Un contrat dont les conditions de formation ne sont pas remplies est nul. Ce poncif du droit des obligations mérite aujourd’hui d’être nuancé. Aux côtés des sanctions traditionnellement enseignées se développent des techniques tendant à remédier à l’invalidité. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude du développement de ces remèdes et de leurs manifestations. L’émergence des remèdes à l’invalidité contractuelle, tardive, a été justifiée par les avantages procurés par le maintien du contrat malformé. Le XXe siècle a fait preuve d’audace en la matière avec l’apparition de techniques extrêmement variées qui peuvent être mises en œuvre par les parties ou par le juge. Ce panorama effectué, un constat est possible : la multiplication progressive et casuistique de ces techniques nouvelles a pour conséquence néfaste un véritable éclatement de la matière. Afin de pallier cet éclatement, la seconde partie de la thèse s’attache à bâtir un système nouveau. Une notion unique, associé à un régime harmonisé, peut ainsi être construite autour du dénominateur commun de l’ensemble des techniques correctives. En définitive, la théorie de la validation du contrat serait le pendant utile et nécessaire de la théorie de l’invalidation. Elle offrirait un droit de correction du contrat invalide face au droit de critique dégagé depuis maintenant près un siècle. / When the requirements for the formation of a contract are not met, that contract is void or voidable. This longstanding principle of contract law should now be reconsidered. Alongside traditional contractual remedies, new curatives mechanisms have been developed to preserve the validity of contracts that would historically be deemed invalid. The first part of this paper describes the development of these cures and outlines how they are implemented. The recent emergence of these new contractual cures is a function of the advantages of preserving the validity of contracts that would otherwise be invalidated. The 20th century has witnessed the development of a great variety of bold new mechanisms which can be implemented either by the judge or by the parties themselves. This paper will make clear that the gradual and casuistical accretion of novel cures has led to a dramatically fragmented set of rules. To adress this situation, the second part of this paper recommends the development of a new system around a notion and a unified legal regim, both derived from the common denominator of the existing contractual cures. The theory of contractual validation would eventually be the necessary and useful counterpart of the theory of invalidation. It would complement the right to challenge invalid contracts that was elaborated almost a century ago with a right of correction.

Os institutos clássicos do direito das obrigações, notadamente os conceitos de obrigação, adimplemento e inadimplemento precisam ser relidos à luz dos valores da Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios e das cláusulas gerais trazidos pelo Código Civil de 2002, em especial a boa-fé objetiva. A noção tradicional de obrigação, consubstanciada na ideia de uma submissão do devedor ao credor, vem sendo paulatinamente abandonada em favor de um novo conceito de relação obrigacional, composto por direitos e deveres recíprocos que convergem para a consecução de um objetivo comum: o adimplemento. Assim examinado, o adimplemento consiste em um processo dinâmico dentro do qual o devedor deve executar uma série de atos e observar inúmeros deveres (principais, secundários e laterais) necessários ao adimplemento. Foi diante dessa premissa que a doutrina moderna começou a sustentar que a infringência de deveres de conduta e de deveres anexos ao longo da relação obrigacional pode configurar um inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, que se refere às hipóteses em que o inadimplemento resta configurado a despeito de ainda não se ter atingido o termo contratual. Esse estudo visará analisar o conceito e demonstrar a necessidade da consolidação do inadimplemento antecipado como um mecanismo de proteção do credor, examinando a sua possibilidade de aplicação no direito brasileiro, os seus requisitos, a sua natureza jurídica, os seus limites e os seus efeitos. / The classic institutes of contract law, notably the concepts of obligation, performance and breach of contract need to be reread pursuant to the values of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the principles and general clauses brought by the Civil Code of 2002, in special the good faith. The traditional notion of obligation, based on the idea of the debtors submission to the creditor, has been gradually abandoned in favor of a new concept of obligatory relationship, composed of reciprocal rights and duties converging to achieve a common goal: performance. Thus, performance consists of a dynamic process in which the debtor must perform a series of acts and observe numerous duties (primary, secondary and lateral duties arising of good faith) necessary for performance. It was under this premise that modern legal scholars began to argue that any breach of duties along with the obligatory relationship can configure an anticipated breach of contract, which refers to cases in which the breach is affirmed before the contractual term. This essay aims to analyze the concept and demonstrate the need for consolidation of the anticipated breach as a creditor protection mechanism, examining its application possibility under Brazilian law, along with its requirements, legal status, limits and effects.

稿本 / 論文(碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院哲學學部,1992. / 參考文獻: leaves i-vii / 盧傑雄. / Chapter （I) --- 導論 / Chapter (II) --- 道德危機與契約論 / Chapter (II.1) --- 道德危機之形成 / Chapter (II.2) --- 工具理性與道德証成 / Chapter (II.3) --- 經濟人(Homo economicus)與契約論 / Chapter (II.4) --- 市場與道德功能 / Chapter (III) --- 高契爾的契約式道德理論 / Chapter （III.1) --- 理性的個人與合理的選擇 / Chapter (III.2) --- 零和對局(Zero-sum Gsme)與非零和對局 (Non-zero-sum Game) / Chapter (III.2.1) --- 二人零和對局中的合理選擇原 則 / Chapter （III.2.2) --- 二 人非零和對局與囚徒的兩難 / Chapter (III.3) --- 合理的選擇理論與契約式的道德理 論 / Chapter (III.3.1) --- 初始的討價還價境況（initial bargaining position 與洛克式條件 (Lockean Proviso)) / Chapter （III.3.2) --- 大中取小地相對的退譲原則 (The minimax relative concession principle)與分配的公正原則 / Chapter (IV) --- 遵從間題(The Compliance problem) 與合理的道德 (Rational morality) / Chapter (V) --- 遵從道德原則：理性還是不理性? / Chapter (V.1) --- 循瓌問題 / Chapter （V.2) --- 性向的間題 / Chapter (V.3) --- 合理的性向與自由的選擇

The Insurance Law 1995 (PRC) is the first comprehensive insurance legislation since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. It consists of insurance contract law and insurance regulation. This study concerns only the insurance contract law, focusing on three fundamental principles, namely the principles of insurable interest, utmost good faith, and subrogation. The main theme of this study is that, through examination and analysis, and by comparative methodology, of the provisions relating to the three principles, problems in these provisions are to be found and recommendations on how to amend them are to be proposed. It is intended this study will also help us to understand other similar problems in the whole Chinese insurance contract law. Many concepts adopted in the Insurance Law (PRC) are English in origin. This research attempts to trace the origin and the evolution of these concepts in England and to seek their real meanings in order to find and solve problems of confusions, ambiguities, contradictions and unfairness in Chinese insurance law. The Australian Insurance Contracts Act 1984 codifies the common law and insurance practice in Australia and mitigates the common law for its harshness to consumers and is regarded as a model for insurance law reform. So many Australian approaches are suggested as suitable to follow in order to amend Chinese law. This thesis starts with a brief introduction stressing the purpose and methodology of this research. Then the background is laid down concerning China's politics, economic reform, legal system and the development of China's insurance industry, under which the Insurance Law has been shaped. This is followed by three chapters - the main part of this study dealing with the three fundamental principles of the insurance contract law by examining and comparing the Chinese approach with the English and Australian counterparts. By doing so, problems in the Insurance Law are identified and better solutions are figured out. This research concludes with an emphasis on the urgency for amendment of the Chinese insurance contact law by summarising the preceding examination and analysis of the three principles. It finally ends with a number of proposed amendments of relevant provisions of the Insurance Law which it is hoped will provide useful models for the improvement of the whole Chinese insurance law.

Viciée d’incohérences, la théorie de l’accessoire en droit privé mérite d’être repensée. De fait, la recherche des mécanismes à l’œuvre derrière cette théorie permet d’établir deux constats : en premier lieu, l’inopportunité de recourir à la théorie de l’accessoire pour fonder le mécanisme de l’accession ainsi que la dépendance substantielle des sûretés accessoires, quant à leur étendue et quant à leurs modalités, envers la créance qu’elles garantissent ; en second lieu, l’utilisation de la notion de fonction, latente en droit positif, sur laquelle repose la théorie de l’accessoire. Définie comme la contribution à l’accomplissement d’une finalité, la notion de fonction permet, notamment, en matière de contrat ou de clause contractuelle, de traduire l’intérêt économique de l’élément envisagé. Or, il apparaît nécessaire de recourir à cette notion de fonction pour fonder un renouvellement de la théorie de l’accessoire. En effet, d’une part, un raisonnement fondé sur la notion de fonction peut être substitué à la théorie de l’accessoire dans le rôle normatif qu’endosse celle-ci, c’est-à-dire pour justifier la dépendance existentielle de l’accessoire envers le principal : l’accessoire doit s’éteindre ou survivre à la disparition du principal, selon que sa fonction disparaît ou demeure. La notion de fonction permet, d’autre part, de renforcer le seul rôle de la théorie de l’accessoire qui devrait être maintenu en droit positif : son rôle conservatoire. Celui-ci consiste à conserver le lien d’accessoriété, afin que l’accessoire continue de remplir sa fonction auprès du principal. Cela se traduira notamment par une transmission simultanée de l’accessoire et du principal ou, en certains cas, par un dédoublement de la titularité ou de la propriété de l’accessoire. En définitive, le renouvellement de la théorie de l’accessoire devrait passer par une redéfinition des critères de l’accessoriété permettant, notamment, d’inclure dans le champ de la notion d’accessoire les dettes qu’il paraît souhaitable de voir circuler avec la propriété d’un bien. / The accessoire theory is used in French private law in an inconsistent way, due to its multiple applications. Therefore, it was necessary to study this theory and try to give it back some consistency so that it could be used predictably. In order to do that, we tried to identify the rules that are hiding behind the accessoire theory. We came to the conclusion that this theory should not be used to explain the mechanism of accession nor the dependence of the accessoire to the principal, especially in security law. We also brought to light the latent existence of a notion which is able to explain the accessoire theory in most of its applications, that is, the notion of function. This notion, which would allow judges to introduce the economic analysis into their reasoning, designates how a contract or a clause or an obligation contributes to achieve a certain economic result. If it was implemented in positive law, this notion of function could replace the accessoire theory in its normative role, which is to make the accessoire disappear along with the principal. The accessoire theory could then be confined to its preservative role, which is to maintain the link between the accessoire and the principal, in other words, to allow the accessoire to fulfil its function beside the principal. It appears thus that the accessoire theory can be renewed in a consistent way thanks to the notion of function. While carrying out such a renewal, we suggested to include personal burdens into the scope of the notion of accessoire, so that burdens responding to certain criteria can be transferred along, as accessories, with a property, as principal.

The agreements concluded by means of distant communication ("distance contracts") are one of the two types of Consumer Agreements explicitly defined by the Civil Code (the other type being agreements concluded outside usual business premises, "door-to-door contracts"). Consumer Agreements are not a stand-alone contractual type, but merely a specific term for those traditional contractual types (e.g. purchase agreement, agreement for work) concluded between a consumer and a supplier. For the purposes of Consumer Agreements, the supplier is defined as a person acting in the framework of his trade or other business activity, while the consumer is on the contrary a person who doesn't act in the framework of his trade or other business activity. It was the need to establish the higher standard of protection towards consumers (as a weaker contractual party) that led to the introduction of the new instrument of Consumer Agreements into the legal framework. The introduction took place through the Act No. 367/2000 Coll., which implemented into the Czech law three EC directives, namely the Council Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts, the Council Directive 85/577/EEC to protect the consumer in respect of contracts negotiated away from business premises, and finally the Directive of the...

Este trabalho concentra-se no estudo de um dos instrumentos específicos utilizados pelas organizações para administrar suas relações com seus empregados o contrato psicológico. Por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, buscou-se responder se e como a violação dos contratos psicológicos exerce influência sobre os níveis de rotatividade voluntária em empresas de consultoria em atividade no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, utilizando-se os métodos qualitativo e quantitativo, em duas empresas multinacionais do ramo de consultoria. A amostra, representada por sete consultores seniores que pediram demissão voluntária, permite concluir que a violação dos contratos psicológicos ocorre em empresas de serviços de consultoria em atividade no referido país, e que a rotatividade voluntária está associada a ela. / This research concentrates in a study about one of the specific instruments used by organizations to manage relationships with its employees the psychological contracts. Through an exploratory and descriptive research, the study addresses the question if and how psychological violation influences the level of voluntary turnover in consultant firms in operation in Brazil. To do so, and using a qualitative and quantitative method, the research was applied in two multinational consulting firms in the referred country. The sample, represented by seven senior consultants who left the organization voluntarily, tells that the psychological violation occurs in these firms, and the voluntary turnover is associated to it.

O contrato de seguro é polarizado pelo risco. Tendo por finalidade neutralizar os efeitos do risco que ameaça o interesse legítimo do segurado, este tipo contratual se estrutura a partir da troca entre prêmio e cobertura: enquanto o segurado se obriga ao pagamento do prêmio, o segurador se obriga à garantia do interesse do segurado, comprometendo-se a uma prestação eventual, em caso de sinistro. Enquanto possibilidade de um evento adverso ao interesse do segurado, o risco justifica a contratação do seguro. Ademais, conforma a estrutura e a base econômica do contrato, assim como o desenvolvimento de toda a relação contratual. O presente trabalho se encontra estruturado em três partes, tendo por objeto a análise do risco no contrato de seguro. Na primeira, examina-se o percurso histórico, os elementos, a causa e a natureza jurídica do seguro. Na segunda parte, são identificadas as características do risco segurável e o papel do risco na conformação da base econômica do contrato. Na terceira parte, examina-se o risco enquanto elemento que conforma o desenvolvimento da relação contratual, em consideração ao qual se estabelecem direitos e deveres a ambos os contratantes, seja na fase pré-contratual (declaração inicial do risco), seja na fase de execução do contrato (agravamento-diminuição do risco). / The insurance contract is polarized by risk. In order to neutralize the effects of the risk which threatens the insurable interest, this contractual type is structured from the exchange between premium and coverage: while the insured undertakes to pay the premium, the insurer undertakes to guarantee the unsurable interest, committing itself to carrying out a specified duty in case of loss. As an event adverse to the insurable interest, the risk justifies the purchase of insurance. In addition, it conforms the structure and economic base of the contract, as well as the development of the entire contractual relationship. This paper is structured in three parts, and its purpose is to analyze the risk in the insurance contract. In the first part, the historical path, the elements, the cause and the legal nature of the insurance are examined. In the second part, the characteristics of the insurable risk and the role of the risk in the conformation of the economic base of the contract are identified. In the third part, risk is examined as an element in the development of the contractual relationship, taking into account the rights and obligations of both contractors, whether in the pre-contractual stage (misrepresentation and nondisclosure) or in the performance of the contract (aggravation-reduction of risk).

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (the Charter) on the employment relationship. The Charter has long been praised for its inclusion of socio-economic rights alongside traditional civil and political rights. It might have been thought, therefore, that the Charter would be a particularly potent tool in the employment context, characterised as it is, by the continuous interaction between economic and social rights. However, to draw an analogy from George Orwell's Animal Farm, although 'all rights are equal, some rights are more equal than others'. Not only does the Charter distinguish between 'rights' and 'principles', but the EU Court of Justice (CJEU) seems actively to prioritise the Charter's economic freedoms over the social rights. This thesis focuses on the consequences of this variable geometry for the regulation of the employment relationship. In particular, it examines the widening gap between contractual autonomy/business freedom as a fundamental right found in article 16 of the Charter and the employment rights contained in the Solidarity Title. Of particular concern from an employee's perspective is the decision of the CJEU in the case of Alemo-Herron and its progeny. In a series of highly deregulatory judgments, the CJEU has found that the employee-protective aim of the relevant legislation was incompatible with the employer's freedom to conduct a business. At the same time, the CJEU has been reluctant to invoke the Charter's employment rights to give an employee-friendly reading to legislation. The effect of this divergence for the employment relationship is explored in two ways. On a micro level, the thesis looks to the very practical or 'day to day' influence of fundamental rights at various stages in the life cycle of the employment contract. It addresses the relationship between individually agreed employment terms and fundamental rights sources. The macro level considers the broader question of the effect of fundamental rights on the EU's (or the State's) ability to regulate the employment relationship more generally. It is demonstrated that there may be a systemic problem with fundamental economic freedoms being prioritised over social rights, namely the employment provisions of the Charter.

Longtemps, le sport, pratique physique à l'opposé de toute activité intellectuelle, fut regardé avec dédain et si peu de considération par les juristes. C'était commettre une erreur au regard de la place qu'il a pris dans la vie économique et des affaires, à l'échelle internationale. Les années quatre-vingt-dix ont vu éclore des thèses en droit du sport. L'exploitation économique de l'image sportive, notamment celle du footballeur professionnel, a commencé à se sentir à l'étroit dans le cadre du droit commun. L'inadaptation fiscale pose en outre une véritable problématique au regard des enjeux de compétitivité sportive et économique. L'étude comparée des droits français et italien de la capitalisation contractuelle de l'image footballistique permet, à la lumière et sous les auspices du droit européen, de dégager les prémices d'un droit spécial de l'image sportive, un droit plus pragmatique que théorique, dont l'ambition est tant de préserver la sécurité juridique de la situation des sportifs professionnels que de poursuivre l'harmonisation juridique européenne dans une discipline d'actualité, le droit du sport. Dans le respect des grandes libertés fondamentales et des droits de la personnalité, pouvons-nous, devons-nous, capitaliser l'image footballistique ? Autrement dit, le sportif professionnel peut-il disposer d'un droit de propriété sur son image sportive et, partant, jouir d'un droit sui generis de propriété intellectuelle ? C'est là toute l'ambition de cette thèse. Pris ici en exemple, le football pourrait alors devenir le fer de lance d'autres sports-spectacles, comme le rugby. / For a long time, sports – physical performance, as opposed to intellectual activity – were viewed as having little consequence by condescending law practitioners. This was, however a mistake in regards to the role sports had taken in the economic and business world at an international level. In the 1990s, there arose a number of legal theses about sports. The economic exploitation of sports’ image, notably the image of the professional soccer player, became restricted in the context of the common law previously serving only intellectual and industrial property. This fiscal unsuitability also poses a real threat to the athletic competitiveness at stake. A comparative study of Italian and French laws of contractual capitalization of the public image of soccer, in the face of European law, allows us to create a set of laws specialized for the athletic image, a real set of laws more pragmatic than theoretical, for which the goal is to preserve the legal security of professional athletes as well as to expand upon the European legal uniformity of athletic law, a very current issue. With respect to the fundamental freedoms and the rights of self, do we have the right to capitalize on the public image of soccer players ? In other words, can the professional athlete exercise the right to ownership of his own public image ? This is the ambition of this thesis. If such a law could be implemented, soccer could then become a role-model for other spectator-sports, like rugby.