Les activités du commerce électronique et le cadre juridique qui en découle soulèvent des questions pertinentes, en particulier celle de la protection du consommateur lors de la formation du contrat.Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé les règles juridiques relatives au contrat électronique afin d’assurer la cohérence entre ces règles et le droit commun du contrat. Nous avons constaté que les contrats électroniques sont également soumis à des règles juridiques qui encadrent l’obligation du vendeur et de l’acheteur, la livraison, la réception, le paiement, la signature du contrat, le droit de rétractation, la garantie, etc.Les questions de la compétence juridictionnelle et la loi applicable étaient également envisagés, car le contrat électronique peut faire l’objet d’un litige international.Enfin, nous avons constaté que la valeur juridique du contrat électronique dépend en principe de la valeur juridique de l’écriture et de la signature électronique. / E-commerce activities and the legal frame that results from them raise many relevant questions. Especially those related to the consumer protection at the moment of conclusion and implementation of the contract.In this study we analyzed the legal regulations that govern electronic contracts in order to establish correlations with common law regulation. We noticed that E-contracts are also subject to legal rules framed by the obligations of the seller and the buyer such as delivery, reception, payment, signature of the contract, the right to withdrawal, etc.E-contracts constitute an issue of international controversy. The rules of competences of jurisdiction and the applicable laws are especially disputed.We concluded that the legal value of electronic contracts depends to a great extent on the legal value of the electronic writing and signature.

The exceptio doli generalis, which is the Roman law defence of “bad” faith, in the general form, has , until the decision of Bank of Lisbon and South Africa (SA) (Pty) Ltd, been one of the mechanisms that has been utilised by South African courts to apply abstract values of fairness and equity into the South African substantive law. The exceptio dolis generalis was available to a party in circumstances where the act of bringing the action by the other party constituted an act of “bad” faith. The court in the Bank of Lisbon and South Africa case decided that the exceptio doli generalis had never been received into Roman Dutch law and didn’t accept it as a defence that could be utilised and applied in South African law. After the decision in the Bank of Lisbon case there have been many differing views on whether the exceptio doli generalis can and should still be applied in South African law and concern in legal circles regarding the “gap” that the decision left in our law and the need to develop other means of ensuring greater fairness in the operation of the law of contract through possibly legislative intervention which at a stage was being investigated by the Law Commission. With the introduction of the Consumer Protection Act, Act 68 of 2008, the question which now comes to the fore is whether the Consumer Protection Act is a reintroduction of the exceptio doli generalis or whether the Act is merely a codification of the common law principles and abstract values of public policy/interest and good faith, which could mean one and the same thing. In order for this question to be answered an in depth investigation and study of theexceptio doli generalis, its applicability and development in South African law is required. Such a study is of importance in order for the aim and purpose of the defence to be properly understood. It is also necessary in order to understand how such a defence ties in and is closely linked with the abstract values and concepts of good faith and public policy/interest, which we have seen courts recognise in decisions subsequent to the Bank of Lisbon and South Africa case. Once this question is answered, attention will be turned to the Consumer Protection Act, its provisions and the effect thereof, and whether such provisions amount to the reintroduction of the exceptio dolis generalis but in an indirect way by the codification of the concepts of public policy/interest and good faith, which in turn could be the exceptio dolis generalis just called by a different name. The answer to this research question is very relevant and of extreme significance. It could mean that the South African legislature eventually got to doing what the legal profession has been asking of it for years and that is to put clarity on the defence of the exceptio doli generalis. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Private Law / unrestricted

La investigación es relevante ya que la gran rapidez en la producción y el consumo de productos OVM, hace que sea necesaria la realización de un estudio adecuado sobre la inadecuada regulación de estos productos en relación al derecho a la información y a la salud del consumidor. Así entonces, la investigación busca analizar sobre todo las implicancias de los OVM en los derechos del consumidor a la información y a la salud, teniendo en cuenta que, los OVM que más se comercializan, comprenden el grupo de alimentos más utilizados por los consumidores como el maíz, la soja, el trigo y el arroz, entre otro más. De modo que, la adopción de garantías de tutela para la gran cantidad de consumidores del mercado peruano es una situación de urgente y necesaria atención. Esta característica de estos productos, es decir su carácter de constituir productos de comercio masivo, hace necesario desarrollar un trabajo mediante el cual se pueda determinar que existen deficiencias en la protección de los derechos a la información y a la salud de los consumidores respecto a los OVM. / Tesis

La protection des droits des consommateurs est un sujet essentiel visant à établir un équilibre entre tous les acteurs bénéficiant de l'élargissement du marché sans frontières. Au moment où la coopération sur la protection du consommateur entre les pays membres de l'ASEAN est établie, les réflexions comparatives sur les mécanismes internes pour protéger les intérêts des consommateurs acquéreurs des biens dans ces pays s'avèrent être un sujet nécessaire pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes législatifs adoptés et des situations actuelles. Ceux-ci sont donc des facteurs importants pour le développement de la protection des consommateurs.Cette étude consiste à se pencher sur les mécanismes législatifs internes applicables dans les trois pays sélectionnés tels que la Malaisie, Singapour et la Thaïlande, tendant à protéger les intérêts économiques des consommateurs vis-à-vis du problème de la non-conformité du bien à l'attente légitime. Bien que ces trois pays sélectionnés soient très différents sur la forme de l'Etat et sur le système juridique applicable, ils ont partagé un point commun ; l'intégration du concept de la protection des intérêts de consommateurs dans leurs droits depuis plus de dix ans. Nos réflexions comparatives sur les mécanismes nationaux des trois pays et sur les mécanismes régionaux de l'UE exposeront la similarité et la disparité des droits des trois pays et, ainsi, proposeront une solution pour réduire ces divergences. / Protecting the rights of consumers is a key issue to achieve the balance between all stakeholders benefiting from expanding market without borders. Currently, cooperation on the issue among the ASEAN member countries has been established; however, a further and analytical study on the topic is needed. A comparative reflection on states' internal mechanism of the protection of interests of consumers who possess goods will provide an insightful knowledge of current situation both in terms of legal instruments and facts. These are important factors for the development of consumer protection.This study is to analyse the internal legal systems applicable to the three selected countries which are Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand , aiming at protecting consumers' economic interests against the problem of non -conformity of goods to legitimate expectation. Although the three selected countries differ from each other in terms of the form of government and legal system, they share one thing in common; integrating the concept of protecting the interests of consumers in their law for over ten years. Our comparative reflections on the three countries' mechanisms, the regional mechanisms and the EU mechanisms exhibit similarity and disparity of law between the three countries and thus propose a solution to reduce these differences.

The significance of personal data protection in the Czech Republic and in other developed countries has been continually increasing. A bank's security system breakdown can cause not only a misuse of the client's personal data but also a financial loss that harms the client and the bank reputation as well. The aim of the thesis is an analysis of the direct banking security and protection means of sensitive data of prime banks on the Czech market. First chapter characterises the consumer protection issues in regard of banking. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the area of direct banking, its forms, possible threats and the particular security tools used by local banks. Last section consists of an analysis of the survey among the banks and their clients.

The diploma thesis is devoted to the issue of online shopping. Its aim is to analyze internet shopping and see the rights and obligations of consumers and sellers, which are based on current legislation. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with purchase over the internet and its regulations. There are explained the concepts internet, e-business and e-commerce and indicate the types of e-business and is mentioned certification of online stores. The practical part is about the respondents' shopping behavior when buying over the internet. It is examined through a questionnaire survey. At the end of the thesis are mentioned the advantages and disadvantages of internet shopping.

The diploma thesis deals primarily with consumer protection in the capital market in the Czech Republic. It compares the situation in the capital market with conditions existing in the banking sector. It emphasizes the importance and possible consequences of upcoming pension reform in the Czech Republic in 2011. The first part of the thesis describes capital market structure and its functioning, analyses financial position of Czech households and contemplates the reasons that can lead to consumer protection in financial markets. The second part of the thesis deals with specific protective tools that are used in the Czech Republic to protect consumer. It analyses tools that are implemented to protect consumers' financial assets and tools associated with distribution of financial services and information requirements imposed on financial intermediaries. The thesis analyses the efficiency of selected important tools (such as investor compensation schemes or investment limits).

In this diploma thesis at the first part I will discuss the creation of a business plan for an online store with fashion. This means that I will draft the characteristics of business opportunities, determine the objective of the business plan, analyze the market and competition and create marketing and financial plan together with a timetable for implementation of the project. The second part of this work will focus on the legal aspect of doing business online. So I define the rights and obligations for the establishment of electronic commerce, mention consumer protection according to current legislation and especially describe cooperation with foreign suppliers.

This paper argues that the consumer should choose the procedural mechanism that satisfies their need to resolve a dispute and being compensated. Also, the administration, in order to defend rights of consumers, must have the authority to prefer the Constitution through diffuse constitutional control. / El presente documento plantea que el consumidor debe escoger el mecanismo procesal que pueda satisfacer de mejor manera su necesidad de resolver una controversia y de ser indemnizado. Asimismo, la administración, en defensa de los derechos de los consumidores, debe contar con facultades para preferir la Constitución mediante el control difuso.

The purpose of this project is to develop a generic Java Application Programming Interface (API) that would be used to provide security and user privacy to functions such as data transfer, key management, digital signature, etc.