A sociedade atual passa por uma fase de transição entre o modelo moderno e o pósmoderno, criando um novo paradigma para o convívio social, o que acaba por se refletir no pensamento jurídico. Assim, o contrato, na condição de instrumento essencial para a realização das trocas econômicas e tutela de interesses jurídicos experimenta os reflexos dessas transformações sociais, o que acarreta modificações em sua formulação teórica e nos princípios que lhe servem de referência. Neste contexto a pós-modernidade impõe ao contrato a adoção de mega princípios, como o da função social e da boa-fé, além da necessidade de revisão dos seus postulados tradicionais, moldados agora sob a ótica dos valores constitucionais e buscando servir como meios adequados de enfrentamento da complexidade pós-moderna. / Society nowadays goes through a transition between the Modern and Post-Modern models raising a new paradigm for sociabilization which means interfering on the juridical belief. Thus the Contract, in the condition of essential instrument to fulfill all the economic trades as well as a tutor of juridical interests, experiences the reflextions of these transformations which leads in adaptations on it’s theoretical formulation and also in the principles that are being used as reference. In this context, Post-Modernity imposes to the Contract, the adoption of mega principles as Sociability and Good Will, above all, commands the necessity of reviewing all traditional postulates now moulded over the constitutional values and looks for fitting in as a proper way of facing the Post-Modern complexity.

O desenvolvimento da tecnologia e, em especial, da internet, alterou o modo como os indivíduos se relacionam. Como o Direito acompanha o desenvolvimento da humanidade, tem-se que os contratos igualmente foram modificados. A internet passou a ocupar espaço significativo no modus operandi das contratações, que passaram do mundo físico para o mundo eletrônico. Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar os impactos sofridos pelos contratos em decorrência do desenvolvimento da internet. Para tanto, serão abordadas questões relacionadas às características tanto dos contratos em geral quanto dos contratos eletrônicos e à validade desses últimos, trazendo como exemplo no âmbito das contratações eletrônicas o contrato eletrônico de empréstimo bancário. / The development of technology and, specially, of internet, has altered the mechanism through which individuals relate to each other. Given that the Law follows the humanity development, the contracts have been equally modified. Internet started to occupy significant space in the contractual relationship modus operandi, which went from the physical reality to the electronic reality. This study aims at verifying the impacts suffered by the contracts due to the internet development. In this sense, it shall be studied issues relating to the characteristics of contracts in general and electronic contracts and the validity of the latest, referring to the electronic banking loan contracts as an example of electronic contracts.

Tomando por hipótese fatores e habilidades influentes na gestão de projetos e de contratos, esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor um conjunto mínimo de procedimentos que oriente o planejamento da Administração de Contrato, com base no gerenciamento de riscos. Partindo de uma revisão da literatura sobre os processos de administração de contratos e de riscos, o trabalho discute a sua interface e investiga os pontos de vista das partes compradora e vendedora que celebram contratos de obras do setor da construção pesada, aqui representadas por duas organizações com forte presença no mercado brasileiro. Também é apresentado e discutido um método de análise e estruturação de contratos. O trabalho revela os principais requisitos do planejamento da Administração de Contrato. / Assuming influential factors and skills on project and contract management, the aim of this dissertation is to propose a minimum set of procedures to serve as guidance on Contract Administration planning, based on risk management. Grounded in a review of the literature on contract and risk management processes, this work discusses its interface and examines the viewpoints of the buying and selling parties that sign contracts of projects in the heavy construction industry, herein represented by two companies that play a significant role in the Brazilian market. In addition, a contract analysis and structuring method is presented and discussed. This work shows the main requirements of Contract Administration planning.

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) / The main exploration of this paper is whether a breach of contract as a ground for jurisdiction is sufficient for a court in England or South Africa to exercise jurisdiction. This question seems straightforward in England, but not so much in South Africa. England enacted their Civil Procedure Rules to make provision for a court to exercise jurisdiction when a plaintiff who is in England wants to sue a foreign defendant in England.1 The breach of contract must occur in the jurisdiction before an English court will permit service out of the jurisdiction. South Africa’s laws on jurisdiction are derived from Roman law.2 A foreign peregrinus may sue in South Africa either where the incola is domiciled or resident or where the cause of action arises. Breach of contract is allowed in this circumstance. It is necessary for an incola plaintiff to attach property of a foreign peregrinus defendant when he wants to sue the foreign peregrinus in a South African court. This may be done where the attachment founds jurisdiction of the court, ie where the incola sues in the area where he is domiciled or resides, or where the attachment confirms the jurisdiction of the court, ie where the cause of action arises. The cause of action in relation to contracts includes the conclusion of the contract or the performance of the contract in the jurisdiction if the plaintiff sues where the cause of action arises and not where the plaintiff is domiciled or resident. The matter of whether a breach of contract can be regarded as a ratio jurisdictionis is seldom approached by South African courts. In Natal, courts allowed attachment of the defendant’s properties where there were no rationes jurisdictionis...

Public procurement according to the Act. No. 137/2006 Coll., on public contracts, as amended, represents a distinctive contracting process characterized by a significant level of legal regulation and formalization, which differs the procedure from the standard contracting process according to the general laws. Despite this difference, public procurement is still a civil contracting process, which is by its nature a special contracting procedure to the general contracting procedure. Therefore, the subject matter of this thesis is an analysis of selected aspects, specifics, and differences of public procurement contracting procedures from genereal contracting procedures. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter one deals with the position of the public procurement law in the system of law. Chapter two provides an analysis of public procurement contracting procedures aspects and specifics, and chapter three deals with the modifications of subject matter and content of public contracts. The topic is analysed both acorrding to the present public contracts act, and according to the new european public procurement directives and public contracts act bill. .

Development of consumers' protection issue dates back to 1970s but real beginning of the issue is considered to be at the turn of 1980s and 1990s. Ever since then has this area gone through dynamic development. The main reason behind that is fact that consumer contracts became everyday reality of our life (when buying goods, using public transportation or eating in restaurants). Another reason is unfair or even abusing behavior of businessman towards consumers. Thus main purpose of consumer's law is setting up of balance that is disrupted by economic strength and supremacy of businessman over consumer. That is achieved primarily by binding legal enactment. Securing protection of consumers from point of view both private law and public law including definitions of consumer, businessman and consumer contract is described in chapter number four and six. Consumer law isn't privilege of civil law only. Whole sphere of consumer law overlaps into commercial law, administrative, criminal and European law as well. Numerous legal acts, public notices, regulations and orders that more or less regulate consumer law are the evidence. Consumer law is strongly affected by European legislation - especially by secondary sources of law (directives). Both evolution and sources of law are described in chapter number...

Landscape and related environmental works are discussed as an integral and essential aspect of most land development projects, whether they are building or civil works, environmental protection, rehabilitation or landscape beautification. Problematic contractual issues that regularly arise in landscape contracting from the use of standard forms of construction contracts for pre-main contract, in-main contract and post-main contract landscape work are identified and discussed. These forms of contracts have essentially been written for traditional building and engineering works and are shown to be inadequately addressing the unique contractual aspects relating to landscaping works. The study focuses on the issues to be addressed in a contract between an employer and a landscape contractor for work to be undertaken before the main construction contractor has been appointed and on landscape subcontract work undertaken during the construction under the main contract. It addresses the problems surrounding the contractual practical termination of the landscape subcontract, the defects liability period and interim landscape maintenance as well as landscape maintenance work after the landscape installation has reached final completion. The study points towards an appropriate form of contract for use in conjunction with the JBCC contract system to provide for the particular requirements of landscape contracting. It indicates the necessary compatibility between landscape subcontractual requirements and the JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement. This required compatibility warrants a revision of or an addendum to the JBCC document. The requirements for a landscape maintenance contract, for use after termination of the landscape installation (sub)contract, are shown to be sufficiently different from the installation contract to warrant changes or addenda to the standard construction contract form. From a review of literature on the landscape contractual environment in South Africa and a study of contracts commonly used in South Africa, pertinent landscape contractual issues are identified for the three phases in which landscape and related environmental works are performed, i.e. before the main construction contract, during the main construction contract and during the landscape maintenance period after completion of the main contract. These issues are formalised and tested for validity and relevance by means of a survey conducted amongst developers and owners of building and engineering works, contractors and professional consultants. The research is summarised, findings and conclusions for each of the three landscape works phases are presented and recommendations made to address the confirmed contractual problematic issues. The survey confirms the JBCC suite of contracts as the most widely used for landscaping contracts in South Africa and the recommendations therefore focus thereon. The study concludes with a proposal for an addendum to the JBCC’s Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement entitled “General and specific conditions of subcontract for landscape and related works” and recommendations for further study of related issues identified in the survey but which fall outside the focus of this study. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

Alors que les contrats d'occupation du domaine public focalisent l'attention de la doctrine, cette dernière délaisse largement l'analyse et la compréhension des éléments de particularité des contrats conclus sur le domaine privé. La présente recherche propose ainsi d'appréhender les évolutions textuelles et, surtout, jurisprudentielles qui intéressent la définition, la nature ou encore le régime juridique des contrats qui prennent pour objet ce domaine. L'intérêt de la thèse réside alors tant dans son champ d'étude que dans l'hypothèse formulée. Au travers du prisme du caractère public des contrats, la recherche met en exergue les éléments de convergence de ces différentes techniques contractuelles portant sur le domaine privé. Cette approche théorique permet de dépasser l'analyse doctrinale classique qui consiste à présenter et opposer ces contrats par rapport à leur dualité de nature juridique.Ainsi, une classification des contrats publics portant sur le domaine privé fondée sur leur prestation caractéristique et le lien plus ou moins ténu qu'ils entretiennent avec l'intérêt général, se montre en premier lieu pertinente. Le contentieux relatif à ces contrats connaît d'autre part certains bouleversements et incertitudes qui nécessitent d'être analysés et éclaircis.La seconde partie de la thèse se recentre sur la spécialisation de leur régime juridique, non pas à l'égard des seuls contrats ayant une nature administrative, mais bien au titre d'un examen d'ensemble des contrats publics portant sur le domaine privé. Au-delà de la nature juridique particulière de chaque contrat, les effets de droit liés au critère organique confirment que celui-ci est partiellement opérant en ce qu'il caractérise une certaine spécialisation de leurs régimes de formation et d'exécution. Leur régime illustre en fin de compte l'existence d'une certaine originalité des règles spécifiquement applicables à cette catégorie de contrats publics. / When the law teaches mainly about the use of the public domain, we need to understand the specific elements relative to the contracts on the private domain as well. This research paper will show how the texts, as well as the jurisprudence, have affected the definition, the nature and the legal status of these contracts, particularly in relation to the private domain. The specifics of this research lay in the study of the different contracts relative to the private domain and how these techniques can converge on the issue of the public property of the public persons. This particular theory will allow to widen the classic analysis which is opposing contracts on their nature.In a first part, we will classify the public contracts relative to the private domain, according to their characteristics and their relation to the general interest. The different litigations related to these contracts have been changing and some uncertainties need to be clarified and analysed.The second part of the thesis will focus on the legal status of these contracts, not only from their administative's nature, but also the contracts related to the private domain as a whole. Beyond the specific nature of each contract, being a public person implies specific legal rights as far as the constitution of the contract and its execution. In the end, their status illustrates a certain originality in the rules relative to this particular category of public contracts.

This licentiate thesis investigates the use of digital visualisations for knowledge production and communication of maritime heritage located underwater. The archaeological practice that takes place in response to development, contract archaeology, is the field that is being investigated. Much of the practical and administrative aspects of contract maritime work involves the survey, excavation and interpretation of archaeological remains. In addition, shifts in heritage policy emphasise that the results of this work move beyond their own value to provide access and democratic participation to heritage and be of benefit to society (e.g. Faro Convention, 2005). Since the inaccessibility of maritime archaeology underwater makes outreach especially challenging, digital, and in particular 3D, technologies have been recognised as having great potential to meet the needs of both maritime archaeological researchers and public audiences. Advances in methodologies for digitally documenting and visualising archaeological sites, both on land and underwater, are providing a range of innovative and multidisciplinary solutions for both archaeological analysis and outreach activities. The aim of this research is to understand current uses of digital visualisation for knowledge production and communication of maritime archaeology located underwater, in order to identify knowledge gaps that would benefit from future research. This aim is met through a study drawn primarily from the fields of digital archaeology, maritime archaeology and heritage studies, as well as discourse and thematic analysis of the factors that influence the use of these technologies in the sector. The case study is the contract maritime archaeology sector in Scandinavia, with a primary focus on the practice in Sweden and also including perspectives from the Danish and Norwegian sectors. The results show that an emphasis on efficiency within the contract sector shapes the understanding and use of digital technologies, in some instances limiting their potential for archaeological interpretation and communication. While the maritime sector was found to be partly defined and restricted by a distinct identity, at times operating independently from mainstream archaeology, it was also found to be open to innovation. This represents great potential for digital workflows aimed at enhancing both interpretation and communication to be applied to the maritime archaeological sector in the future.

This master´s thesis deals with proposal of logistic concept od company with its integration. There are analyzed various theoretical basis for cognition and analyzing the problems of the current situation. The analytical part is examined progress of orders and manufacturing processes. The aim of this thesis is to find the weakest points in these processes and propose measures for improving the logistics concepts and thereby upgrade the future value of the business.