Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Microbiology, 1997. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Ce travail de thèse a pour but l’étude des effets de la contamination cationique sur lamembrane électrolyte afin d’élaborer des outils de caractérisation et de diagnostic de cette pollution.Premièrement, la caractérisation physico-chimique de membranes PFSA commerciales arévélé des paramètres pertinents de structure et de propriété, qui ont été étudiés en fonction de leurdépendance à la capacité d’échange ionique (IEC).Deuxièmement, les propriétés thermiques des membranes contaminées par des cations ontrévélé des changements dépendant fortement de l’acidité de Lewis du cation (LAS). Cette tendance aété corrélée à la nature de l’interaction des différents cations avec les groupements polaires de lachaîne polymère, révélée par FTIR.Enfin, l’influence du taux de pollution sur les différents paramètres thermiques et structurauxnous a permis de révéler ceux qui sont pertinents non seulement à l’identification mais aussi à laquantification de la pollution. Une application des courbes d’étalonnage a été réalisée sur desmembranes vieillies issues de systèmes réels après fonctionnement. / The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine the effects of cationiccontamination on PEMFC ionomers in order to elaborate characterization tools and new modes forpollution diagnosis.First, a large series of techniques were used to investigate the properties of commercial PFSAmembranes. Distinctive parameters concerning structure and properties were extracted as well as theirrelationship to ion exchange capacity (IEC).Second, the thermal properties of cation-contaminated membranes revealed changes that arehighly dependent on the Lewis Acid Strength of the cation (LAS). This trend was correlated with thenature of the interaction between the cations and the polar groups of the polymer chain, revealed byFTIR spectroscopy.Finally, the influence of the pollution level on the thermal and structural parameters allowedus to reveal not only the relevant parameters to the identification but also to the quantification ofpollution. An application of the different calibration curves was performed on aged membranescoming from real operating systems.

Le platine (Pt) est un élément technologique critique (ETC) et un contaminant émergent dans les compartiments environnementaux. Peu de données existent concernant ses concentrations, sa distribution et sa dynamique dans le milieu naturel. Ce travail combine des résultats d'expérimentation en laboratoire à des observations de terrain afin d'étudier la biogéochimie de Pt dans les systèmes côtiers (Océan Atlantique et Méditerranée). Une expérimentation exposant des huîtres à une large gamme de concentrations de Pt a produit les premières données de cinétique d’accumulation de Pt dans les bivalves marins et reflète l’assimilation de Pt constatée in situ. À des niveaux d’expositions réalistes (50 et 100 ng.L-1), la relation linéaire positive entre les niveaux d'exposition et celles des tissus justifie l'utilisation des huîtres comme sentinelles des niveaux de Pt dans l’eau de mer. À forts niveaux de Pt (10 000 ng.L-1), des effets délétères sur l’état physiologique des huîtres (e.g. augmentation du stress oxydatif et mobilisation du stock énergétique) sont observés. A partir d’études de terrain dans des sites contrastés les bruits de fond géochimiques régionaux dans l’eau de mer des côtes atlantique et méditerranéenne (0,05 ng.L-1 et 0,08 ng.L-1 respectivement) et les facteurs de bioconcentration dans le phytoplancton (~ 10^4) et dans les bivalves (huîtres et moules, ~ 10^3) ont été établis. La répartition spatiale des niveaux de Pt dans l’eau de mer, le plancton et les bivalves reflète une contamination plus élevée de la côte nord-ouest méditerranéenne, particulièrement dans les zones semi-fermées et fortement urbanisées / industrialisées (baie de Toulon et port de Gênes). Les enregistrements historiques dans les sédiments (~ 1900 - 2010) et dans les bivalves (1980 à aujourd’hui) en Gironde et de la baie de Toulon ont montré une contamination ancienne de Pt liée aux activités industrielles (métallurgie, raffinage du pétrole, charbon), tandis que la forte augmentation récente provient de sources émergentes telles que les pots catalytiques, les rejets hospitaliers et les eaux usées. L’observation à haute résolution temporelle de la distribution de Pt entre la phase dissoute et particulaire et des paramètres environnementaux majeurs (O2, salinité, Chl-a, nutriments etc.), suggèrent l’importance des processus biogéochimiques, comprenant la production et dégradation du phytoplancton, dans le comportement et le devenir du Pt en milieu côtier. / Platinum (Pt) is a Technology-Critical Element (TCE) and an emerging contaminant increasingly released into all Earth compartments, but its environmental occurrence, distribution, and dynamics are under- documented. The present research combines laboratory observations and field monitoring studies on Pt biogeochemistry in coastal systems (Atlantic Ocean and northwestern Mediterranean Sea), including its distribution between seawater, particles, and living organisms. Exposure experiments with oysters facing a wide range of exposure levels provide the first Pt accumulation kinetics in marine bivalves, supporting uptake of Pt from seawater in line with field observations. At environmentally-relevant Pt levels (50 and 100 ng.L-1), the positive linear relation between exposure and Pt accumulation in tissues justifies the use of oysters as integrative sentinels for seawater Pt contamination. At relatively high Pt levels (10,000 ng.L-1), deleterious physiological effects (e.g. increased oxidative stress and energetic stock mobilization) occurred in oysters. Field observations at contrasting sites have provided regional background Pt concentrations in seawater in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (0.05 ng.L-1 and 0.08 ng.L-1, respectively) and bioconcentration factors for phytoplankton (~ 104), and bivalves (oysters and mussels ~ 103). Spatial distribution of Pt levels in seawater, plankton and bivalves suggest higher contamination along the northwestern Mediterranean coast, especially in semi-enclosed, industrialized/urbanized systems (Toulon Bay and Genoa Harbor). Historical records in sediments (~ 1900 - 2010) and bivalves (1980 to present) from the Gironde watershed and the Toulon Bay showed past Pt contamination due to industrial (metallurgic, oil-refining, coal) activities, whereas the strong recent increase in Pt contamination originates from emerging Pt sources, e.g. car catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and sewage. High temporal resolution observation of Pt partitioning, together with environmental master variables (O2, Salinity, Chl-a, nutrients etc.), suggests that in coastal systems, biogeochemical processes including phytoplankton production and degradation may play an important role in Pt behavior and fate.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_mff_me_arafcf.pdf: 401309 bytes, checksum: 3615bf97747cd9d854c75ca926044788 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Com a dúvida sobre a qualidade da água de abastecimento público, o cidadão passou a utilizar a água mineral com maior intensidade. Para atender a esta demanda as indústrias aumentaram a produção, novas empresas surgiram e também os falsários. Assim, é necessário conhecer-se a qualidade esperada e paga pelo consumidor nesse produto, realmente existe. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar aspectos de qualidade microbiológica em amostras de água mineral natural, não carbonatada, em garrafas individuais de 330mL a 600mL, das diversas marcas comercializadas em supermercados na cidade de Araraquara-SP. Foram utilizadas sessenta e nove amostras provenientes de dezessete marcas. As amostras foram adquiridas aleatoriamente, em épocas e estabelecimentos diferentes para que fossem originadas de lotes diversos. Para análise de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais/E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos; para enterococos e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram utilizadas as técnicas de tubos múltiplos específicas; para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas, foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Todas as amostras de todas as marcas (100%) apresentaram ausência de coliformes fecais/E.coli, duas amostras (2,9%) de uma marca (5,9%) apresentaram contaminação por coliformes totais, duas amostras (2,9%), de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram contaminação por enterococos, três amostras (4,3%) de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram Pseudomonas aeruginosa e quarenta amostras (58%) de doze marcas (70,6%) apresentaram contagens acima de 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas. Verificou-se que, das sessenta e nove amostras analisadas (100%) apenas seis (8,7%) apresentaram-se contaminadas com um ou mais dos indicadores especificados pela legislação brasileira para águas minerais. Entretanto, considerando os padrões para água mineral e o padrão... / With the doubt on the water quality in public supplying, the citizen started to use the mineral water with larger intensity. For attend this demand the factory had increased the production, new companies had appeared and also the falsifiers. Thus, it’s necessary to know if the quality waited and paid for the consumer in this product, really exists. The objective of the research was to evaluate aspects of microbiological quality in natural mineral water samples, not carbonated, in individual bottles of 330mL to 600mL, of the diverse marks commercialized in supermarkets in the city of Araraquara-SP. Sixty nine samples proceeding from seventeen marks had been used. The samples had been acquired aleatory, at different times and establishments for that they were originated from diverse lots. For analysis of fecal coliform/E. coli and total used it cromogenic substrate technique; for enterococcus and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used the technique of multiple tube specific; for counting of heterotrophic bacteria, was used the technique of culture in depth. All the samples of all the marks (100%) had presented absence for fecal coliform/E.coli., two samples (2.9%) of one mark (5.9%) had presented contamination for total coliform, two samples (2.9%), of two marks (11.8%) had presented contamination for enterococcus, three samples (4.3%) of two marks (11.8%) had presented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and forty samples (58%) of twelve marks (70.6%) had presented counting above of 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. It was verified that, of the sixty nine analyzed samples (100%), only six (8.7%) had been presented contaminated with one or more than the pointers specified for the Brazilian legislation for mineral waters used in this research. However, considering the standards for mineral water and the standard for heterotrophic bacteria established by the legislation for water of human consumption...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Wanilson Luiz Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T20:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MamaniMatamet_FannyRoxana_M.pdf: 683146 bytes, checksum: 588056f18cbdd3c3cbfde5f27d36fa66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os ecossistemas costeiros da Baixada Santista no Estado de São Paulo encontram-se degradados, em conseqüência da concentração populacional e da instalação de um pólo petroquímico e siderúrgico. Essa degradação iniciou-se na década de 1950, com a construção do mais importante complexo de fábricas da América Latina, o Pólo Industrial de Cubatão. Apesar do controle por órgãos de governo das emissões de efluentes industriais, elevados níveis de mercúrio e outros metais têm sido encontrados nos sedimentos do rio Cubatão, um dos mais impactados do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão. O mercúrio constitui um dos poluentes de maior risco para o equilíbrio ecológico e para a saúde humana, justificado pela elevada toxicidade e potencial de bioacumulação e biomagnificação na cadeia trófica. Este estudo objetivou analisar o risco de biodisponibilidade de mercúrio e outros metais-traço em sedimentos do rio Cubatão e a variabilidade de suas concentrações totais e lábeis no inverno e no verão. Para isso, vários aspectos específicos foram investigados em sedimentos de testemunhos curtos, tais como, os níveis totais de mercúrio e outros metais de interesse; as concentrações de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (AVS) e metais simultaneamente extraídos (SEM = Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb e Hg), cuja razão molar SEM/AVS < 1 é um indicativo de não biodisponibilidade dos elementos-traço de interesse; o papel do pH e Eh da água intersticial, da matéria orgânica e granulometria como possíveis reguladores dos níveis de metais no ambiente sedimentar. Os resultados mostraram concentração média de Hg total nos sedimentos amostrados no verão (0,70 mg/kg) superior àquela do inverno (0,05 mg/kg). Em adição, maiores concentrações de metais totais (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb) também foram notificadas na estação chuvosa. As análises de AVS e SEM dos sedimentos mostraram excesso de metais em relação aos sulfetos (SEM/AVS > 1) especialmente no verão, sugerindo que o papel do AVS no controle da biodisponibilidade de metais é limitado na estação quente. Condições de pH levemente ácidas a neutras, Eh redutor e incremento nos níveis de matéria orgânica mostraram-se favoráveis à formação de sulfetos, aspectos importantes na fixação dos metais nos sedimentos. Em adição, a textura fina dos sedimentos mostrou-se particularmente importante no controle de metais totais, AVS e SEM / Abstract: Coastal-estuarine ecosystems from the south of São Paulo State are presently degraded specially in Cubatão municipality, in consequence of population concentration and, industrial and petrochemical complexes. These environmental impacts have begun in the 1950¿s after the construction of the largest Latin America petrochemical complex in the Cubatão city. Despite the control by government agencies, effluent emissions from these industries have raised mercury (Hg) concentrations to critical levels within the Cubatão river sediments. Mercury (Hg) constitutes one of the greatest risk pollutants for ecological balance and human health risus. This metal has high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, as well as biomagnification potential through food chains. The objective of this study is to analyze seasonal bioavailability of mercury and trace-metals concentrations in Cubatão river sediments. Several aspects were investigated in sediment cores as mercury and other metals concentrations in whole sample, acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM = Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Hg). The molar ratio SEM/AVS < 1 is an indication of non bioavailability of trace-metals. The roles of pH and Eh from pore water, organic matter and grain-size were also studied as potential regulators of metal concentrations in the sedimentary environment. As results, mean mercury concentrations in sediments during summer (0.7 mg/kg) are higher than in winter (0.05 mg/kg) and other trace-metal concentrations (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb) have the same behavior. AVS and SEM molar ratios were less than one, indicating an excess of trace-metal in relation to sulfides, especially in summer. This means that AVS control bioavailability is limited in this season. Conditions as slightly acid to neutral pH, reduced Eh and greater organic matter content favor sulfide formation, which are important for metal sorption by sediments. In addition, the fine texture of sediments was important to control total metal concentrations, AVS and SEM / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A poeira doméstica tem sido identificada como um importante vetor de exposição por substâncias inorgânicas e orgânicas, potencialmente tóxicas, em crianças e adultos. A composição da poeira tem uma forte influência de contaminantes provenientes de ambientes internos e externos. Durante o uso normal ou por intempéries, de uma variedade de artefatos e materiais, as substâncias químicas são desincorporadas para o meio ambiente. Uma vez liberadas, elas tendem a se acumular e enriquecer na poeira doméstica; e por meio de exposição contínua (mecanismos de inalação, ingestão e contato direto com a pele) afeta a saúde humana. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma avaliação da contaminação por constituintes inorgânicos e ésteres ftálicos em poeira doméstica; e a correlação com as prováveis fontes antropogênicas. As amostras de poeira foram coletadas de 69 residências, nos bairros Pirituba, Freguesia do Ó, Jaraguá e Perus, da região metropolitana de São Paulo, entre 2006 e 2008. As amostras foram separadas nas frações: 850, 850-300, 300-150, 150-75, 75- 63 e <63 &mu;m. A análise por fluorescência de raios X (WDXRF) mostrou a presença de Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr e Pb. A análise por cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada o espectrômetro de massa (GCMS) a presença de ésteres ftálicos (DEHP, DnBP, DEP, DEHA, BBP e DMP). A partir do fator de enriquecimento (FE), os elementos P, S, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn e Pb foram classificados como sendo significantemente e extremamente enriquecidos na poeira. As contribuições naturais e antropogênicas foram identificadas por meio de ferramentas estatísticas como análise de fatores (AF) e cluster (AC). Os elementos Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn e Pb foram encontrados em concentrações significativamente elevadas com relação aos valores de exposição total (ingestão, inalação e contato dérmico) e de risco. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Ce travail constitue une approche pluri- et interdisciplinaire des phénomènes épistolaires dans le cinéma de fiction de 1940 à nos jours. Depuis ses débuts, le cinéma a intégré la lettre et représenté la relation épistolaire. Après l’avènement du parlant, la lettre est véritablement devenue un objet audiovisuel prisé des cinéastes. Ces derniers ont continué de la mettre en scène en inventant, chaque fois, de nouvelles modalités expressives. D’un côté, le cinéma donne à voir et à entendre les caractéristiques de l’épistolaire ; de l’autre, la lettre détermine une certaine esthétique tout en influant sur l’énonciation et le sens du film. En tant que support médiatique, elle génère des processus d’écriture, de lecture et d’acheminement spécifiques. Par ailleurs, elle déploie un réseau d’adresses visibles et audibles qui engage une relation particulière avec le spectateur. Ces différents phénomènes contaminent le film à un niveau symbolique, la matérialité et l’adresse ne se réduisant pas à leur acception première. La lettre engage donc à réfléchir aux enchevêtrements complexes liés à sa représentation, à son énonciation et à sa signification dans le film de fiction. / This work is a pluri- and interdisciplinary approach to epistolary phenomena in movies from 1940 to today. Since its earliest days, cinema has integrated the letter motif and depicted the epistolary process. As talking movies emerged, letters became genuine audiovisual objects cherished by film-makers.They have continued to use this motif by inventing ever new expressive terms. On the one hand, cinema allows us to see and hear the characteristics of epistolarity; on the other hand, the letter motif establishes particular aesthetics while influencing the discourse and meaning of the movie. As a medium, the letter motif generates specific writing, reading and delivering processes. It also develops a network of visible and audible addresses, which fuels a particular relationship with the spectator. These phenomena contaminate the movie on a symbolic level as the materiality and address of the letter stand for more than their primary signification. The letter motif thus leads us to think about complex interconnections involving its representation, discourse and meaning in movies.

Dans ce travail faisant partie du projet FUI COMET (AAP9), nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé volontairement des contaminations métalliques pour différents contaminants (Ni, Mo, Cr, Fe, Au) à des doses maîtrisées soit en surface par spin coating, soit dans le volume par implantation ionique de wafers de silicium. Puis divers composants (diodes, transistor MOS ...) ont été fabriqués sur ces plaquettes contaminées.Ensuit, pour bien étudier l’impact de la contamination métallique sur des performances des composants, des caractérisations électriques ont été menées sur ces échantillons : caractéristiques Courant-Tension I(V), Capacité-Tension C(V) et ZERBST. La contamination surfacique par le nickel a présenté un impact important sur la dégradation de la durée de vie de génération des porteurs minoritaires. L’étude des caractéristiques I(V) sur des échantillons implantés par le molybdène a révélé une augmentation nette du courant inverse d’une diode Schottky avec un effet de dose cohérent. Les nombreuses mesures électriques sur les dispositifs fabriqués dans l’industrie (procédé MOS) sur des wafers contaminés volontairement par dépôt en solution sur la surface de silicium de Ni, Mo et Cr juste avant le début du procédé de grille ont montré l’absence d’influence significative de dégradation des performances des composants.Enfin, le logiciel SYNOPSYS SENTAURUS TCAD a été utilisé pour développer des modèles spécifiques permettant de reproduire l’impact des contaminants métalliques sur les caractéristiques ou la fiabilité des composants. / In this work which is part of the FUI project COMET (AAP9), intentional metallic contaminations have been realized for different contaminants (Ni, Mo, Cr, Fe, Au) either on the surface of silicon wafers by a spin-coating technique or in the bulk of silicon wafers by ion implantation. Then various devices (diodes, MOS transistor ...) were fabricated on these wafers contaminated.Secondly, in order to study the impact of metallic contamination on the performance of devices, some electrical characterizations have been carried out on these samples: Current-voltage characteristics I(V), Capacitance-Voltage C(V) and ZERBST. Surface contamination by nickel resulted in a significant impact on the degradation of the generation lifetime of minority carriers. The study of the characteristics I(V) on implanted samples by molybdenum showed that the reverse current of a Schottky diode increased with the concentration of contamination. The numerous electrical measurements on devices manufactured in the industry (MOS process) on wafers which have been contaminated intentionally by deposition solution on the silicon surface of Ni, Mo and Cr before the MOS process showed the absence of significant influence of degradation on the performances of devices.Finally, the software SYNOPSYS Sentaurus TCAD was used to develop the models to reproduce the impact of metallic contaminants on the electrical characteristics or reliability of the devices.