entre as partes, contratos desestruturados e por falhas na padronização de produtos da rede Outra constatação foi a de que algumas redes de franquias adotam medidas de prevenção de conflitos que posteriormente podem originar conflitos ainda maiores. / Each year more Brazilians enter the franchise system, seeking alternatives to start structured venture. From the beginning of the 90s the growing segment obtained rising incomes which served as a stimulus to entrepreneurs. Seeking to regulate the action of franchise, was created in 1994 the 8955 Law, establishing basic principles of the system in the country, seeking to legalize performance of franchise through the adequacy of their contracts and standards of operation. Today the system has 1,197 franchise networks and more than 65,553 units - data that show the strength of the sector. This growth makes increasingly clear the need for franchisors to develop effective solutions to conflicts in their networks since the success of the system is given to the extent that the franchisee abides the rules of the franchisor. Thus, the dissertation identifies the most frequent organizational conflict on interviewed networks, making remarks on preventive actions taken. To achieve this, it will place a qualitative research, case study type in four franchises of the food sector. Initially, a secondary data research was done in order to organize a theoretical review able to put into context accurately the current situation of the franchise system structuring in Brazilas well as grounds for resolving disputes by negotiation. Data collected were analyzed by analysis of theoretical propositions. It was identified that the main conflicts of networks are caused by failures of communication between the involved, unstructured contracts and failure of standardization of product in the network. Another finding was that some networks of franchises adopt measures to prevent conflicts that may later cause even greater conflict, and there are differences in the methods of prevention and solution of conflicts in the degree of experience of networks.

Two questions are addressed: 1) whether a dream is meaningful as a whole, or whether the scenes are separate and unconnected, and 2) whether dream images are an epiphenomenon of a functional physiologicaL process of REM sleep, or whether they are akin to waking thought. Theories of REM sleep as a period of information-processing are reviewed. This is Linked with work on the relationship between dreaming and creativity, and between memory and imagery. Because of the persuasive evidence that REM sleep is implicated in the consolidation of memories there is a review of recent work on neural associative network models of memory. Two theories of dreams based on these models are described, and predictions with regard to the above two questions are made. Psychological evidence of relevance to the neural network theories is extensively reviewed. These predictions are compared with those of the recent application of structuralism to the study of dreams, which is an extension from its usual field of mythology and anthropology. The different theories are tested against four nights of dreams recorded in a sleep Lab. The analysis shows that not only do dreams concretise waking concerns as metaphors but that these concerns are depicted in oppositional terms, such as, for example, inside/outside or revolving/static. These oppositions are then permuted from one dream to the next until a resolution of the initial concern is achieved at the end of the night. An account of the use of the single case-study methodology in psychology is given, in addition to a replication of the analysis of one night's dreams by five independent judges. There is an examination of objections to the structuralist methodology, and of objections to the paradigm of multiple dream awakenings. The conclusion is drawn that dreams involve the unconscious dialectical step-by-step resolution of conflicts which to a great extent are consciously known to the subject. The similarity of dreams to day-dreams is explored, with the conclusion that the content of dreams is better explained by an account of metaphors we use when awake and by our daily concerns, than by reference to the physiology of REM sleep. It is emphasised that dreams can be meaningful even if they do not have a function.

Le Consulat de Mer de Nice est une juridiction commerciale et maritime souveraine, composée de magistrats professionnels, qui a évolué dans le cadre politique des Etats de la Maison de Savoie de 1613 à 1855. A la Restauration, cette institution singulière, se trouve « à l'interface » de deux systèmes juridiques, le système pluraliste du jus commune d'un côté et de l'autre le système moniste français porté par la codification napoléonienne. Le rôle ambigü de cette vaste entreprise d'uniformisation, idée chère à l'Etat et au commerce international, est au cœur du travail jurisprudentiel des magistrats du Consulat de Mer de Nice de 1814 à 1843. A partir de cette date, il n'y a plus qu'une source du droit en matière commerciale, le Code de commerce sarde qui recopie à l'identique le Code de commerce français de 1807. Le statut accordé au droit français, droit à la fois « étranger », territorial et national, par les magistrats du Consulat, ministère public et juges, préfigure cette évolution globale vers l'unification, tant dans l'intérêt étatique que pour la faveur du commerce. / The Consulat de Mer de Nice is a commercial and maritime supreme court, made up of professional Magistrates. It developed within the Etats de Savoie's political sphere from 1613 to 1855. During the Restauration, this unique institution finds itself halfway between two different legal systems, the pluralist system of the jus commune on one side, and the French one tier system brought by Napoléon’s codifications on the other. From 1814 to 1843, the Consulat de Mer’s Magistrates have an ambiguous standardizing task, important both to the state and to international law. As from 1843, the Sardinian commercial Code, a copy of the French commercial Code of 1807, has become the only source of law. The value attached to french law, a foreign, territorial and national law all at the same time, foretells of the global evolution towards standardization, both in the state’s interest and to develop/ease trade.

This study compares and analyses South Africa’s mediation efforts in Burundi from 1999-present, and Côte d’Ivoire from 2004-2006. A thorough study of the two conflicts reveals that the conflict in Burundi was far more intractable than that in Côte d’Ivoire, with very unique factors contributing to the conflict: a high population density coupled with land scarcity, in a bifurcated dual community with a Hutu majority and a Tutsi minority. The Tutsi minority had ruled over the Hutu majority since pre-colonial times. The Arusha Agreement for the Reconciliation of Burundi (2000) attempted to redress these historical circumstances by introducing proportional ethnic quotas. While enabling majority rule, these however, ensured the former minority rulers retain substantial power through the agreed proportional formulae. A significant challenge with which the South African mediators were faced was that the major Hutu rebel groups, the CNDD-FDD and the Paliphehutu-FNL remained outside the peace process until 2003 and 2008 respectively. The conflict in Côte d’Ivoire was influenced more strongly by economic factors. Once Ivoirité was introduced in 1964, based on the patrimonialism of President Felix Houphouët-Boigny’s one party rule, groups such as migrants, northerners and Muslims formed an alliance of the excluded and rebelled against the Ivoirité government. This continues to contribute significantly to the conflict in the country. Although the Côte d’Ivoirian conflict was far more negotiable, bad faith between the government and the rebels, agreements that did not address the root causes of the conflict as well as a proliferation of external mediators resulted in a protracted peace process that has not been completely resolved. The most significant contribution by South Africa may have been President Mbeki’s determination on Article 35 of the Côte d’Ivoirian constitution that excluded personalities who did not meet the requirements of Ivoirité from standing for public office. South Africa had, as a newly democratized country prioritized conflict and post conflict resolution as a pre-cursor to promoting development on the continent, which it sees as twin pillars of the African agenda for African renewal. This study aims to investigate how it fared in particularly these two endevours as it exported the South African model of conflict resolution based on its own transformation and which outcomes can be considered more successful. In assessing how South Africa fared, the outcomes of its intervention in each of the case studies, is weighed against criteria for successful conflict resolution determined by John Stremlau and William Zartman. Copyright / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

This study set out to examine the interplay of negotiations and military intervention in the resolution of the conflict in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002, and to draw lessons from this process for the resolution of intrastate conflicts in Africa. To achieve this, a more detailed analysis was undertaken on: the evolution and progress of the conflict in Sierra Leone (Chapter two); the various military interventions (Chapter three); and the various peace agreements (Chapter four). What has come to light is that it is important to distinguish between the triggers to the conflict and the drivers of the conflict. In the case of Sierra Leone, the trigger was ECOMOG’s entry into Liberia – an event that was mistakenly seen as the main cause of the conflict and leading to wrong decisions on how to end the conflict. It is also clear that greed was at the centre of the conflict in Sierra Leone since control of natural resources appear to be the main push factors behind most of the fighting. Control of these resources gave the holders an advantage. Progress in negotiations was determined by demands and concessions by those in control of the resources. An additional dimension that was common to many conflicts in Africa was control of the country’s capital city. Possession of this bestowed visible power to the holders. It is because of this that Freetown became the centre of many bouts of conflict. The study highlighted a number of issues that impact on the duration and outcome of intrastate conflicts. The first concerns the risks of sidelining the army that had played a significant role in governing the country. To do so, in favour of a civilian militia, was inviting trouble. This mistake extended the conflict by at least another two years. Also important was the issue of the over-militarisation of society. As the state structures failed, patronage and resources acted as drivers for the formation of other armed factions. The proliferation of armed factions made finding a solution more problematic. Increasing militarisation was further driven by the role of by neighbouring countries. This complicated the search for a political solution, as members of the regional group, ECOWAS, actively supported various sides in the conflict. While it was encouraging to see ECOWAS attempting to resolve the conflict, it could not sustain the role of being both a player and referee at the same time. As a result of this, ECOWAS itself contributed to the prolonging of the conflict. The intervention by the United Kingdom demonstrated that actors with superior force are in a position to make decisive interventions to help end conflicts. At the international level, the question on leaving conflict management to regional bodies is not a panacea for solving intrastate conflicts. The United Nations Security Council initially relied on ECOWAS to manage the conflict, but was later forced to take over the active peacekeeping role. It was also only when the United Nations began reflecting on earlier peacekeeping failures, such as Rwanda and Somalia, that new peacekeeping approaches began to emerge. This reflection also generated the continuing debate on the “Responsibility to Protect” vulnerable populations in intrastate conflict. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted