Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Distribution systems have not been designed to receive distributed generation (DG) units. The electric energy injection in these systems is safe and reliable if the characteristics regarding of DG interconnection in distribution power systems are considered: (i) Protection; (ii) Stability; (iii) Electric energy market; (iv) Quality of energy. In this work, aspects regarding of quality of energy and protection are studied. In the quality of energy aspect, converters with legs in parallel are approached. To demonstrate the power capability increase with converters with legs in parallel, the capabilities power curves of the converter are derived. Furthermore, a procedure to design an inductive filter from the distortion factor and limits of current harmonics is described. It is shown that converters with legs in parallel can be used to decrease the current harmonic content in the output of the DG and to increase the power curve capability of the converter. In the protection aspect, the stability analysis of an islanding detection method (IDM) based in positive feedback that has not Non-Detection-Zone (NDZ) is shown. A complete and a reduced dynamic model are derived. The results demonstrated that the reduced dynamic model is valid for the proposed analysis. Furthermore, a stable operation of an islanded utility section is demonstrated. However, if the IDM is added in the DG control system, it is possible a stable operation when the main utility is connected and an unstable operation when the DG unity is operating in islanding condition. Besides, the addition of a limiter in the output of the MDI can represent a limit cycle that induces a voltage oscillation in the islanded section that can be useful to under/over voltage relays coordination. Finally, a three phase converter with two legs per phase in parallel is used to validate the analyses. / Sistemas de distribuição não foram projetados para receber unidades de Geração Distribuída (GD). Para que a inserção de energia elétrica nesses sistemas ocorra de forma segura e com qualidade, as seguintes características relacionadas à conexão de GD a redes de distribuição devem ser consideradas: (i) Proteção; (ii) Estabilidade; (iii) Mercado de Energia; e (iv) Qualidade de Energia. Neste trabalho são estudados aspectos referentes à qualidade de energia e à proteção. No aspecto qualidade de energia, conversores com pernas em paralelo são abordados. Para demonstrar o aumento da capacidade de processamento de potência com conversores com pernas em paralelo, curvas de capabilidade de conversores são derivadas. Além disso, o procedimento de projeto de filtro indutivo a partir do fator de distorção e limites máximos de harmônicos de corrente é elaborado. Demonstra-se que essa abordagem de conversores permite a minimização do conteúdo harmônicos das correntes de saída da GD e a maximização das curvas de capabilidade do conversor. No aspecto proteção, é abordada a análise de estabilidade de método de detecção de ilhamento (MDI) local ativo, baseado na técnica com malha de realimentação positiva que não possui Zona de Não Detecção (ZND). Um modelo dinâmico completo e outro reduzido são derivados. Durante a análise, é demonstrado que o modelo dinâmico reduzido é válido para a análise do MDI. Além disso, é mostrado que uma operação estável é possível mesmo que a rede principal esteja desconectada. No entanto, ao adicionar o MDI, é possível ter uma operação estável quando a rede principal está presente e uma operação instável quando a unidade de GD está operando em condição ilhada. Ainda, a inserção da não-linearidade do limitador no MDI pode representar um ciclo limite, que induz uma oscilação na tensão no sistema ilhado que pode ser útil para a coordenação dos relés de sub/sobre tensão que detectam a ultrapassagem dos limites de tensões induzidas pelo MDI. Finalmente, um conversor trifásico com duas pernas por fase em paralelo é utilizado para validar as análises realizadas.

Mobile telecommunications belong to one of the fields which still evolves and it is expected that in the future they are going to offer great benefit to the whole world. This work focuses on current and future development of mobile Internet connection in the Czech Republic. At first the technologies used to provide mobile Internet connection are described and compared and then the situation (in terms of technologies and mobile operators) in the Czech market is outlined and its possible evolution in the near future is presented. Furthermore, the tarifs of mobile operators are compared with those in place two years ago. The strengths and weaknesses of the current mobile Internet connection are evaluated based on the conducted questionnaire survey. The latest results are then analyzed and compared with the results from a previous survey conducted in 2007 as part of a bachelor's thesis, which has been further extended in this mater's thesis.

This thesis aims to design a cabinet to house some of the required hardware to realize a 1000 A IGBT inverter controlled static excitation system. In the thesis practical design considerations are identified and solved. The suggested excitation system requires a cabinet to house the inverters. Together with inverter requirements stated by the inverter manufacturer and possible electromagnetic interference from switching of the IGBT:s, practical design considerations arise when realizing the system. Identified design considerations are heat dissipation, EMI, IP-code requirements and mechanical stresses at inverter connections. In this study, the design considerations are addressed and a cabinet design with required components inside is suggested. The suggested cabinet together with its components could fulfil the suggested system's- and the inverter's requirements. However, the IP-code allowed by the suggested EMC-seals might be lower than the IP54 required by the inverter. The cabinets EMC-properties will probably be lowered if regular rubber gaskets are used. The study suggests one possible configuration which is possible to realize. It is suggested that further consideration is dedicated to the EMI reducing properties of the cabinet if it is to be installed in an environment sensitive to EMI.

In cold-formed steel (CFS) construction, bolted connections without washers for either oversized or slotted holes may significantly expedite the installation process and lower the cost. However, the North American Specification (AISI S100, 2007) for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members requires washers to be installed in bolted connections with oversized or slotted holes. A research project (Phase 1) sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) was recently completed at the University of North Texas (UNT) that investigated the performance and strength of bolted CFS connections with oversized and slotted holes without using washers. The research presented in this thesis is the Phase 2 project in which the bolted CFS connections were studied in a broader respect in terms of the failure mechanism, the material thickness, and the hole configurations. Single shear and double shear connections without washers using oversized holes, oversized combined with standard or slotted holes were experimentally examined. Combined with Phase 1 results, the Phase 2 gives a comprehensive evaluation of the behavior and strength of bolted CFS connections with oversized and slotted holes without using washers. Revisions to the existing AISI North American Specification requirements for bolted connections are proposed to account for the reduction in the connection strength caused by the oversized and slotted hole configurations without washers. Specific LRFD and LSD resistance factors and ASD safety factors for different hole configurations in terms of the new proposed methods were presented.

Previous studies have mainly focused on the behaviour of timber under uniformly distributed compression perpendicular to the grain (CPG) loads. However, there are many practical applications in which timber is loaded by non-uniformly distributed CPG loads. Different design and test codes like the Eurocode 5 (EC5), DIN 1052:2004, ASTM D143- 94 and EN-408:2010 only account for load configurations where timber is subjected to uniformly distributed loads. For specific uniformly distributed load (UDL) configurations the bearing capacity of timber (solid softwood timber or Glulam) in compression is adapted by using a load configuration factor (kc,90) according to EC5, the European code for design of timber structures. EC5 has no guidelines for cross-laminated timber (CLT) under UDL with the exception of the Austrian National Regulations for EC5. In this work, an experimental and numerical study on the bearing capacity and displacement behaviour of CLT subjected to non-uniformly distributed loading (NuDL) is conducted on eight different load configurations. A steel-CLT connection in which the CLT is partially loaded is used in this study. Finite element modelling, performed using the commercial software Abaqus CAE is used as the numerical simulation of the experimental study and is validated by experimental results. Load configuration factors (kc,90) from experimental results are compared with values from the Swedish CLT handbook (KL-Trähandbok). The outcome of the study shows that load configuration factor for NuDL cases is higher than for UDL cases. Hence, for same load configurations a lower CPG strength is required in NuDL than in UDL. Moreover, numerical results feature overall good congruence with the elastic phase of the experiments and have the potential to augment experiments in further understanding other complex steel-CLT connections

Shallowly embedded column base connections with unreinforced block out concrete are a common method of connecting steel columns to their foundation. There has been little research done to accurately quantify the effects of this block out concrete on the connection strength and rigidity, and therefore there is nothing to aid the practicing engineer in accounting for this in structural analysis. Due to this lack of understanding, engineers have typically ignored the effects of shallow block out concrete in their analysis, presumably leading to a conservative design. Recent research has attempted to fill this gap in understanding. Several methods have been proposed that seek to quantify the effects of shallow block out concrete on a column base connection. Barnwell proposed a model that predicts the strength of a connection. Both Jones and Tryon used numerical modeling to predict the rotational stiffness of the connection. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the validity of these proposed models. A total of 8 test specimens were created at 2/3 scale with varying column sizes, connection details, and embedment depths. The columns were loaded laterally and cyclically at increasing displacements until the connection failed. The results show that the strength model proposed by Barnwell is reasonable and appropriate, and when applied to this series of physical tests produce predictions that have an observed/predicted ratio of between 0.95 to 1.39. The results also show that methods for estimating the rotational stiffness of the connection at the top of the block out concrete, as proposed by Jones and Tryon also produce reasonable values that had observed/predicted ratios of between 0.93 to 1.47. An alternative model for determining a design value for the rotational stiffness of a shallowly embedded column base plate is also proposed. When the embedment depth to column depth ratio is greater than 1.22, the connection is sufficiently rigid and at small deflections (less than 1% story drift) may be accurately modelled with infinite rotational stiffness (a "fixed" connection) at the base of the column.

This diploma thesis is based on proposal of manufacturing technology forging of connection rod by die forging. The connection rod is made of 12 050 steel and it is part of crank mechanism in combustion engine. Production series was specified to 120 000 pcs. for year. Into technology procedure was implemented method of cross wedge rolling before die forging. The material for transverse cross wedge rolling was chosen 19 554 steel. Process of die forging was selected three operation in vertical forging press LZK 4000 with pressure force 40 MN made by company Šmeral Brno a.s. For die material was chosen 19 552 steel. And finally was carried out technical and economical evaluation of the forging production.

The aim of diploma thesis is design of new connection in Havlickuv Brod. New connection will enable passage without setting-back between Brno and Jihlava in Havlickuv Brod.

This thesis is focused on the opportunities of conceptual development of the local distribution system Prototypa, a.s. At first, there is descripted condition of the current substations and internal electricity distribution system. Practical part of the thesis is dedicated to the evaluation of the construction of new transformer station and projection proposals of connection of the high-power charging station and new electric power supply.

The thesis deals with observation of cells parameters. One of the potential solutions for observing the characteristics of cells are utilization the electrochemical analyse called voltametry. Its fundamental consists of loading variable voltage in between two electrodes dipped in electrolytic solution and monitoring flowing current. The point of the thesis is to build up the measuring workplace, which can provide this measurement. We suggest utilization of modern laboratory technique and connection the measuring instruments with PC. The first part of the thesis deals with theoretical knowledge of used functions and describes theirs mathematics definitions. The second part deals with proceeding of workplace realization, instrument connection with PC and development application in computer’s language. Result is measuring workplace, which can provide observing cells according to entered parameters.