<p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att bland patienter med långvarig smärta, som är remitterade till en smärtmottagning, undersöka förväntningar avseende det första besöket, i vilken utsträckning patienterna anser att dessa uppfylldes samt att undersöka vilka förväntningar patienterna har på den fortsatta vården och kontakten med Smärtmottagningen. <strong>Metod:</strong> En empirisk studie med kvalitativ deduktiv ansats. Datainsamling skedde genom att tio personer intervjuades på Smärtmottagningen efter deras första besök. Materialet bearbetades med manifest innehållsanalys.<strong> Resultat:</strong> Patienter vid Smärtmottagningen hade i olika stor utsträckning förväntningar inför det första besöket och den fortsatta vården. Patienterna ansåg i varierande utsträckning att deras förväntningar på det första besöket hade uppfyllts, dock uttryckte alla patienter att minst någon förväntning uppfyllts. Gällande den fortsatta vården förväntade sig patienterna bland annat smärtlindring, stöd samt att upprätta en kontakt med Smärtmottagningen. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Patienter vid en smärtmottagning har förväntningar på vården och att känna till dessa kan underlätta mötet med patienten för sjukvårdspersonalen. Föreliggande studie ger en inblick i tio patienters förväntningar och huruvida de blivit uppfyllda och tyder på att det är av värde att fråga patienter om deras förväntningar. Detta är något som smärtmottagningar kan överväga att implementera i vården.</p></p> / <p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study was to investigate expectations on the first appointment among patients with chronic pain referred to an outpatient pain clinic. The aim was also to investigate to which extent the expectations on the first appointment were fulfilled and to investigate the patients’ expectations on the continuing care and contact with the outpatient pain clinic.<strong> Method: </strong>An empirical study with qualitative design was used. The data was collected through interviews with ten patients after their first appointment at the clinic. Data was processed using manifest content analysis.<strong> Result:</strong> The patients had expectations in various extents prior to their first appointment and on the further care. The patients thought that their expectations were fulfilled to various extent, however all patients expressed that at least one expectation had been fulfilled. Regarding the continuing care the patients expected, among other things, to receive functioning pain treatment and support as well as to establish a contact with the outpatient pain clinic.<strong> Conclusion:</strong> Patients have expectations and awareness of these among the medical staff might facilitate the meeting between the medical staff and the patient. This study provides an insight in ten patients’ expectations and to which extent they have been fulfilled. The study also suggests that it would be of value to ask patients about their expectations, which outpatient pain clinics can consider implementing.</p></p>

This study seeks to understand the scope and types of public relations practices in Japan, how public relations practices of Japanese and foreign companies differ, how media respond differently to the public relations activities of Japanese and foreign companies, and how "foreignness" affects public relations activities of multinational enterprises in Japan. The sole academic journal in the field of public relations in Japan and the single commercially published public relations industry magazine were submitted to an empirical content analysis. Additionally, three cases of contest for corporate control, two of which were between an American activist fund and a Japanese company, and one between a Japanese investment fund and a Japanese company, were analyzed using a case study approach. Press releases and newspaper articles about these cases were also content analyzed. The results show that among public relations activities, crisis category appeared the most frequently in the public relations industry journal and corporate communication category appeared the most frequently in the public relations academic journal. The analysis of the cases shows that the American fund at first faced problems communicating with its stakeholders but improved its communication activities in subsequent years with better results. The content analysis of the press releases shows that American fund uses more quotes and persuasive messages in the press releases and Japanese newspapers do not treat domestic and foreign entities differently. The overall results confirm the importance of culture in public relations practices.

This study examined a specific and controversial issue in health communication: the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Recent studies have shown that both online newsgroups and traditional newspapers have involved in communicating CAM information, but research has not answered whether there are differences between the new and old media. From the perspective of uses and gratifications, this study first investigated that how people are using newsgroups to solve CAM-related problems. Then contents of newsgroup messages and newspaper stories were analyzed to do the comparison in topics, source types, efficacy claims, and CAM categories. The results showed that both similarities and differences existed between the two media.

This study describes an interview survey of college instructors of foreign and programming languages as well as a content analysis of textbooks from these fields. Seven interviews were conducted with instructors in Romance Languages and Computer Science at five colleges in central North Carolina. The purpose of the interviews was to determine how instructors of foreign and programming languages view their teaching methodology and how this relates to the textbooks they choose. Based on the information gathered at the interviews and a subsequent content analysis of six textbooks, this study explored the possibilities that exchanging teaching ideas between foreign and programming language texts might afford if these were applied creatively across these two curricula.

This study is a content analysis of ten chick lit books, a genre of women’s fiction. Books were analyzed for five postfeminist characteristics as defined by Susan Faludi’s backlash theory, outlined in Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women and in further research on popular culture’s notions of womanhood: 1) negative reaction to second wave feminism, 2) focus on the individual instead of a collective sisterhood, 3) desire for more traditional femininity through domesticity, consumerism, romance, and motherhood, 4) female identity crisis causing fears of a man shortage, a loudly ticking biological clock, and career burnout, and 5) feelings of anxiety over ability to make the correct future decisions. Analysis has found that chick lit does generally reinforce the notions of postfeminism/backlash, however the characters displayed anxiety over how to incorporate feminine paths into their lives and generally disregard motherhood.

This study uses content analysis to examine the portrayal of eating disorders in young adult novels published from 1981-2005. Fifteen books were evaluated to determine if the portrayal of eating disorders was accurate according to documented psychological profiles of the causes and risk factors for eating disorders. Additionally, the books were evaluated to see if the portrayal of eating disorders over time had changed to correspond with evolving information on eating disorders. This study concludes that while eating disorders are being portrayed accurately and realistically in young adult literature, there is no change in the portrayals over time to complement evolving research on the risk factors and causes of eating disorders.

Introduction: In Western countries, about one pregnant woman in five experiences a considerable fear of childbirth (FOC). Consequently FOC is an important topic for midwives, being pregnant women’s main care givers. Also, although many aspects of FOC have been studied, almost no studies have into detail applied a theoretical frame of reference for studying pregnant women’s expectations for their upcoming labour and delivery. Therefore, the theory of self-efficacy, here regarding pregnant women’s belief in own capability to cope with labour and delivery, has been applied with the aim to better understand the phenomenon of FOC. Aim: The overall aims of the thesis were to describe midwives´ perceptions and views on FOC and to expand the current knowledge about expectations for the forthcoming birth in nulliparous women in the context of FOC. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Conclusions: Swedish midwives regard severe FOC as a serious problem that influences pregnant women’s view on the forthcoming labour and delivery. Midwives at antenatal care clinics, compared to colleagues working at labour wards, experience a greater need for training in care of pregnant women with severe FOC. Self-efficacy is a useful construct and the self-efficacy theory an applicable way of thinking in analysing fear of childbirth. The self-efficacy concept might be appropriate in midwives’ care for women with severe FOC.

The general aim of this thesis was to study the transition process from dependency towards anatomy and psychological empowerment among teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Thirty-two teenagers (18 female/14 male) aged 13-17 took part in conversational interviews. The interviews followed a semi-structured question guide. Data comprised 31 tape recorded interviews (one informant did not want to be tape recorded). The research design was based on a phenomenological and life world perspective including two different analysis methods. The transition towards autonomy among teenagers with type 1 diabetes was elucidated in a phenomenological approach (paper I). Through the teenagers’ narratives about their daily life experiences with type 1 diabetes there emerged the over-riding theme “Hovering between individual actions and support of others”. This theme illustrates the main problem related to diabetes management - duality in dependence and independence. The themes “growth through individual self-reliance” and “growth through confirmation of others” seem to facilitate the transition process from dependency towards autonomy. Experiences of the Empowerment Education Programme (EEP) were studied by a qualitative content analysis (paper II). From the teenagers’ descriptions the over-riding theme was formulated as “Sense of community”, and this covered the categories of social fellow feeling, collaborative learning, and community of interests. A synthesis of the findings illustrates that individual self-reliance, confirmation of others, and sense of community are closely related to individual inner resources, trust in others, and the feeling of belonging, which are all suggested as specific goals of empowerment and fulfilment of psychological empowerment. A model was created to explain the relation between psychological empowerment and growth through individual self-reliance, confirmation of others, and sense of community. Professional nursing care might start from the unique situation and context the individual experiences and exists in. Social meetings with like-minded youth were highly appreciated among the teenagers. The teenagers showed their willingness to transform themselves towards becoming more independent in self-management, and the teenage years may be the right period to empower and coach the teenagers towards autonomy and prepare them for adulthood living with type 1 diabetes.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka förekomsten av värden och värderingar i matematikläroböcker för gymnasieskolans kurs Matematik A. En modell som tidigare använts vid analys av värden i matematikläroböcker i Singapore och Australien ligger till grund för granskningen. Modellen utvecklas och tillämpas för analys av sammanlagt 472 övningsuppgifter i tre kapitel i tre utvalda matematikläroböcker. De utvalda kapitlen behandlar området algebra. Modellen visade sig vara tillämpbar i en svensk utbildningskontext. Resultatet av innehållsanalysen visar på förekomst av värden och värderingar. Av resultatet framkommer även att vissa värden ges mer utrymme än andra och att en diskrepans finns mellan det erhållna resultatet och de värden som lyfts fram i kursplanen för Matematik A. Avslutningsvis förs en diskussion kring det erhållna resultatet i förhållande till en demokratisk matematikutbildning.

Abstract Authors: Mikael Gustafsson &amp; Kristofer von Wachenfeldt Title: With help from people and cattle; to recover from mental illness in a rural environment [translated title] Supervisor: Kent-Inge Perseius Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine feelings of recovery from mental illness in the perspective of individuals participating in Nymålen; a rural- situated facility focusing on recreation- and work- related interventions. The study took place outside of Oskarshamn, Sweden. The study focused on if, and in that case how, Nymålen contributes to recovery from mental illness. We were also interested in which factors affecting the recovery-process, as expressed by the participants themselves. Method: Eight individuals from Nymålen participated in individually performed semi- structured interviews. The collected data was then coded and categorized to enable further analysis by using Qualitative content analysis inspired by Graneheim &amp; Lundman (2003). Latent themes that described the underlying meaning of the material were then extracted, using an analysis inspired by Robert K. Merton’s (1967) thesis on manifest and latent functions. Results: The findings of this study suggest that Nymålen in some ways contributes to feelings of recovery from mental illness. Nymålens environment including animals, a feeling of non- demanding chores, perceptive personnel and a positive interaction between the participants were the expressed main factors contributing to recovery from mental illness. Factors interrupting the recovery process were also detected, mainly an unhealthy feeling of competition between the participants, the lack of personnel and feelings of neglect from other psychiatric institutions. Keywords: Recovery, Mental illness, Animals, Rural, Rehabilitation, Qualitative content analysis