Apesar de ser uma criação recente, o cartão de crédito desponta como um dos mais utilizados meios de pagamento, além de instrumento de viabilização de crédito na sociedade atual. É diferenciação relevante a ser notada entre o cartão de crédito, peça plástica, e o sistema de cartão de crédito. Enquanto o primeiro se refere apenas ao documento de legitimação, ou seja, instrumento físico capaz de demonstrar uma relação existente entre o titular do cartão e o emissor, um dos contratos que integram o sistema, o segundo é o produto dos contratos coligados que possibilitam a concretização da operação. Além do contrato já indicado, o contrato entre fornecedor e emissor e o contrato entre fornecedor e titular formam, em um modelo básico, os contratos envolvidos na operação, coligados funcionalmente, ou seja, apesar de manter sua estrutura formal segmentada, formam um conjunto que viabiliza a operação. Os contratos envolvidos, apesar da tipicidade social, com a reiteração de contratações semelhantes, abrangendo os mesmos direitos e obrigações que identificam o modelo, são legalmente atípicos, já que as prestações envolvidas não permitem identificação com os tipos legais atualmente positivados nem assemelhação que permita aplicação das regras próprias daqueles, restando, no direito brasileiro, a vigência de normas e princípios gerais aos contratos e obrigações envolvidos. Os contratos coligados demandam uma recompreensão dos princípios tradicionais dirigidos e aplicáveis aos contratos atomizados, com diversos efeitos para o estudo dos contratos de cartão de crédito e a busca de soluções, até mesmo para as tradicionais questões controvertidas. / Despite being a recent creation, credit cards rise as one of the most used means of payment, besides being instruments of credit viabilization in the current society. There is a relevant differentiation to be observed between credit cards, plastic pieces, and the credit card system. While the former only refers to the legitimation document, that is, to the physical instrument capable of evidencing a relationship existing between the card holder and the issuer, one of the contracts that integrate the system, the latter is the product of the linked contracts that allow the operation execution. Besides that already indicated contract, the contract between suppliers and issuers and the contract between suppliers and holders form, in a basic model, the contracted involved in the operation, functionally linked, that is, although keeping their formal structure segmented, they form a set that feasibilizes the operation. The involved contracts, despite the social typicity, with the reiteration of similar contractings, involving the same rights and obligations that identify the model, are legally atypical, as the considerations involved do not allow identification with the legal types currently ascertained, nor similarity allowing application of their own rules, there being, in the Brazilian laws, the validity of general norms and principles governing the contracts and obligations involved. The linked contracts require a re-understanding of the traditional principles directed towards and applicable to atomized contracts, with various effects for the study of credit card contracts and for the quest for solutions, even for traditionally controvert issues.

Apesar de ser uma criação recente, o cartão de crédito desponta como um dos mais utilizados meios de pagamento, além de instrumento de viabilização de crédito na sociedade atual. É diferenciação relevante a ser notada entre o cartão de crédito, peça plástica, e o sistema de cartão de crédito. Enquanto o primeiro se refere apenas ao documento de legitimação, ou seja, instrumento físico capaz de demonstrar uma relação existente entre o titular do cartão e o emissor, um dos contratos que integram o sistema, o segundo é o produto dos contratos coligados que possibilitam a concretização da operação. Além do contrato já indicado, o contrato entre fornecedor e emissor e o contrato entre fornecedor e titular formam, em um modelo básico, os contratos envolvidos na operação, coligados funcionalmente, ou seja, apesar de manter sua estrutura formal segmentada, formam um conjunto que viabiliza a operação. Os contratos envolvidos, apesar da tipicidade social, com a reiteração de contratações semelhantes, abrangendo os mesmos direitos e obrigações que identificam o modelo, são legalmente atípicos, já que as prestações envolvidas não permitem identificação com os tipos legais atualmente positivados nem assemelhação que permita aplicação das regras próprias daqueles, restando, no direito brasileiro, a vigência de normas e princípios gerais aos contratos e obrigações envolvidos. Os contratos coligados demandam uma recompreensão dos princípios tradicionais dirigidos e aplicáveis aos contratos atomizados, com diversos efeitos para o estudo dos contratos de cartão de crédito e a busca de soluções, até mesmo para as tradicionais questões controvertidas. / Despite being a recent creation, credit cards rise as one of the most used means of payment, besides being instruments of credit viabilization in the current society. There is a relevant differentiation to be observed between credit cards, plastic pieces, and the credit card system. While the former only refers to the legitimation document, that is, to the physical instrument capable of evidencing a relationship existing between the card holder and the issuer, one of the contracts that integrate the system, the latter is the product of the linked contracts that allow the operation execution. Besides that already indicated contract, the contract between suppliers and issuers and the contract between suppliers and holders form, in a basic model, the contracted involved in the operation, functionally linked, that is, although keeping their formal structure segmented, they form a set that feasibilizes the operation. The involved contracts, despite the social typicity, with the reiteration of similar contractings, involving the same rights and obligations that identify the model, are legally atypical, as the considerations involved do not allow identification with the legal types currently ascertained, nor similarity allowing application of their own rules, there being, in the Brazilian laws, the validity of general norms and principles governing the contracts and obligations involved. The linked contracts require a re-understanding of the traditional principles directed towards and applicable to atomized contracts, with various effects for the study of credit card contracts and for the quest for solutions, even for traditionally controvert issues.

Depuis plus d’un siècle, l’existence du concept de responsabilité contractuelle suscite de vives controverses au sein de la doctrine française. Le retard contractuel, aussi dénommé demeure, ou mora, constitue le second fait générateur de la responsabilité contractuelle, à côté du défaut d’exécution. Les spécificités de la demeure tiennent tant à ses conditions de mise en œuvre qu’à son régime, caractéristiques qui ne cesseront d’être réformées depuis le Moyen Âge, au gré des besoins et valeurs de chaque époque sans cesse en évolution. Fidèle à l’héritage romain dévolu par la Codification justinienne, le jus commune ne parviendra pas à formuler un principe général de responsabilité contractuelle pour retard, admettant que cette question relève davantage du fait que du droit. Il dispose néanmoins du matériau nécessaire à l’édification du principe. Mais le retard n’y est jamais considéré comme une faute, et ce constat est d’autant plus frappant dans les sources du droit propre au Royaume de France qui privilégient la recherche de l’exécution en nature de la dette. Le véritable changement de paradigme s’opèrera à la fin du XVe siècle, puis surtout sous la plume des juristes humanistes, qui, pour la première fois, qualifieront le retard de faute. Toutefois, faute, dommage et causalité ne feront pas l’objet d’une systématisation aboutie, bien que favorisée par l’énonciation d’un principe général de responsabilité civile par Grotius, sous l’égide du précepte du neminem laedere. Aux siècles suivants, l’ambiguïté demeurera manifeste, entraînant d’ailleurs une importante discordance entre les deux sommités de la doctrine française moderne, Domat et Pothier. Finalement, les rédacteurs du Code civil ne prendront pas partie pour un principe de responsabilité contractuelle pour retard, tout en confirmant les traits principaux d’un tel concept. / Since over a century, the concept of contractual liability has been generating strong controversies within the French doctrine. The contractual delay, also called mora, forms the second operative event of the contractual liability, beside of the contractual failure, from which independent issues can be distinguished. Thus some specificities of the mora belong to its deployment conditions as well as its legal regime, characteristics that keep being reformed since the Middle Ages, depending on the needs and the time values constantly evolving. Following the Roman heritage from the Codification of Justinian, the Jus Commune will never succeed in formulating a general principle of contractual liability for delay, admitting that this question belongs more to the fact than the law. Yet, there is the needed ressources to edify such a principle. But the delay is never considered as a tort, and this finding is even more striking in its sources of the French Kingdom. The texts of the jus proprium are indeed very far from establishing a damages system of the delay, encouraging the search of the execution of the debt in nature. The true change of paradigm will happen at the end of the 15th century, and especially with the humanist jurists who, for the first time, will qualify the tort delay. However, tort, damage and chain of causation will not be the object of an achieved systematization, despite the enunciation of a general principle of civil liability by Grotius, under the aegis of neminem laedere precept. During the next centuries, the ambiguity will remain obvious, generating actually a strong discord between the two thoughts leaders of the modern French Doctrine, Domat and Pothier. Finally, the Code Civil redactors will not decide for a principle of contractual liability for delay, while still confirming main features of such a concept.