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This paper is supposed to get an answer to how teenagers in a municipality in Kalmar Län in Sweden think about their individual role in a community. The essay is a comparative investigation at how age can affect teenagers's view at the community, based on contractualistic approach. The background issue clarifies the objectives and guidelines how the schools should work with the social norms and values. The method for this studie is a quantitative survey in which students in two different classes are compared. The method for comparing takes place using the theoretical position, which is based on the individual's social maturity in the Swedish society. The results showed that the younger students felt more sympathy and solidarity with their fellow men than the older students. This can be explained by the older students embraced empowerment to a greater extent.

Every society has jobs that need to be done in order to survive and to improve its members’ subjective well-being. Work is an important source of individuals’ subjective well-being. Employees within higher education institutions face a complex environment and play an important role in the reconstruction and development in South Africa. Employees are experiencing more challenges in the workplace than ever before. They spend more time at work and because they have less leisure time, they have fewer opportunities of seeking meaning in their lives. These factors have an impact on the well-being and happiness of employees in higher education institutions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between employees’ work experience, type of contract and work outcomes of employees at a higher education institution. A cross-sectional survey design was used with 483 employees at a higher education institution and a response rate of 62% (N = 300) was obtained. The measuring instruments used in this study included the Psychological Contract Across Nations (PSYCONES), Employment Contract Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Mental Health Continuum - Short Form and Intention to Quit Scale. Exploratory factor analyses and Cronbach alpha coefficients were computed to determine the construct validity and reliability of the measures. Pearson correlation coefficients, multivariate analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the constructs in this study. Bootstrap-estimated confidence intervals were used to assess the significance of indirect effects. The results of study 1 confirmed the validity and reliability of measures (except for the social contract). Age, tenure and gender had statistically significant effects on the fulfilment of one dimension of the psychological contract, namely work conditions. Younger people with less tenure experienced more fulfilment of the psychological contract (regarding work conditions). Tenure also impacted psychological contract violation. Type of contract (permanent versus temporary) impacted the fulfilment of the psychological contract (specifically work conditions). Males (compared to females) experienced more fulfilment of the psychological contract (regarding work conditions) and less violation of the psychological contract. Tenure and type of contract were also related to experiences of the employment contract. The results of study 2 showed that psychological contract violation, job dissatisfaction and lack of flourishing directly impacted turnover intention. Lack of psychological contract fulfilment indirectly impacted job dissatisfaction and languishing via psychological contract violation. The employment contract did not have a statistically significant effect on job satisfaction, flourishing and turnover intention of employees in a higher education institution. Psychological contract violation indirectly impacted turnover intention via job dissatisfaction and languishing of employees. The results of this study confirmed the important role of fulfilment of the psychological contract and non-violation of the psychological contract regarding job satisfaction, flourishing and retention of employees in a higher education institution. Recommendations were made for future research. / MCom, Labour Relations Management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants for the optimal choice of contract terms on a unique type of debt instrument: Eurobonds. A discussion of corporate finance theories that postulate the use of debt contract features for mitigating financing inefficiencies provides the foundation for the development of the empirical investigation. More specifically, theories that associate the choice of debt features namely, maturity, call options, convertible options, and protective covenants with firm's and market's characteristics are discussed in detail. Emphasis is also given to the theoretical predictions about the interdependencies established between the debt features that are viewed as alternative control devises for mitigating debt-contracting costs. Panel data and simultaneous-equations estimation methods are used to regress the relevant debt features on a set of proxies for firm characteristics, market conditions, and related contract features for a sample of 377 Eurobonds issued by UK companies over the period 1986-1999. The evidence from both panel data and simultaneous-equations analyses provide strong support to the prediction that both callable and short-term debt and convertible and debt with protective covenants are used as alternative control devises to mitigate agency costs. Further evidence suggests, however, that contrary to the fundamentals guiding the choice of maturity and callability structures, the use of convertible options and protective covenants in Eurobond contracts seems to be determined by equity agency costs rather than debt agency costs. Some support is also found for the risk uncertainty theory underlying the use of convertibles and for the liquidity risk arguments regarding the choice of protective covenants. No support is found for signalling and interest tax-shield hypotheses. Some proposals for further research on debt contract design are identified and discussed.

This thesis is the formulation of a theological response to the modern economic market. It argues for a Two Pillars paradigm for the economic market, whereby covenant and contract serve together as the two “pillars” that uphold economic order. The modern market is derived and developed upon the legal contract that supports and governs economic activities. Non-contractible assertions in the market remain background presuppositions, of which enactment depends largely on the individual economic agent. In the Two Pillars paradigm, I argue that the theological covenant and the legal contract are equally significant assertions that interact and complement each other to uphold a well-balanced economic market. They are both essential in deriving a market that promotes genuine human relationship, freedom and economic justice. In this study, the covenant foundation of society and its economic significance are rediscovered and examined. The universality and relevance of the covenant concept for economic order is explored, and the covenant compared and contrasted with the contract to show their distinctiveness, significance and interaction in the market. The Two Pillars paradigm is then presented and illustrated through the example of long-term employment arrangements to demonstrate its practicability and potential use as a dialogical framework to examine other economic relationships. Finally, market fundamentals including market motif, limits, assumptions, morality and regulations are explored in dialogue with the Two Pillars response to economics. This study should appeal to a wider audience beyond the ecclesiastical community, placing it in the arena of public theology. It draws upon the thoughts of economists to examine the Two Pillars paradigm in a wider context. The result is an interdisciplinary study offering a theological-based paradigm that addresses the situation of the modern market in a fundamental and practical way.

We present three distinct works on the subject of incentive design. The first focuses on a fundamental aspect of all principal-agent models, the participation constraint. We endogenise the constraint, allowing the agent to influence his outside option, albeit at some detriment to the project he is contracted to work upon. We compare the optimal contract to the literature on the supposed trade-off between risk and incentives. We find support for the Prendergast (2002) observation of a positive relationship between the two variables and ofer an explanation through the use of said influence activities. The second contribution introduces another principal-agent framework for models with both adverse selection and moral hazard, with the novel inclusion of limited liability. Described in a target-setting environment, the findings are related to and support the use of tenure contracts in academia. This is justified by the fact that pooling equilibria maximise the value to the principal and fully separating equilibria are implemented with non-monotonic wage structures. Finally, in opposition to conventional literature, those of low type make rent gains over and above their reservation utility, while the high types break even. The final chapter studies organisational design and allocation of control. We offer conditions whereby firms would wish to integrate, or profit-share, with another, given varying degrees of control allocation. We show that integration comes at a lower cost for the decision-making firm when control is contractible as opposed to transferable. Also we show that the level of incompatibility between firms, unrelated to financial gain, can affect the integration decision.

L’objectif principal de la loi Pinel était de rétablir l’équilibre dans les relations entre bailleurs et locataires. Le législateur, comme le pense Guillaume Buy, a une nouvelle fois considéré que « le preneur était en position de faiblesse vis-à-vis de son bailleur comme le salarié le serait vis-à-vis de son employeur ». J'ai étudié dans mon mémoire de recherche les dispositions de la loi Pinel en considérant, comme le législateur, que celles-ci devaient être rééquilibrées. Mais seulement était-ce bien vrai ? Lorsque le statut des baux commerciaux a été créé, il s’agissait principalement de protéger de petits boutiquiers, tels que des artisans, des boulangers, des tailleurs, etc... A cette époque, ces commerçants n’étaient effectivement pas armés face aux bailleurs. C’est ce que le décret-loi de 1953 exposait, invoquant que les commerçants locataires se trouvaient dans une parfaite « ignorance de leurs droits ». Aujourd’hui, cet objectif d'équilibre par le protectionnisme du locataire est-il toujours pertinent ? La nouvelle réforme du droit des contrats, applicable depuis le 1er octobre 2016, risque d'impacter sensiblement la pratique des baux commerciaux au travers notamment du déséquilibre significatif. Quel sera l'impact dans la pratique ? Cette thèse est donc une réflexion globale sur l'équilibre de ce contrat si particulier. En dégageant les points sensibles et important, il permettra de revenir sur les méthodes de "ré-équilibrage" adoptées par le législateur de 1953 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. / The main objective of the Pinel law was to restore the balance in relationships between landlords and tenants. The legislature, as suggested Guillaume Buy, has again held that "the lessee was in position vis-à-vis its weakness lessor as the employee would be vis-à-vis his employer." I studied in my research paper the provisions of the law Pinel considering, as legislators, that they had to be rebalanced. But only was this true? When the status of commercial leases was created, it was mainly to protect small shopkeepers, such as craftsmen, bakers, tailors, etc ... At that time, these traders were not actually deal with armed donors. This is what the 1953 Legislative Decree exposed, citing that tenants traders were in a perfect 'ignorance of their rights. "Today, is this objective of balance by tenant protection still relevant? The new reform of contract law, applicable since 1 October 2016, is likely to have a significant impact on the practice of commercial leases, in particular through the significant imbalance. What will be the impact in practice? This thesis is therefore a global reflection on the balance of this particular contract. In disentangling the sensitive and important points, it will return to the methods of "re-balancing" adopted by the legislator from 1953 until today.

鄧偉生. / "2001年9月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 69-72) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 9 yue" / Deng Weisheng. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 69-72) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 摘要 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章： --- 導論 / Chapter 1.1. --- 契約論式的道德理論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- 本論文的主題 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章： --- 道德的範圍與道德的行動者 / Chapter 2.1. --- 廣義與狹義的「道德」 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3. --- 道德行動者 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三章： --- 契約主義的結構 / Chapter 3.1. --- 合理性 --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2. --- 一般理由與道德原則的無偏私性 --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3. --- 合理的反對 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4. --- 非個人價値不能作爲一般理由 --- p.27 / Chapter 3.5. --- 處境較差者是否具有優先性 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6. --- 總計與契約主義 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.7. --- 總結 --- p.40 / Chapter 第四章： --- 契約主義的困難與相對主義 / Chapter 4.1. --- 契約主義的困難 --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2. --- 契約主義與相對主義 --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3. --- 總結 / Chapter 第五章： --- 結論 --- p.64 / 參考書目 --- p.69